Roles of β-adrenoceptor Subtypes and Therapeutics in Human Cardiovascular Disease: Heart Failure, Tachyarrhythmias and Other Cardiovascular Disorders.

Ahmet I, Krawczyk M, Heller P, Moon C, Lakatta EG, Talan MI (2004) Beneficial effects of chronic pharmacological manipulation of β-adrenoceptor subtype signalling in rodent dilated ischemic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 110:1083–1090

Ailani J, Burch RC, Robbins MS, Board of Directors of the American Headache Society (2021) The American Headache Society Consensus Statement: update on integrating new migraine treatments into clinical practice. Headache 61:1021–1039

ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group (2000) Major cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients randomized to doxazosin vs chlorthalidone. The antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 283:1967–1975

Anderson JL, Morrow DA (2017) Acute Myocardial Infarction. N Engl J Med 376:2053–2064

Andersson C, Shilane D, Go AS, Chang TI, Kazi D, Solomon MD, Boothroyd DB, Hlatky MA (2014) β-Blocker therapy and cardiac events among patients with newly diagnosed coronary heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 64:247–252

Angus JA, Sarsero D, Fujiwara T, Molenaar P, Xi Q (2000) Quantitative analysis of vascular to cardiac selectivity of L- and T-type voltage-operated calcium channel antagonists in human tissues. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 27:1019–1021

Aumann KW, Youmans WB (1940) Differential sensitization of adrenergic neuro-effector systems by thyroid hormone. J Physiol 131:394-4011

Bahouth SW (1991) Thyroid hormones transcriptionally regulate the β

Bahouth SW, Cui X, Beauchamp MJ, Park EA (1997) Thyroid hormone induces β

Baker JG (2005) The selectivity of β-adrenoceptor antagonists at human β1, β2 and β3 adrenoceptors. Br J Pharmacol 14:317–322

Bangalore S, Makani H, Radford M, Thakur K, Toklu B, Katz SD, DiNicolantonio JJ, Devereaux PJ, Alexander KP, Wetterslev J, Messerli FH (2014) Clinical outcomes with β-blockers for myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am J Med 127:939–953

Barefield D, Sadayappan S (2010) Phosphorylation and function of cardiac myosin binding protein-C in health and disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol 48:866–875

Bari K, Garcia-Tsao G (2012) Treatment of portal hypertension. World J Gastroenterol 18:1166–1175

Barrett AM, Carter J (1970) Comparative chronotropic activity of β-adrenoceptive antagonists. Br J Pharmacol 40:373–381

Benkel T, Zimmermann M, Zeiner J, Bravo S, Merten N, Lim V, Matthees E, Drube J, Miess-Tanneberg E, Malan D, Szpakowska M, Monteleone S, Grimes J, Koszegi Z, Lanoiselée Y, O’Brien S, Pavlaki N, Dobberstein N, Inoue A, Nikolaev V, Calebiro D, Chevigné A, Sasse P, Schulz S, Hoffmann C, Kolb P, Waldhoer M, Simon K, Gomeza J, Kostenis E (2022) How carvedilol activates β

Benovic JL, DeBlasi A, Stone WC, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ (1989) Beta-adrenergic receptor kinase: primary structure delineates a multigene family. Science 246:235–240

Berisha F, Götz KR, Wegener JW, Brandenburg S, Subramanian H, Molina CE, Rüffer A, Petersen J, Bernhardt A, Girdauskas E, Jungen C, Pape U, Kraft AE, Warnke S, Lindner D, Westermann D, Blankenberg S, Meyer C, Hasenfuß G, Lehnart SE, Nikolaev VO (2021) cAMP imaging at ryanodine receptors reveals β

Bers DM (2002) Cardiac excitation-contraction coupling. Nature 415:198–205

Bers DM, Perez-Reyes E (1999) Ca channels in cardiac myocytes: structure and function in Ca influx and intracellular Ca release. Cardiovasc Res 42:339–360

Black JW, Prichard BNC (1973) Activation and blockade of β adrenoceptors in common cardiac disorders. Br Med Bull 29:163–167

Black JW, Stephenson JS (1962) Pharmacology of a new adrenergic beta-receptor-blocking compound (nethalide). Lancet 2:311–314

Black JW, Duncan WA, Shanks RG (1965) Comparison of some properties of pronethalol and propranolol. Br J Pharmacol Chemother 25:577–591

Blinks JR (1967) Evaluation of the cardiac effects of several beta adrenergic blocking agents. Ann N Y Acad Sci 139:673–685

Bodi I, Mikala G, Koch SE, Akhter SA, Schwartz A (2005) The L-type calcium channel in the heart: the beat goes on. J Clin Invest 115:3306–3317

Bond RA, Clarke DE (1988) Agonist and antagonist characterization of a putative adrenoceptor with distinct pharmacological properties from the α- and β -subtypes. Br J Pharmacol 95:723–734

Bond RA, Leff P, Johnson TD, Milano CA, Rockman HA, McMinn TR, Apparsundaram S, Hyek MF, Kenakin TP, Allen LF, Lefkowitz RJ (1995) Physiological effects of inverse agonists in transgenic mice with myocardial overexpression of the β

Bozkurt B, Coats A, Tsutsui H (2021) Universal definition and classification of heart failure. J Card Fail 27:387–413

Braunwald E, Morrow DA (2013) Unstable angina: is it time for a requiem? Circulation 127:2452–2457

Bristow MR (2000) β-Adrenergic receptor blockade in chronic heart failure. Circulation 2000(101):558–569

Bristow MR, Ginsburg R, Minobe W, Cubicciotti RS, Sageman WS, Lurie K, Billingham ME, Harrison DC, Stinson EB (1982) Decreased catecholamine sensitivity and β-adrenergic-receptor density in failing human hearts. N Engl J Med 307:205–211

Bristow MR, Ginsburg R, Umans V, Fowler M, Minobe W, Rasmussen R, Zera P, Menlove R, Shah P, Jamieson S (1986) Beta1- and beta2-adrenergic-receptor subpopulations in nonfailing and failing human ventricular myocardium: coupling of both receptor subtypes to muscle contraction and selective beta 1-receptor down-regulation in heart failure. Circ Res 59:297–309

Bristow MR, Larrabee P, Minobe W, Roden R, Skerl L, Klein J, Handwerger D, Port J, Müller-Beckmann B (1992) Receptor pharmacology of carvedilol in the human heart. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 19(Supplement 1):S68–S80

