Genome-wide determinants of mortality and motor progression in Parkinson's disease.


Journal

NPJ Parkinson's disease
ISSN: 2373-8057
Titre abrégé: NPJ Parkinsons Dis
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 101675390

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
07 Jun 2024
Historique:
received: 05 02 2024
accepted: 24 05 2024
medline: 8 6 2024
pubmed: 8 6 2024
entrez: 7 6 2024
Statut: epublish

Résumé

There are 90 independent genome-wide significant genetic risk variants for Parkinson's disease (PD) but currently only five nominated loci for PD progression. The biology of PD progression is likely to be of central importance in defining mechanisms that can be used to develop new treatments. We studied 6766 PD patients, over 15,340 visits with a mean follow-up of between 4.2 and 15.7 years and carried out genome-wide survival studies for time to a motor progression endpoint, defined by reaching Hoehn and Yahr stage 3 or greater, and death (mortality). There was a robust effect of the APOE ε4 allele on mortality in PD. We also identified a locus within the TBXAS1 gene encoding thromboxane A synthase 1 associated with mortality in PD. We also report 4 independent loci associated with motor progression in or near MORN1, ASNS, PDE5A, and XPO1. Only the non-Gaucher disease causing GBA1 PD risk variant E326K, of the known PD risk variants, was associated with mortality in PD. Further work is needed to understand the links between these genomic variants and the underlying disease biology. However, these may represent new candidates for disease modification in PD.

Identifiants

pubmed: 38849413
doi: 10.1038/s41531-024-00729-8
pii: 10.1038/s41531-024-00729-8
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Pagination

113

Subventions

Organisme : Parkinson's UK
ID : H-1703
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : RCUK | Medical Research Council (MRC)
ID : MR/R007446/1

Informations de copyright

© 2024. The Author(s).

