Liberal or Restrictive Transfusion Strategy in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury.

Journal

The New England journal of medicine
ISSN: 1533-4406
Titre abrégé: N Engl J Med
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0255562

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
13 Jun 2024
Historique:
medline: 13 6 2024
pubmed: 13 6 2024
entrez: 13 6 2024
Statut: aheadofprint

Résumé

The effect of a liberal transfusion strategy as compared with a restrictive strategy on outcomes in critically ill patients with traumatic brain injury is unclear. We randomly assigned adults with moderate or severe traumatic brain injury and anemia to receive transfusion of red cells according to a liberal strategy (transfusions initiated at a hemoglobin level of ≤10 g per deciliter) or a restrictive strategy (transfusions initiated at ≤7 g per deciliter). The primary outcome was an unfavorable outcome as assessed by the score on the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended at 6 months, which we categorized with the use of a sliding dichotomy that was based on the prognosis of each patient at baseline. Secondary outcomes included mortality, functional independence, quality of life, and depression at 6 months. A total of 742 patients underwent randomization, with 371 assigned to each group. The analysis of the primary outcome included 722 patients. The median hemoglobin level in the intensive care unit was 10.8 g per deciliter in the group assigned to the liberal strategy and 8.8 g per deciliter in the group assigned to the restrictive strategy. An unfavorable outcome occurred in 249 of 364 patients (68.4%) in the liberal-strategy group and in 263 of 358 (73.5%) in the restrictive-strategy group (adjusted absolute difference, restrictive strategy vs. liberal strategy, 5.4 percentage points; 95% confidence interval, -2.9 to 13.7). Among survivors, a liberal strategy was associated with higher scores on some but not all the scales assessing functional independence and quality of life. No association was observed between the transfusion strategy and mortality or depression. Venous thromboembolic events occurred in 8.4% of the patients in each group, and acute respiratory distress syndrome occurred in 3.3% and 0.8% of patients in the liberal-strategy and restrictive-strategy groups, respectively. In critically ill patients with traumatic brain injury and anemia, a liberal transfusion strategy did not reduce the risk of an unfavorable neurologic outcome at 6 months. (Funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and others; HEMOTION ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03260478.).

Sections du résumé

BACKGROUND BACKGROUND
The effect of a liberal transfusion strategy as compared with a restrictive strategy on outcomes in critically ill patients with traumatic brain injury is unclear.
METHODS METHODS
We randomly assigned adults with moderate or severe traumatic brain injury and anemia to receive transfusion of red cells according to a liberal strategy (transfusions initiated at a hemoglobin level of ≤10 g per deciliter) or a restrictive strategy (transfusions initiated at ≤7 g per deciliter). The primary outcome was an unfavorable outcome as assessed by the score on the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended at 6 months, which we categorized with the use of a sliding dichotomy that was based on the prognosis of each patient at baseline. Secondary outcomes included mortality, functional independence, quality of life, and depression at 6 months.
RESULTS RESULTS
A total of 742 patients underwent randomization, with 371 assigned to each group. The analysis of the primary outcome included 722 patients. The median hemoglobin level in the intensive care unit was 10.8 g per deciliter in the group assigned to the liberal strategy and 8.8 g per deciliter in the group assigned to the restrictive strategy. An unfavorable outcome occurred in 249 of 364 patients (68.4%) in the liberal-strategy group and in 263 of 358 (73.5%) in the restrictive-strategy group (adjusted absolute difference, restrictive strategy vs. liberal strategy, 5.4 percentage points; 95% confidence interval, -2.9 to 13.7). Among survivors, a liberal strategy was associated with higher scores on some but not all the scales assessing functional independence and quality of life. No association was observed between the transfusion strategy and mortality or depression. Venous thromboembolic events occurred in 8.4% of the patients in each group, and acute respiratory distress syndrome occurred in 3.3% and 0.8% of patients in the liberal-strategy and restrictive-strategy groups, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS CONCLUSIONS
In critically ill patients with traumatic brain injury and anemia, a liberal transfusion strategy did not reduce the risk of an unfavorable neurologic outcome at 6 months. (Funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and others; HEMOTION ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03260478.).

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2404360 PMID: 38869931
pubmed: 38869931
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2404360
doi:

Banques de données

ClinicalTrials.gov
['NCT03260478']

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Subventions

Organisme : CIHR
ID : #148934, #148443 and ACT Consortium
Pays : Canada

Informations de copyright

Copyright © 2024 Massachusetts Medical Society.

Auteurs

Alexis F Turgeon (AF)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.
ORCID: 0000-0001-5675-8791

Dean A Fergusson (DA)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Lucy Clayton (L)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Marie-Pier Patton (MP)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Xavier Neveu (X)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Timothy S Walsh (TS)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Annemarie Docherty (A)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Luiz M Malbouisson (LM)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Sébastien Pili-Floury (S)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Shane W English (SW)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Ryan Zarychanski (R)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Lynne Moore (L)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Paule Lessard Bonaventure (PL)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Vincent Laroche (V)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Michael Verret (M)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Damon C Scales (DC)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Neill K J Adhikari (NKJ)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Jonathan Greenbaum (J)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Andreas Kramer (A)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Vanesa Garnelo Rey (VG)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Ian Ball (I)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.
ORCID: 0000-0002-8503-2153

Kosar Khwaja (K)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Matt Wise (M)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Daniel Harvey (D)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

François Lamontagne (F)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Russell Chabanne (R)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Almunder Algird (A)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Stephan Krueper (S)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Julien Pottecher (J)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Frederick Zeiler (F)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Jonathan Rhodes (J)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Andrea Rigamonti (A)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Karen E A Burns (KEA)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.
ORCID: 0000-0002-9967-5424

John Marshall (J)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Donald E Griesdale (DE)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Laís Silva Sisconetto (LS)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Demetrios J Kutsogiannis (DJ)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Claire Roger (C)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Robert Green (R)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

J Gordon Boyd (JG)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Judith Wright (J)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Emmanuel Charbonney (E)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.
ORCID: 0000-0002-0409-3334

Priya Nair (P)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Timothy Astles (T)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Eric Sy (E)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Paul C Hébert (PC)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Michael Chassé (M)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Alwyn Gomez (A)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.
ORCID: 0000-0002-3737-2065

Tim Ramsay (T)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Monica Taljaard (M)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Alison Fox-Robichaud (A)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Alan Tinmouth (A)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Maude St-Onge (M)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Olivier Costerousse (O)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

François Lauzier (F)

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

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