Bristow MR, Gilbert EM, Abraham WT, Adams KR, Fowler MB, Hershberger RE, Kubo SH, Narahara KA, Ingersoll H, Krueger S, Young S, Shusteman N, for the MOCHA Investigators (1996) Carvedilol produces dose-related improvements in left ventricular function and survival in subjects with chronic heart failure. Circulation 94:2807–2816

Bristow MR, Feldman AM, Adams KF, Goldstein S (2003) Selective versus nonselective β-blockade for heart failure therapy: are there lessons to be learned from the COMET trial? J Cardiac Fail 9:444–453

Brodde O-E (1991) β

Brodde O-E, Michel MC (1999) Adrenergic and muscarinic receptors in the human heart. Pharmacol Rev 51:651–689

Bundgaard H, Liu C-C, Garcia A, Hamilton EJ, Huang Y, Chia KKM, Hunyor SN, Figtree GA, Rasmussen HH (2010) Adrenergic stimulation of the cardiac Na

Bundgaard H, Axelsson A, Thomsen JH, Sørgaard M, Kofoed KF, Hasselbalch R, Fry NAS, Valeur N, Boesgaard S, Gustafsoon F, Køber L, Iversen K, Rasmussen HH (2017) The first-in-man randomized trial of a beta3 adrenoceptor agonist in chronic heart failure: the BEAT-HF trial. Eur J Heart Fail 19:566–575

Butters L, Kennedy S, Rubin PC (1990) Atenolol in essential hypertension during pregnancy. BMJ 301:587–589

Buxton BF, Jones CR, Molenaar P, Summers RJ (1987) Characterization and autoradiographic localization of β-adrenoceptor subtypes in human cardiac tissues. Br J Pharmacol 92:299–310

Candelore MR, Deng L, Tota L, Guan XM, Amend A, Liu Y, Newbold R, Cascieri MA, Weber AE (1999) Potent and selective human β

Cannell MB, Kong CHT, Imtiaz MS, Laver DR (2013) Control of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca

CAPRICORN investigators (2001) Effect of carvedilol on outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction: the CAPRICORN randomised trial. Lancet 357:1385–1390

Chandler NJ, Greener ID, Tellez JO, Shin Inada S, Musa H, Molenaar P, di Francesco D, Baruscotti M, Longhi R, Anderson RH, Billeter R, Vinod Sharma V, Sigg DC, Boyett MR, Dobrzynski H (2009) Molecular architecture of the human sinus node. Insights into the function of the cardiac pacemaker. Circulation 119:1562–1575

Chandler N, Aslanidi O, Buckley D, Inada S, Birchall S, Atkinson A, Kirk D, Monfredi O, Molenaar P, Anderson R, Sharma V, Sigg D, Zhang H, Boyett M, Dobrzynski H (2011) Computer three-dimensional anatomical reconstruction of the human sinus node and a novel paranodal area. Anat Rec 294:970–979

Chatzidou S, Kontogiannis C, Tsilimigras DI, Georgiopoulos G, Kosmopoulos M, Papadopoulou E, Vasilopoulos G, Rokas S (2018) Propranolol versus metoprolol for treatment of electrical storm in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. J Am Coll Cardiol 71:1897–1906

Chen L, Meyers D, Javorsky G, Burstow D, Lolekha P, Lucas M, Semmler ABT, Savarimuthu SM, Fong KM, Yang IA, Atherton J, Galbraith AJ, Parsonage WA, Molenaar P (2007) Arg389Gly-β1-adrenergic receptors determine improvement in left ventricular systolic function in nonischemic cardiomyopathy patients with heart failure after chronic treatment with carvedilol. Pharmacogenet Genomics 17:941–949

Chesley A, Lundberg MS, Asai T, Xiao R-P, Ohtani S, Lakatta EG, Crow MT (2000) The β

Chew DP, Scott IA, Cullen L, French JK, Briffa TG, Tideman PA, Woodruffe S, Kerr A, Branagan M, Aylward PE (2016) NHFA/CSANZ ACS Guideline 2016 Executive Working Group: National Heart Foundation of Australia & Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand: Australian clinical guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes 2016. Heart Lung Circ 25:895–951

Chockalingam P, Crotti L, Girardengo G, Johnson JN, Harris KM, van der Heijden JF, Hauer RN, Beckmann BM, Spazzolini C, Rordorf R, Rydberg A, Clur SA, Fischer M, van den Heuvel F, Kääb S, Blom NA, Ackerman MJ, Schwartz PJ, Wilde AA (2012) Not all beta-blockers are equal in the management of long QT syndrome types 1 and 2: higher recurrence of events under metoprolol. J Am Coll Cardiol 60:2092–2099

Christ T, Molenaar P, Klenowski PM, Ravens U, Kaumann AJ (2011) Human atrial β

CIBIS-II Investigators and Committees (1999) The cardiac insufficiency bisoprolol study II (CIBIS-II) a randomised trial. Lancet 353:9–13

Cohn JN, Levine TB, Olivari MT, Garberg V, Lura D, Francis GS, Simon AB, Rector T (1984) Plasma norepinephrine as a guide to prognosis in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 311:819–823

Cohn JN, Archibald DG, Ziesche S, Franciosa JA, Harston WE, Tristani FE, Dunkman WB, Jacobs W, Francis GS, Flohr KH, Goldman S, Cobb FR, Shar PM, Saunders R, Fletcher RD, Loeb HS, Hughes VC, Baker B (1986) Effect of vasodilator therapy on mortality in chronic congestive heart failure. Results of a veterans administration cooperative study. N Engl J Med 314:1547–1552

Colucci WS, Packer M, Bristow MR, Gilvert M, Cohn JN, Fowler MB, Krueger SK, Hershberger R, Uretsky BF, Bowers JA, Sackner-Bernstein JD, Young ST, Holcslaw TL, Lukas MA, for the US Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group (1996) Carvedilol inhibits clinical progression in patients with mild symptoms of heart failure. Circulation 94:2800–2806

Communal C, Singh K, Sawyer DB, Colucci WS (1999) Opposing effects of β

Coulombe P, Dussault JH, Walker P (1976) Plasma catecholamine concentrations in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Metabolism 25:973–979

Dal Monte M, Evans BA, Arioglu-Inan E, Michel MC (2020) Upregulation of β3-adrenoceptors—a general marker of and protective mechanism against hypoxia? Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 393:141–146