Références

Nalls, M. A. et al. Identification of novel risk loci, causal insights, and heritable risk for Parkinson’s disease: a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies. Lancet Neurol 18, 1091–1102 (2019).
pubmed: 31701892 pmcid: 8422160 doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30320-5
Iwaki, H. et al. Genomewide association study of Parkinson’s disease clinical biomarkers in 12 longitudinal patients’ cohorts. Mov. Disord. 1–12 https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.27845 (2019).
Tan, M. M. X. et al. Genome-wide association studies of cognitive and motor progression in Parkinson’s disease. Mov. Disord. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.28342 (2020).
Real, R. et al. Association between the LRP1B and APOE loci and the development of Parkinson’s disease dementia. Brain 146, 1873–1887 (2023).
pubmed: 36348503 doi: 10.1093/brain/awac414
Liu, G. et al. Genome-wide survival study identifies a novel synaptic locus and polygenic score for cognitive progression in Parkinson ’ s disease. Nat. Genet. 53, 787–793 (2021).
pubmed: 33958783 pmcid: 8459648 doi: 10.1038/s41588-021-00847-6
Fagan, E. S. & Pihlstrøm, L. Genetic risk factors for cognitive decline in Parkinson’s disease: a review of the literature. Eur. J. Neurol. 24, 561–e20 (2017).
pubmed: 28220571 doi: 10.1111/ene.13258
Watanabe, K., Taskesen, E., Van Bochoven, A. & Posthuma, D. Functional mapping and annotation of genetic associations with FUMA. Nat. Commun. 8, 1–10 (2017).
doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-01261-5
de Leeuw, C. A., Mooij, J. M., Heskes, T. & Posthuma, D. MAGMA: Generalized gene-set analysis of GWAS data. PLoS Comput. Biol. 11, 1–19 (2015).
doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004219
Võsa, U. et al. Large-scale cis- and trans-eQTL analyses identify thousands of genetic loci and polygenic scores that regulate blood gene expression. Nat. Genet. 53, 1300–1310 (2021).
pubmed: 34475573 pmcid: 8432599 doi: 10.1038/s41588-021-00913-z
Klein, et al. Brain expression quantitative trait locus and network analysis reveals downstream effects and putative drivers for brain-related diseases. bioRxiv 2021.03.01.433439 (2021).
Timmers, P. R. H. J., Wilson, J. F., Joshi, P. K. & Deelen, J. Multivariate genomic scan implicates novel loci and haem metabolism in human ageing. Nat. Commun. 11, 1–10 (2020).
doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17312-3
Jabbari, E. et al. Genetic determinants of survival in progressive supranuclear palsy: a genome-wide association study. Lancet Neurol 20, 107–116 (2021).
pubmed: 33341150 doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30394-X
Owzar, K., Li, Z., Cox, N. & Jung, S. H. Power and sample size calculations for SNP association studies with censored time-to-event outcomes. Genet. Epidemiol. 36, 538–548 (2012).
pubmed: 22685040 pmcid: 3592339 doi: 10.1002/gepi.21645
Skol, A. D., Scott, L. J., Abecasis, G. R. & Boehnke, M. Joint analysis is more efficient than replication-based analysis for two-stage genome-wide association studies. Nat. Genet. 38, 209–213 (2006).
pubmed: 16415888 doi: 10.1038/ng1706
Kim, J. J. et al. Multi-ancestry genome-wide meta-analysis in Parkinson’s disease. medRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.08.04.22278432 (2022).
Rizig, M. et al. Articles Identification of genetic risk loci and causal insights associated with Parkinson’s disease in African and African admixed populations: a genome-wide association study. Lancet Neurol. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(23)00283-1 (2023).
Foo, J. N. et al. Identification of risk Loci for Parkinson disease in Asians and comparison of risk between Asians and Europeans: A genome-wide association study. JAMA Neurol 77, 746–754 (2020).
pubmed: 32310270 doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.0428
Mahoney-Sanchez, L., Belaidi, A. A., Bush, A. I. & Ayton, S. The complex role of Apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer’s disease: an overview and update. J. Mol. Neurosci. 60, 325–335 (2016).
pubmed: 27647307 doi: 10.1007/s12031-016-0839-z
Wightman, D. P. et al. A genome-wide association study with 1,126,563 individuals identifies new risk loci for Alzheimer’s disease. Nat. Genet. 53, 1276–1282 (2021).
pubmed: 34493870 pmcid: 10243600 doi: 10.1038/s41588-021-00921-z
Bellenguez, C. et al. New insights into the genetic etiology of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. Nat. Genet. 54, 412–436 (2022).
pubmed: 35379992 pmcid: 9005347 doi: 10.1038/s41588-022-01024-z
Jansen, I. E. et al. Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies new loci and functional pathways influencing Alzheimer’s disease risk. Nat. Genet. 51, 404–413 (2019).
pubmed: 30617256 pmcid: 6836675 doi: 10.1038/s41588-018-0311-9
Mahley, R. W. Apolipoprotein E: from cardiovascular disease to neurodegenerative disorders. J. Mol. Med. 94, 739–746 (2016).
pubmed: 27277824 doi: 10.1007/s00109-016-1427-y
