Testing ultraconserved elements (UCEs) for phylogenetic inference across bivalves (Mollusca: Bivalvia).

Bivalves constitute an important resource for fisheries and as cultural objects. Bivalve phylogenetics has had a long tradition using both morphological and molecular characters, and genomic resources are available for a good number of commercially important species. However, relationships among bivalve families have been unstable and major conflicting results exist between mitogenomics and results based on Sanger-based amplicon sequencing or phylotranscriptomics. Here we design and test an ultraconserved elements probe set for the class Bivalvia with the aim to use hundreds of loci without the need to sequence full genomes or transcriptomes, which are expensive and complex to analyze, and to open bivalve phylogenetics to museum specimens. Our probe set successfully captured 1,513 UCEs for a total of 263,800 bp with an average length of 174.59 ± 3.44 per UCE (ranging from 28 to 842 bp). Phylogenetic testing of this UCE probe set across Bivalvia and within the family Donacidae using different data matrices and methods for phylogenetic inference shows promising results at multiple taxonomic levels. In addition, our probe set was able to capture large numbers of UCEs for museum specimens collected before 1900. Overall, this constitutes a novel and useful resource for bivalve phylogenetics.

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Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.