Danesh A, Gottschalk PCH (2019) Beta-blockers for migraine prevention: a review article. Curr Treat Options Neurol 21:20

Dashwood A, Cheesman E, Beard N, Haqqani H, Wong YW, Molenaar P (2020) Understanding how phosphorylation and redox modifications regulate cardiac ryanodine receptor type 2 activity to produce an arrhythmogenic phenotype in advanced heart failure. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 3:563–582

de Franchis R (1996) Developing consensus in portal hypertension. J Hepatol 25:390–394

de Franchis R, Bosch J, Garcia-Tsao G, Reiberger T, Ripoll C (2022) Baveno VII faculty. Baveno VII - renewing consensus in portal hypertension. J Hepatol 76:959–974

Denniss AL, Dashwood AM, Molenaar P, Beard NA (2020) Sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium mishandling: central tenet in heart failure? Biphys Rev 12:865–878

DeSantiago J, Ai X, Islam M, Acuna G, Ziolo MT, Bers DM, Pogwizd SM (2008) Arrhythomogenic effects of β

Desta L, Raposeiras-Roubin S, Ibanez B (2021) The art of prescribing β-blockers after myocardial infarction. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 14:e010720

Dincer ÜD, Bidasee KR, Güner S, Tay A, Özcelikay AT, Altan VM (2001) The effects of diabetes on expression of β

Dobrzynski H, Monfredi O, Greener ID, Atkinson A, Inada S, Taube M-A, Yanni J, Fedorenko O, Molenaar P, Anderson RH, Efimov IR, Boyett MR (2011) Molecular basis of the electrical activity of the atrioventricular junction and Purkinje fibres. In: Heart rate and rhythm. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 211–230

Doughty RN, Whalley GA, Walsh HA, Gamble GD, López-Sendón J, Sharpe N, CAPRICORN Echo Substudy Investigators (2004) Effects of carvedilol on left ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction: the CAPRICORN Echo Substudy. Circulation 109:201–206

Elnatan J, Molenaar P, Rosenfeldt FL, Summers RJ (1994) Autoradiographic localization and quantitation of beta1- and beta2-adrenoceptors in the human atrioventricular conducting system: a comparison of patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and ischemic heart disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol 26:313–323

Emorine LJ, Marullo S, Briend-Sutren MM, Patey G, Tate K, Delavier-Klutchko C, Strosberg AD (1989) Molecular characterization of the human β

Esler M, Kaye D, Lambert G, Esler D, Jennings G (1997) Adrenergic nervous system in heart failure. Am J Cardiol 80(11A):7L–14L

Fabiato A (1983) Calcium-induced release of calcium from the cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum. Am J Phys 245:C1–C14

Fabiato A, Fabiato F (1975) Contractions induced by a calcium-triggered release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of single skinned cardiac cells. J Physiol 249:469–495

Fabiato A, Fabiato F (1977) Calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Circ Res 40:119–129

Fabiato A, Fabiato F (1979) Calcium and cardiac excitation-contraction coupling. Annu Rev Physiol 41:473–484

Feigin VL, Norrving B, Mensah GA (2017) Global burden of stroke. Circ Res 120:439–448

Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J, Berra K, Blankenship JC, Dallas AP, Douglas PS, Foody JM, Gerber TC, Hinderliter AL, King SB 3rd, Kligfield PD, Krumholz HM, Kwong RY, Lim MJ, Linderbaum JA, Mack MJ, Munger MA, Prager RL, Sabik JF, Shaw LJ, Sikkema JD, Smith CR Jr, Smith SC Jr, Spertus JA, Williams SV (2012) American College of Cardiology Foundation. 2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines, and the American College of Physicians, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation 126:3097–3137

Fischer V, Gabauer I, Tillinger A, Novakova M, Pechan I, Krizanova O, Kvetňanský R, Myslivecekc J (2008) Heart adrenoceptor gene expression and binding sites in the human failing heart. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1148:400–408

Foo RS-Y, Mani K, Kitsis RN (2005) Death begets failure in the heart. J Clin Invest 115:565–571

Freemantle N, Cleland J, Young P, Mason J, Harrison J (1999) β blockade after myocardial infarction: systematic review and meta regression analysis. BMJ 318:1730–1737

Friedman LM, Byington RP, Capone RJ, Furberg CD, Goldstein S, Lichstein E (1986) Effect of propranolol in patients with myocardial infarction and ventricular arrhythmia. J Am Coll Cardiol 7:1–8

Fry NAS, Liu CC, Garcia A, Hamilton EJ, Galougahi KK, Kim YJ, Whalley DW, Bundgaard H, Rasmussen HH (2020) Targeting cardiac myocyte Na

Gauthier C, Tavernier G, Charpentier F, Langin D, Le Marec H (1996) Functional β

Gauthier C, Leblais V, Kobzik L, Trochu J-N, Khandoudi N, Bril A, Balligand J-L, Le Marec H (1998) The negative inotropic effect of β

Grassi G, Seravalle G, Dell’Oro R, Facchini A, Ilardo V, Mancia G (2004) Sympathetic and baroreflex function in hypertensive or heart failure patients with ventricular arrhythmias. J Hypertens 22:1747–1753

Greener ID, Monfredi O, Inada S, Chandler NJ, Tellez JO, Atkinson A, Taube M-A, Billeter R, Anderson RH, Efimov IR, Molenaar P, Sigg DC, Sharma V, Boyett MR, Dobrzynski H (2011) Molecular architecture of the human specialised atrioventricular conduction axis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 50:642–651

Groszmann RJ, Garcia-Tsao G, Bosch J, Grace ND, Burroughs AK, Planas R, Escorsell A, Garcia-Pagan JC, Patch D, Matloff DS, Gao H, Makuch R (2005) Portal Hypertension Collaborative Group. Beta-blockers to prevent gastroesophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 353:2254–2261

Hall JA, Petch MC, Brown MJ (1989) Intracoronary injections of salbutamol demonstrate the presence of functional beta 2-adrenoceptors in the human heart. Circ Res 65(3):546–553. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.res.65.3.546

doi: 10.1161/01.res.65.3.546

Harding SE (1997) Lack of evidence for β3-adrenoceptor modulation of contractile function in human ventricular myocytes [abstract]. Circulation 96(Suppl. S):284

Harding SD, Armstrong JF, Faccenda E, Southan C, Alexander SPH, Davenport AP, Spedding M, Davies JA (2023) The IUPHAR/BPS guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2024. Nucleic Acids Res:gkad944