Blauwendraat, C. et al. Parkinson’s disease age at onset genome‐wide association study: Defining heritability, genetic loci, and α‐synuclein mechanisms. Mov. Disord. 34, 866–875 (2019).
pubmed: 30957308 pmcid: 6579628 doi: 10.1002/mds.27659
Rosvall, L. et al. APOE-related mortality: Effect of dementia, cardiovascular disease and gender. Neurobiol. Aging 30, 1545–1551 (2009).
pubmed: 18237822 doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.12.003
Deelen, J. et al. A meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies identifies multiple longevity genes. Nat. Commun. 10, 1–14 (2019).
doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-11558-2
Ben-Shlomo, Y. & Marmot, M. G. Survival and cause of death in a cohort of patients with parkinsonism: Possible clues to aetiology? J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 58, 293–299 (1995).
pubmed: 7897409 pmcid: 1073364 doi: 10.1136/jnnp.58.3.293
Bennett, D. A. et al. Prevalence of Parkinsonian signs and associated mortality in a community population of older people. N. Engl. J. Med. 334, 71–76 (1996).
pubmed: 8531961 doi: 10.1056/NEJM199601113340202
Matinolli, M., Korpelainen, J. T., Sotaniemi, K. A., Myllylä, V. V. & Korpelainen, R. Recurrent falls and mortality in Parkinson’s disease: A prospective two-year follow-up study. Acta Neurol. Scand. 123, 193–200 (2011).
pubmed: 20545629 doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01386.x
Tsuang, D. et al. APOE ε4 increases risk for dementia in pure synucleinopathies. JAMA Neurol 70, 223–228 (2013).
pubmed: 23407718 pmcid: 3580799 doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.600
Zhao, N. et al. APOE4 exacerbates alpha-synuclein pathology and related toxicity independent of amyloid. Sci. Transl. Med. 12, 1809 (2020).
doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay1809
Pu, J. L. et al. Apolipoprotein E genotype contributes to motor progression in Parkinson’s disease. Mov. Disord. 1–6 https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.28805 (2021).
Williams-Gray, C. H. et al. Apolipoprotein e genotype as a risk factor for susceptibility to and dementia in Parkinson’s Disease. J. Neurol. 256, 493–498 (2009).
pubmed: 19308307 doi: 10.1007/s00415-009-0119-8
de Lau, L. M. L., Schipper, C. M. A., Hofman, A., Koudstaal, P. J. & Breteler, M. M. B. Prognosis of Parkinson disease. Arch. Neurol. 62, 1265 (2005).
pubmed: 16087767 doi: 10.1001/archneur.62.8.1265
Castilla-Cortázar, I., Aguirre, G. A., Femat-Roldán, G., Martín-Estal, I. & Espinosa, L. Is insulin-like growth factor-1 involved in Parkinson’s disease development? J. Transl. Med. 18, 1–17 (2020).
doi: 10.1186/s12967-020-02223-0
Pristerà, A. et al. Dopamine neuron-derived IGF-1 controls dopamine neuron firing, skill learning, and exploration. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 116, 3817–3826 (2019).
pubmed: 30808767 pmcid: 6397563 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1806820116
Lawton, M. et al. Developing and validating Parkinson’s disease subtypes and their motor and cognitive progression. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 89, 1279–1288 (2018).
pubmed: 30464029 doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2018-318337
Lewis, S. J. G. et al. Heterogeneity of Parkinson’s disease in the early clinical stages using a data driven approach. J Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 76, 343–348 (2005).
pubmed: 15716523 pmcid: 1739569 doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2003.033530
Iwaki, H. et al. Genetic risk of Parkinson disease and progression: An analysis of 13 longitudinal cohorts. Neurol. Genet 5, 1–14 (2019).
doi: 10.1212/NXG.0000000000000348
Saunders-Pullman, R. et al. Progression in the LRRK2-Asssociated Parkinson disease population. JAMA Neurol 75, 312–319 (2018).
pubmed: 29309488 pmcid: 5885854 doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.4019
Sanofi. Sanofi delivered close to double-digit Q4 2020 business EPS(1) growth at CER. https://www.sanofi.com/en/media-room/press-releases/2021/2021-02-05-06-30-00-2170436 (2021).
Knipe, M. D. W., Wickremaratchi, M. M., Wyatt-Haines, E., Morris, H. R. & Ben-Shlomo, Y. Quality of life in young- compared with late-onset Parkinson’s disease. Mov. Disord. 26, 2011–2018 (2011).
pubmed: 21574185 doi: 10.1002/mds.23763
Hoehn, M. M., Yahr, M. D., Hoehn, M. M. & Yahr, M. D. Parkinsonism: onset, progression, and mortality. Neurology 17, 427–442 (1967).
pubmed: 6067254 doi: 10.1212/WNL.17.5.427
Roos, R. A. C., Jongen, J. C. F. & Van Der Velde, E. A. Clinical course of patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Mov. Disord. 11, 236–242 (1996).
pubmed: 8723138 doi: 10.1002/mds.870110304
Goetz, C. G., Stebbins, G. T. & Blasucci, L. M. Differential progression of motor impairment in levodopa-treated Parkinson’s disease. Mov. Disord. 15, 479–484 (2000).
pubmed: 10830412 doi: 10.1002/1531-8257(200005)15:3<479::AID-MDS1009>3.0.CO;2-P
Evans, J. R. et al. The natural history of treated Parkinson’s disease in an incident, community based cohort. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 82, 1112–1118 (2011).