Hauf-Zachariou U, Blackwood RA, Gunawardena KA, O'Donnell JG, Garnham S, Pfarr E (1997) Carvedilol versus verapamil in chronic stable angina: a multicentre trial. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 52:95–100

Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM, Deswal A, Drazner MH, Dunlay SM, Evers LR, Fang JC, Fedson SE, Fonarow GC, Hayek SS, Hernandez AF, Khazanie P, Kittleson MM, Lee CS, Link MS, Milano CA, Nnacheta LC, Sandhu AT, Stevenson LW, Vardeny O, Vest AR, Yancy CW (2022) 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 79:e263–e421

Heikkilä J, Nieminen MS (1982) Cardiac safety of acute beta blockade: intrinsic sympathomimetic activity is superior to beta-1 selectivity. Am Heart J 104:464–472

Hershberger RE, Wynn JR, Sundberg L, Bristow MR (1990) Mechanism of action of bucindolol in human ventricular myocardium. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 15:959–967

Heubach JF, Graf EM, Molenaar P, Jäger A, Schröder F, Herzig S, Harding SE, Ravens U (2001) Murine ventricular L-type Ca

Heubach JF, Ravens U, Kaumann AJ (2004) Epinephrine activates both Gs and Gi pathways, but norepinephrine activates only the Gs pathway through human β

Hoffmann C, Leitz MR, Oberdorf-Maass S, Lohse MJ, Klotz K-N (2004) Comparative pharmacology of human β-adrenergic receptor subtypes—characterization of stably transfected receptors in CHO cells. Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 369:151–159

Holroyd KA, Cottrell CK, O'Donnell FJ, Cordingley GE, Drew JB, Carlson BW, Himawan L (2010) Effect of preventive (β blocker) treatment, behavioural migraine management, or their combination on outcomes of optimised acute treatment in frequent migraine: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 341:c4871

Hu K, Gaudron P, Ertl G (1998) Long-term effects of beta-adrenergic blocking agent treatment on hemodynamic function and left ventricular remodeling in rats with experimental myocardial infarction: importance of timing of treatment and infarct size. J Am Coll Cardiol 31:692–700

Ikram H, Fitzpatrick D (1981) Double-blind trial of chronic oral beta blockade in congestive cardiomyopathy. Lancet 2(8245):490–493

Jackson G, Harry JD, Robinson C, Kitson D, Jewitt DE (1978) Comparison of atenolol with propranolol in the treatment of angina pectoris with special reference to once daily administration of atenolol. Br Heart J 40:998–1004

James IM, Griffith DN, Pearson RM, Newbury P (1977) Effect of oxprenolol on stage-fright in musicians. Lancet 2:952–954

Joglar JA, Chung MK, Armbruster AL, Benjamin EJ, Chyou JY, Cronin EM, Deswal A, Eckhardt LL, Goldberger ZD, Gopinathannair R, Gorenek B, Hess PL, Hlatky M, Hogan G, Ibeh C, Indik JH, Kido K, Kusumoto F, Link MS, Linta KT, Marcus GM, McCarthy PM, Patel N, Patton KK, Perez MV, Piccini JP, Russo AM, Sanders P, Streur MM, Thomas KL, Times S, Tisdale JE, Valente AM, Van Wagoner DR (2024) 2023 ACC/AHA/ACCP/HRS guideline for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation 149:e1–e156

Joseph SS, Lynham JA, Molenaar P, Grace AA, Colledge WH, Kaumann AJ (2003) Intrinsic sympathomimetic activity of (−)-pindolol mediated through a (−)-propranolol-resistant site of the β

Kahaly GJ, Bartalena L, Hegedüs L, Leenhardt L, Poppe K, Pearce SH (2018) 2018 European thyroid association guideline for the Management of Graves' hyperthyroidism. Eur Thyroid J 7:167–186

Kaumann AJ (1989) Is there a third heart β-adrenoceptor? Trends Pharmacol Sci 10:316–320

Kaumann AJ (1996) (−)-CGP 12177-induced increase of human atrial contraction through a putative third β-adrenoceptor. Br J Pharmacol 117:93–98

Kaumann AJ, Molenaar P (1997) Modulation of human cardiac function through 4 β-adrenoceptor populations. Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 355:667–681

Kaumann AJ, Molenaar P (2008) The low-affinity site of the β

Kaumann AJ, Sanders L (1993) Both β

Kaumann AJ, Hall JA, Murray KJ, Wells FC, Brown MJ (1989) A comparison of the effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline on human heart: the role of β

Kaumann A, Bartel S, Molenaar P, Sanders L, Burrell K, Vetter D, Hempel P, Karczewski P, Krause E-G (1999) Activation of β

Kaumann AJ, Engelhardt S, Hein L, Molenaar P, Lohse M (2001) Abolition of (−)-CGP 12177-evoked cardiostimulation in double β

Kaye DM, Lefkovits J, Cox H, Lambert G, Jennings G, Turner A, Esler MD (1995) Regional epinephrine kinetics in human heart failure: evidence for extra-adrenal, nonneural release. Heart Circ Physiol 38:H182–H188

Kilts JD, Gerhardt MA, Richardson MD, Sreeram G, Mackensen GB, Grocott JP, White WD, Davis RD, Newman MF, Reves JG, Schwinn DA, Kwatra MM (2000) β

Kim J, Grotegu CA, Wisler JW, Mao L, Rosenberg PB, Rockman HA, Lefkowitz RJ (2020) The β-arrestin-biased β-adrenergic receptor blocker carvedilol enhances skeletal muscle contractility. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 117:12435–12443

Kindermann M, Maack C, Schaller S, Finkler N, Schmidt K, Läer S, Wuttke H, Schäfers H-J, Böhm M (2004) Carvedilol but not metoprolol reduces β-adrenergic responsiveness after complete elimination from plasma in vivo. Circulation 109:3182–3190

Klein I, Danzi S (2007) Thyroid disease and the heart. Circulation 116:1725–1735

Kompa AR, Summers RJ (1999) Desensitization and resensitization of β

Koss KL, Kranias EG (1996) Phospholamban: a prominent regulator of myocardial contractility. Circ Res 79:1059–1063

Kostenis E, Gomeza J, Miess-Tanneberg E, Blum NK, Benkel T, Chevigné A, Hoffmann C, Kolb P, Nikolaev V, Waldhoer M, Szpakowska M, Inoue A, Schulz S (2023) Reply to: how carvedilol does not activate β

Kukin ML, Kalman J, Mannino M, Freudenberger R, Buchholz C, Ocampo O (1996) Combined alpha-beta blockade (doxazosin plus metoprolol) compared with beta blockade alone in chronic congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 77:486–491

Lang D, Holzem K, Kang C, Xial M, Hwang HJ, Ewald GA, Yamada KA, Efimov IR (2015) Arrhythmogenic remodeling of β

Layland J, Solaro RJ, Shah AM (2005) Regulation of cardiac contractile function by troponin I phosphorylation. Cardiovasc Res 66:12–21

Lazar MA, Chin WW (1990) Nuclear thyroid hormone receptors. J Clin Invest 86:1777–1782

LeChat P, Escoloano S, Golmard JL, Lardoux H, Witchitz S, Henneman JA, Maisch B, Jaillon P, Boissel J-P, Mallet A, on behalf of the CIBIS Investigators (1997) Prognostic value of bisoprolol-induced hemodynamic effects in heart failure during the cardiac insufficiency Bisoprolol Study (CIBIS). Circulation 96:2197–2205

Lefkowitz RJ, Rockman HA, Shim PJ, Liu S, Ahn S, Pani B, Rajagopal S, Shenoy SK, Bouvier M, Benovic JL, Liggett SB, Ruffolo RR, Bristow MR, Packer M (2023) How carvedilol does not activate β

Li J, Imtiaz MS, Beard NA, Dulhunty AF, Thorne R, vanHelden DF, Laver DR (2013) β-adrenergic stimulation increases RyR2 activity via intracellular Ca

Libby P (2013) Mechanisms of acute coronary syndromes and their implications for therapy. N Engl J Med 368:2004–2013

Lohse MJ, Benovic JL, Codina J, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ (1990) β-Arrestin: a protein that regulates β-adrenergic receptor function. Science 248:1547–1550

Lönnqvist F, Krief S, Strosberg D, Nyberg B, Emorine LJ, Amer P (1993) Evidence for a functional β

Lydakis C, Lip GY, Beevers M, Beevers DG (1999) Atenolol and fetal growth in pregnancies complicated by hypertension. Am J Hypertens 12:541–547

Maack C, Cremers B, Flesch M, Höper A, Südkamp M, Böhm M (2000) Different intrinsic activities of bucindolol, carvedilol and metoprolol in human failing myocardium. Br J Pharmacol 130:1131–1139

Magee LA, Brown MA, Hall DR, Gupte S, Hennessy A, Karumanchi SA, Kenny LC, McCarthy F, Myers J, Poon LC, Rana S, Saito S, Staff AC, Tsigas E, von Dadelszen P (2022) The 2021 International Society for the Study of hypertension in pregnancy classification, diagnosis & management recommendations for international practice. Pregnancy Hypertens 27:148–169

Mak IT, Weglicki WB (1988) Protection by β-blocking agents against free radical-mediated sarcolemmal lipid peroxidation. Circ Res 63:262–266

Malik FI, Hartman JJ, Elias KA, Morgan BP, Rodriguez H, Brejc K, Anderson RL, Sueoka SH, Lee KH, Finer JT JT, Sakowicz R, Baliga R, Cox DR, Garard M, Godinez G, Kawas R, Kraynack E, Lenzi D, Lu PP, Muci A, Niu G, Qian X, Pierce DW, Pokrovskii M, Suehiro I, Sylvester S, Tochimoto T, Valdez C, Wang W, Katori T, Kass DA, Shen Y-T, Vatner SF, Morgans DJ (2011) Cardiac myosin activation: a potential therapeutic approach for systolic heart failure. Science 331:1439–1443

Malta E, Mian MA, Raper C (1985) The in vitro pharmacology of xamoterol (ICI 118,587). Br J Pharmacol 85:179–187

Mannhold R (2005) The impact of lipophilicity in drug research: a case report on β-blockers. Mini Rev Med Chem 5:197–205

Martell M, Coll M, Ezkurdia N, Raurell I, Genescà J (2010) Physiopathology of splanchnic vasodilation in portal hypertension. World J Hepatol 27:208–220

Marx SO, Reiken S, Hisamatsu Y, Jayaraman T, Burkhoff D, Rosemblit N, Marks AR (2000) PKA phosphorylation dissociates FKBP12.6 from the calcium release channel (ryanodine receptor): defective regulation in failing hearts. Cell 101:365–376

Mason DA, Moore JD, Green SA, Liggett SB (1999) A gain-of-function polymorphism in a G-protein coupling domain of the human β

Mayourian J, Ceholski DK, Gonzalez DM, Cashman TJ, Sahoo S, Hajjar RJ, Costa KD (2018) Physiologic, pathologic, and therapeutic paracrine modulation of cardiac excitation-contraction coupling. Circ Res 122:167–183

McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, Gardner RS, Baumbach A, Böhm M, Burri H, Butler J, Čelutkienė J, Chioncel O, Cleland JGF, Crespo-Leiro MG, Farmakis D, Gilard M, Heymans S, Hoes AW, Jaarsma T, Jankowska EA, Lainscak M, Lam CSP, Lyon AR, McMurray JJV, Mebazaa A, Mindham R, Muneretto C, Francesco Piepoli M, Price S, Rosano GMC, Ruschitzka F, Skibelund AK (2023) ESC Scientific Document Group. 2023 focused update of the 2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 44:3627–3639

McMurray J, Køber L, Robertson M, Dargie H, Colucci W, Lopez-Sendon J, Remme W, Sharpe N, Ford I (2005) Antiarrhythmic effect of carvedilol after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Cardiol Soc 45:525–530

McNamara JW, Singh RR, Sadayappan S (2019) Cardiac myosin binding protein-C phosphorylation regulates the super-relaxed state of myosin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 116:11731–11736

McPherson GA, Malta E, Molenaar P, Raper C (1984) The affinity and efficacy of the selective β

Meredith IT, Broughton A, Jennings GL, Esler MD (1991) Evidence of a selective increase in cardiac sympathetic activity in patients with sustained ventricular arrhythmias. N Engl J Med 325:618–624

MERIT-HF Study Group (1999) Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL randomised intervention trial in congestive heart failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet 353:2001–2007

Mialet Perez J, Rathz DA, Petrashevskaya NN, Hanh H, Wagoner LE, Schwartz A, Dorn GW II, Liggett SB (2003) β