pubmed: 21593513 doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2011.240366
Willer, C. J., Li, Y. & Abecasis, G. R. METAL: Fast and efficient meta-analysis of genomewide association scans. Bioinformatics 26, 2190–2191 (2010).
pubmed: 20616382 pmcid: 2922887 doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btq340
Yang, J. et al. Conditional and joint multiple-SNP analysis of GWAS summary statistics identifies additional variants influencing complex traits. Nat. Genet. 44, 369–375 (2012).
pubmed: 22426310 pmcid: 3593158 doi: 10.1038/ng.2213
Kichaev, G. et al. Integrating functional data to prioritize causal variants in statistical fine-mapping studies. PLoS Genet. 10, 1–16 (2014).
doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004722
Kichaev, G. & Pasaniuc, B. Leveraging functional-annotation data in trans-ethnic fine-mapping studies. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 97, 260–271 (2015).
pubmed: 26189819 pmcid: 4573268 doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.06.007
Kichaev, G. et al. Improved methods for multi-trait fine mapping of pleiotropic risk loci. Bioinformatics 33, 248–255 (2017).
pubmed: 27663501 doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btw615
Malek, N. et al. Tracking Parkinson’s: Study Design and Baseline Patient Data. J. Parkinsons. Dis. 5, 947–959 (2015).
pubmed: 26485428 pmcid: 4927877 doi: 10.3233/JPD-150662
Szewczyk-Krolikowski, K. et al. The influence of age and gender on motor and non-motor features of early Parkinson’s disease: Initial findings from the Oxford Parkinson Disease Center (OPDC) discovery cohort. Park. Relat. Disord. 20, 99–105 (2014).
doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.09.025
Marek, K. et al. The Parkinson Progression Marker Initiative (PPMI). Prog. Neurobiol. 95, 629–635 (2011).
pmcid: 9014725 doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.09.005
Wickremaratchi, M. M. et al. Prevalence and age of onset of Parkinson’s disease in Cardiff: a community based cross sectional study and meta-analysis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 80, 805–807 (2009).
pubmed: 19531689 doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2008.162222
Foltynie, T., Brayne, C. E. G., Robbins, T. W. & Barker, R. A. The cognitive ability of an incident cohort of Parkinson’s patients in the UK. The CamPaIGN study. Brain 127, 550–560 (2004).
pubmed: 14691062 doi: 10.1093/brain/awh067
Williams-Gray, C. H. et al. The CamPaIGN study of Parkinson’s disease: 10-year outlook in an incident population-based cohort. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 84, 1258–1264 (2013).
pubmed: 23781007 doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2013-305277
Williams-Gray, C. H. et al. The distinct cognitive syndromes of Parkinson’s disease: 5 year follow-up of the CamPaIGN cohort. Brain 132, 2958–2969 (2009).
pubmed: 19812213 doi: 10.1093/brain/awp245
Corvol, J. C. et al. Longitudinal analysis of impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease. Neurology 91, e189–e201 (2018).
pubmed: 29925549 pmcid: 6059034 doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000005816
Hustad, E., Myklebust, T. Å., Gulati, S. & Aasly, J. O. Increased Mortality in Young-Onset Parkinson’s Disease The question of prognosis in terms of progression of motor. J. Mov. Disord. 14, 214–220 (2021).
pubmed: 34315208 pmcid: 8490197 doi: 10.14802/jmd.21029
Pihlstrøm, L., Morset, K. R., Grimstad, E. & Vitelli, V. A cumulative genetic risk score predicts motor progression in Parkinson’s disease. Mov. Disord. 31, 487–490 (2016).
pubmed: 26853697 doi: 10.1002/mds.26505
Yang, J., Lee, S. H., Goddard, M. E. & Visscher, P. M. GCTA: A Tool for Genome-wide Complex Trait Analysis. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 88, 76–82 (2011).
pubmed: 21167468 pmcid: 3014363 doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.11.011
Wallace, C. A more accurate method for colocalisation analysis allowing for multiple causal variants. PLoS Genet 17, 1–11 (2021).
doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009440
Reynolds, R. H. RHReynolds/colochelpR: v0.99.1. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.5011869 (2021).
Wang, D. et al. Comprehensive functional genomic resource and integrative model for the human brain. Science (80-) 362, 1–13 (2018).
doi: 10.1126/science.aat8464
Krohn, L. et al. Genome-wide association study of REM sleep behavior disorder identifies polygenic risk and brain expression effects. Nat. Commun. 13, 1–16 (2022).
doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-34732-5
Krohn, L. et al. Genome-wide association study of REM sleep behavior disorder identifies novel loci with distinct polygenic and brain expression effects. medRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.09.08.21254232 (2021).
McDonald, M. L. N. et al. Novel genetic loci associated with osteoarthritis in multi-ancestry analyses in the Million Veteran Program and UK Biobank. Nat. Genet. 54, 1816–1826 (2022).
pubmed: 36411363 doi: 10.1038/s41588-022-01221-w

Auteurs

Manuela M X Tan (MMX)

Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. manuela.tan@medisin.uio.no.
Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK. manuela.tan@medisin.uio.no.
UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London, UK. manuela.tan@medisin.uio.no.

Michael A Lawton (MA)

Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.

Miriam I Pollard (MI)

Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.

Emmeline Brown (E)

Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.

Raquel Real (R)

Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London, UK.
Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA.

Alejandro Martinez Carrasco (AM)

Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London, UK.
Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA.

Samir Bekadar (S)

Sorbonne University, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Departement of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.

Edwin Jabbari (E)

Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London, UK.

Regina H Reynolds (RH)

Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA.
Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.

Hirotaka Iwaki (H)

Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Data Tecnica, Washington DC, USA.
Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Cornelis Blauwendraat (C)

Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Sofia Kanavou (S)

Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.

Leon Hubbard (L)

Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.

Naveed Malek (N)

Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK.

Katherine A Grosset (KA)

Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK.

Nin Bajaj (N)

Clinical Neurosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.

Roger A Barker (RA)

Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA.
John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.

David J Burn (DJ)

Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.

Catherine Bresner (C)

Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.

Thomas Foltynie (T)

Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London, UK.

Nicholas W Wood (NW)

Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London, UK.
Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA.

Caroline H Williams-Gray (CH)

John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.

Ole A Andreassen (OA)

NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.

Mathias Toft (M)

Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.

Alexis Elbaz (A)

Paris-Saclay University, UVSQ, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, "Exposome and Heredity" team, CESP, 94807, Villejuif, France.

Fanny Artaud (F)

Paris-Saclay University, UVSQ, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, "Exposome and Heredity" team, CESP, 94807, Villejuif, France.

Alexis Brice (A)

Sorbonne University, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Departement of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.

Jean-Christophe Corvol (JC)

Sorbonne University, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Departement of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.

Jan Aasly (J)

Department of Neurology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science (INB), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.

Matthew J Farrer (MJ)

Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.

Michael A Nalls (MA)

Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Data Tecnica, Washington DC, USA.
Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Andrew B Singleton (AB)

Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Nigel M Williams (NM)

Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.

Yoav Ben-Shlomo (Y)

Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.

John Hardy (J)

UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London, UK.
Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA.
Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK.
National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK.
Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China.

Michele T M Hu (MTM)

Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Department of Clinical Neurology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.

Donald G Grosset (DG)

School of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.

Maryam Shoai (M)

Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA.
Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.

Lasse Pihlstrøm (L)

Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.

Huw R Morris (HR)

Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK. h.morris@ucl.ac.uk.
UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London, UK. h.morris@ucl.ac.uk.
Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA. h.morris@ucl.ac.uk.

Classifications MeSH