Michel LYM, Farah C, Balligand JL (2020) The Beta3 adrenergic receptor in healthy and pathological cardiovascular tissues. Cells 9:2584

Minobe E, Maeda S, Xu J, Hao L, Kameyama A, Kameyama M (2014) A new phosphorylation site in cardiac L-type Ca

Mo W, Michel MC, Lee XW, Kaumann AJ, Molenaar P (2017) The β3-adrenoceptor agonist mirabegron increases human atrial force through β

Mochizuki M, Yano M, Oda T, Tateishi H, Kobayashi S, Yamamoto T, Ikeda Y, Ohkusa T, Ikemoto N, Matsuzaki M (2007) Scavenging free radicals by low-dose carvedilol prevents redox-dependent Ca

Molenaar P, Parsonage WA (2005) Fundamental considerations of β-adrenoceptor subtypes in human heart failure. Trends Pharmacol Sci 26:368–375

Molenaar P, Summers RJ (1987) Characterization of Beta-1 and Beta-2 adrenoceptors in Guinea pig atrium: functional and receptor binding studies. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 241:1041–1047

Molenaar P, McPherson GA, Malta E, Raper C (1985) The influence of molecular structure on the affinity and efficacy of some β-adrenoceptor agonists. Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 331:240–246

Molenaar P, Sarsero D, Kaumann AJ (1997) Proposal for the interaction of non-conventional partial agonists and catecholamines with the ‘putative β4-adrenoceptor’ in mammalian heart. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 24:647–656

Molenaar P, Bartel S, Cochrane A, Vetter D, Jalali H, Pohlner P, Burrell K, Karczewski P, Krause E-G, Kaumann A (2000) Both β

Molenaar P, Christ T, Ravens U, Kaumann A (2006) Carvedilol blocks β

Molenaar P, Chen L, Semmler ABT, Parsonage WA, Kaumann AJ (2007a) Human heart β-adrenoceptors: β

Molenaar P, Savarimuthu SM, Sarsero D, Chen L, Semmler ABT, Carle A, Yang I, Bartel S, Vetter D, Beyerdörfer I, Georg Krause E-G, Kaumann AJ (2007b) (−)-Adrenaline elicits positive inotropic, lusitropic, and biochemical effects through β

Molenaar P, Christ T, Hussain RI, Engel A, Berk E, Gillette KT, Chen L, Galindo-Tovar A, Krobert KA, Ravens U, Levy FO, Kaumann AJ (2013) PDE3, but not PDE4, reduces β

Molenaar P, Christ T, Berk E, Engel A, Gillette KT, Galindo-Tovar A, Ravens U, Kaumann AJ (2014) Carvedilol induces greater control of β

Molenaar P, Mo, W, Cheesman E, Dashwood AM, Kaumann AJ, Beard NA (2019) Both β

Moniotte S, Balligand J-L (2002) Potential use of β

Moniotte S, Kobzik L, Feron O, Trochu J-N, Gauthier C, Balligand J-L (2001) Upregulation of β3-adrenoceptors and altered contractile response to inotropic amines in human failing myocardium. Circulation 103:1649–1655

Morady F, Nelson SD, Kou WH, Pratley R, Schmaltz S, De Buitleir M, Halter JB (1988) Electrophysiologic effects of epinephrine in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol 11(6):1235–1244. https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(88)90287-2

doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(88)90287-2

Morano I (1999) Tuning the human heart molecular motors by myosin light chains. J Mol Med 77:544–555

Motivala AA, Parikh V, Roe M, Dai D, Abbott JD, Prasad A, Mukherjee D (2016) Predictors, trends, and outcomes (among older patients ≥65 years of age) associated with beta-blocker use in patients with stable angina undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention: insights from the NCDR registry. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 9:1639–1648

Motomura S, Hashimoto K (1992) Beta 2-adrenoceptor-mediated positive dromotropic effects on atrioventricular node of dogs. Am J Phys Jan;262(1 Pt 2):H123-H129. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1992.262.1.H123 .

Mozaffarian D, Anker SD, Anand I, Linker DT, Sullivan MD, Cleland JGF, Carson PE, Maggioni AP, Mann DL, Pitt B, Poole-Wilson PA, Levy WC (2007) Prediction of mode of death in heart failure. The Seattle heart failure model. Circulation 116:392–398

Mukete BN, Cassidy M, Ferdinand KC, Le Jemtel TH (2015) Long-term anti-hypertensive therapy and stroke prevention: a meta-analysis. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 15:243–257

Naidu SS, Baran DA, Jentzer JC, Hollenberg SM, van Diepen S, Basir MB, Grines CL, Diercks DB, Hall S, Kapur NK, Kent W, Rao SV, Samsky MD, Thiele H, Truesdell AG, Henry TD (2022) SCAI SHOCK stage classification expert consensus update: a review and incorporation of validation studies: this statement was endorsed by the American College of Cardiology (ACC), American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP), American Heart Association (AHA), European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Association for Acute Cardiovascular Care (ACVC), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT), Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), and Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) in December 2021. J Am Coll Cardiol 79:933–946

Nazari MA, Hasan R, Haigney M, Maghsoudi A, Lenders JWM, Carey RM, Pacak K (2023) Catecholamine-induced hypertensive crises: current insights and management. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 11:942–954

Neftel KA, Adler RH, Käppeli L, Rossi M, Dolder M, Käser HE, Bruggesser HH, Vorkauf H (1982) Stage fright in musicians: a model illustrating the effect of beta blockers. Psychosom Med 44:461–469

NHFA CSANZ Heart Failure Guidelines Working Group, Atherton JJ, Sindone A, De Pasquale CG, Driscoll A, MacDonald PS, Hopper I, Kistler PM, Briffa T, Wong J, Abhayaratna W, Thomas L, Audehm R, Newton P, O'Loughlin J, Branagan M, Connell C (2018) National Heart Foundation of Australia and Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand: guidelines for the prevention, detection, and Management of Heart Failure in Australia 2018. Heart Lung Circ 27:1123–1208

Nikolaev VO, Moshkov A, Lyon AR, Miragoli M, Novak P, Paur H, Lohse MJ, Korchev YE, Harding SE, Gorelik J (2010) β

Ogawa R, Stachnik JM, Echizen H (2014) Clinical pharmacokinetics of drugs in patients with heart failure: an update (part 2, drugs administered orally). Clin Pharmacokinet 53:1083–1114

Oldham HG, Clarke SE (1997) In vitro identification of the human cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the metabolism of R(+)- and S(−)-carvedilol. Drug Metab Dispos 25:970–977

Packer M (1985) Sudden unexpected death in patients with congestive heart failure: a second frontier. Circulation 72:681–685

Packer M, Bristow MR, Cohn JN, Colucci WS, Fowler MB, Gilvert EM, Shusterman HH, for the U.S. Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group (1996) The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 334:1349–1355

Packer M, AJS C, Fowler MB, Katus HA, Krum H, Mohacsi P, Rouleau JL, Tendera M, Castaigne A, Roecker EB, Schultz MK, De Mets DL, for the Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival Study Group (2001) Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 344:1651–1658

Peltenburg PJ, Kallas D, Bos JM, Lieve KVV, Franciosi S, Roston TM, Denjoy I, Sorensen KB, Ohno S, Roses-Noguer F, Aiba T, Maltret A, LaPage MJ, Atallah J, Giudicessi JR, Clur SB, Blom NA, Tanck M, Extramiana F, Kato K, Barc J, Borggrefe M, Behr ER, Sarquella-Brugada G, Tfelt-Hansen J, Zorio E, Swan H, Kammeraad JAE, Krahn AD, Davis A, Sacher F, Schwartz PJ, Roberts JD, Skinner JR, van den Berg MP, Kannankeril PJ, Drago F, Robyns T, Haugaa K, Tavacova T, Semsarian C, Till J, Probst V, Brugada R, Shimizu W, Horie M, Leenhardt A, Ackerman MJ, Sanatani S, van der Werf C, Wilde AAM (2022) An international multicenter cohort study on β-blockers for the treatment of symptomatic children with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Circulation 145:333–344

Pelzmann B, Schaffer P, Bernhart E, Lang P, Mächler H, Rigler B, Koidl B (1998) L-type calcium current in human ventricular myocytes at a physiological temperature from children with tetralogy of Fallot. Cardiovasc Res 38:424–432

Pieske B, Houser SR (2003) [Na

Pogwizd SM, Bers DM (2004) Cellular basis of triggered arrhythmias in heart failure. Trends Cardiovasc Med 14:61–66

Pogwizd SM, Schlotthauer K, Li L, Yuan W, Bers DM (2001) Arrhythmogenesis and contractile dysfunction in heart failure. Roles of sodium-calcium exchange, inward rectifier potassium current, and residual β-adrenergic responsiveness. Circ Res 88:1159–1167

Poole-Wilson PA, Swedberg K, Cleland JGF, Di Lenarda A, Hanrath P, Komajda M, Lubsen J, Lutiger B, Metra M, Remme WJ, Torp-Pedersen C, Scherhag A, Skene A, for the COMET Investigators (2003) Comparison of carvedilol and metoprolol on clinical outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure in the carvedilol or metoprolol European trial (COMET): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 362:7–13

Proudman RGW, Pupo AS, Baker JG (2020) The affinity and selectivity of α-adrenoceptor antagonists, antidepressants, and antipsychotics for the human α1A, α1B, and α1D-adrenoceptors. Pharmacol Res Perspect 8(4):e00602

Proudman RGW, Akinaga J, Baker JG (2022) The affinity and selectivity of α-adrenoceptor antagonists, antidepressants and antipsychotics for the human α2A, α2B and α2C-adrenoceptors and comparison with human α1 and β-adrenoceptors. Pharmacol Res Perspect 10:300936

Reiken S, Wehrens XHT, Vest JA, Barbone A, Klotz S, Mancini D, Burkhoff D, Marks AR (2003) β-blockers restore calcium release channel function and improve cardiac muscle performance in human heart failure. Circulation 107:2459–2466

Ross DS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, Greenlee MC, Laurberg P, Maia AL, Rivkees SA, Samuels M, Sosa JA, Stan MN, Walter MA (2016) 2016 American Thyroid Association guidelines for diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid 26:1343–1421

Roybal D, Hennessey JA, Marx SO (2020) The quest to identify the mechanism underlying adrenergic regulation of cardiac Ca

Rydén L, Ariniego R, Arnman K, Herlitz J, Hjalmarson A, Holmberg S, Reyes C, Smedgård P, Svedberg K, Vedin A, Waagstein F, Waldenström A, Wilhelmsson C, Wedel H, Yamamoto M (1983) A double-blind trial of metoprolol in acute myocardial infarction. Effects on ventricular tachyarrhythmias. N Engl J Med 308:614–618

Sarsero D, Fujiwara T, Molenaar P, Angus JA (1998) Human vascular to cardiac tissue selectivity of L- and T-type calcium channel antagonists. Br J Pharmacol 125:109–119

Sarsero D, Russell FD, Lynham JA, Rabnott G, Yang I, Fong KM, Li L, Kaumann AJ, Molenaar P (2003) (−)-CGP 12177 increases contractile force and hastens relaxation of human myocardial preparations through a propranolol-resistant state of the β

Savonitto S, Ardissiono D, Egstrup K, Rasmussen K, Bae EA, Omland T, Schjelderup-Mathiesen PM, Marraccini P, Wahlqvist I, Merlini PA, Rehnqvist N (1996) Combination therapy with metoprolol and nifedipine versus monotherapy in patients with stable angina pectoris. Results of the international multicenter angina exercise (IMAGE) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 27:311–316

Schlotthauer K, Bers DM (2000) Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca

Sennitt MV, Kaumann AJ, Molenaar P, Beeley LJ, Young PW, Kelly J, Chapman H, Henson SM, Berge JM, Dean DK, Kotecha NR, Morgan HKA, Rami HK, Ward RW, Thompson M, Wilson S, Smith SA, Cawthorne MA, Stock ML, Arch JRS (1998) The contribution of classical (β

Seravalle G, Quarti-Trevano F, Dell’Oro R, Gronda E, Spaziani D, Facchetti R, Cuspidi C, Mancia G, Grassi G (2019) Sympathetic and baroreflex alterations in congestive heart failure with preserved, midrange and reduced ejection fraction. J Hypertens 37:443–448

Sharma M, Rameshbabu CS (2012) Collateral pathways in portal hypertension. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2:338–352

Silva JE, Bianco SD (2008) Thyroid-adrenergic interactions: physiological and clinical implications. Thyroid 18:157–165

Solaro RJ, Rarick HM (1998) Troponin and Tropomyosin. Proteins that switch on and tune in the activity of cardiac myofilaments. Circ Res 83:471–480

Sprenger T, Viana M, Tassorelli C (2018) Current prophylactic medications for migraine and their potential mechanisms of action. Neurotherapeutics 15:313–323

Steenen SA, van Wijk AJ, van der Heijden GJ, van Westrhenen R, de Lange J, de Jongh A (2016) Propranolol for the treatment of anxiety disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychopharmacol 30:128–139

The Beta-Blocker Evaluation of Survival Trial Investigators (2001) A trial of the beta-blocker bucindolol in patients with advanced chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 344:1659–1667

The Xamoterol in Severe Heart Failure Study Group (1990) Xamoterol in severe heart failure. Lancet 336:1–6

Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Chaitman BR, Bax JJ, Morrow DA, White HD, Executive Group on behalf of the Joint European Society of Cardiology (ESC), American College of Cardiology (ACC), American Heart Association (AHA), World Heart Federation (WHF), Task Force for the Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction (2018) Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 72:2231–2264

Trzepacz PT, Klein I, Roberts M, Greenhouse J, Levey GS (1989) Graves' disease: an analysis of thyroid hormone levels and hyperthyroid signs and symptoms. Am J Med 87:558–561

Ungerer M, Böhm M, Elce JS, Erdmann E, Lohse MJ (1993) Altered expression of β-adrenergic receptor kinase and β

Ungerer M, Parruti G, Bohm M, Puzicha M, DeBlasi A, Erdmann E, Lohse MJ (1994) Expression of beta-arrestins and beta-adrenergic receptor kinases in the failing human heart. Circ Res 74:206–213

Waagstein F, Hjalmarson Å, Varnauskas E, Wallentin I (1975) Effect of chronic beta-adrenergic receptor blockade in congestive cardiomyopathy. Br Heart J 37:1022–1036

Waagstein F, Bristow MR, Swedberg K, Camerini F, Fowler MB, Silver MA, Gilbert EM, Johnson MR, Goss FG, Hjalmarson A, for the Metoprolol in Dilated Cardiomyopathy (MDC), Trial Study Group (1993) Beneficial effects of metoprolol in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Lancet 342:1441–1446

Walter M, Lemoine H, Kaumann AJ (1984) Stimulant and blocking effects of optical isomers of pindolol on the sinoatrial node and trachea of Guinea pig. Role of β-adrenoceptor subtypes in the dissociation between blockade and stimulation. Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 327:159–175

Walweel K, Molenaar P, Imtiaz MS, Denniss A, dos Remedios C, van Helden DF, Dulhunty AF, Laver DR, Beard NA (2017) Ryanodine receptor modification and regulation by intracellular Ca

Walweel K, Gomez-Hurtado N, Rebbeck RT, Oo YW, Beard NA, Molenaar P, dos Remedios C, van Helden DF, Cornea RL, Knollmann BC, Laver DR (2019) Calmodulin inhibition of human RyR2 channels requires phosphorylation of RyR2-S2808 or RyR2-S2814. J Mol Cell Cardiol 130:96–106

Wang J, Hanada K, Staus DP, Makara MA, Dahal GR, Chen Q, Ahles A, Engelhardt S, Rockman HA (2017) Gαi is required for carvedilol-induced β

Warren SG, Brewer DL, Orgain ES (1976) Long-term propranolol therapy for angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 37:420–426

Weiss R, Ferry D, Pickering E, Smith LK, Dennish G 3rd, Krug-Gourley S, Lukas MA (1998) Effectiveness of three different doses of carvedilol for exertional angina. Carvedilol-Angina Study Group. Am J Cardiol 82:927–931

Weiss S, Oz S, Benmocha A, Dascal N (2013) Regulation of cardiac L-type Ca

Williams LT, Lefkowitz RJ, Watanabe AM, Hathaway DR, Besch HR Jr (1977) Thyroid hormone regulation of β-adrenergic receptor number. J Biol Chem 25:2787–2279

Wisler JW, DeWire SM, Whalen EJ, Violin JD, Drake MT, Ahn S, Shenoy SK, Lefkowitz RJ (2007) A unique mechanism of β-blocker action: Carvedilol stimulates β-arrestin signalling. PNAS 104:16657–16662

Woo AY-H, Song Y, Xiao R-P, Zhu W (2015) Biased β

Woody MS, Greenberg MJ, Barua B, Winkelmann DA, Goldman YE, Ostap EM (2018) Positive cardiac inotrope omecamtiv mecarbil activates muscle despite suppressing the myosin working stroke. Nat Commun 9:3838

Xiao RP, Hohl C, Altschuld R, Jones L, Livingston B, Ziman B, Tantini B, Lakatta EG (1994) β

Xiao R-P, Ji X, Lakatta EG (1995) Functional coupling of the β

Xiao R-P, Avdonin P, Zhou Y-Y, Cheng H, Akhter SA, Eschenhagen T, Lefkowitz RJ, Koch WJ, Lakatta EG (1999) Coupling of β2-adrenoceptor to Gi proteins and its physiological relevance in murine cardiac myoctyes. Circulation 84:43–52

Yue T-L, Cheng H-Y, Lysko PG, McKenna PJ, Feuerstein R, Gu J-L, Lysko KA, Davis LL, Feuerstein G (1992) Carvedilol, a new vasodilator and Beta adrenoceptor antagonist, is an antioxidant and free radical scavenger. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 263:92–98

Zhou Q, Xiao J, Jiang D, Wang R, Vembaiyan K, Wang A, Smith CD, Xie C, Chen W, Zhang J, Tian X, Jones PP, Zhong X, Guo A, Chen H, Zhang L, Zhu W, Yang D, Li X, Chen J, Gillis AM, Henry J, Duff HJ, Cheng H, Feldman AM, Song L-S, Fill M, Thomas G, Back TG, Chen SRW (2011) Carvedilol and its new analogs suppress arrhythmogenic store overload–induced Ca

Zhu W-Z, Zheng M, Koch WJ, Lefkowitz RJ, Kobilka BK, Xiao R-P (2001) Dual modulation of cell survival and cell death by β

Roles of β-adrenoceptor Subtypes and Therapeutics in Human Cardiovascular Disease: Heart Failure, Tachyarrhythmias and Other Cardiovascular Disorders.

Journal

Informations de publication

Résumé

Identifiants

Types de publication

Langues

Sous-ensembles de citation

Informations de copyright

Références

Auteurs

Yee Weng Wong (YW)

Haris Haqqani (H)

Peter Molenaar (P)

Classifications MeSH