Confidence judgments interfere with perceptual decision making.
Confidence
Confidence judgments
Metacognition
Perceptual discrimination
Reactivity
Journal
Scientific reports
ISSN: 2045-2322
Titre abrégé: Sci Rep
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101563288
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
19 06 2024
19 06 2024
Historique:
received:
31
01
2024
accepted:
11
06
2024
medline:
20
6
2024
pubmed:
20
6
2024
entrez:
19
6
2024
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Determining one's confidence in a decision is a vital part of decision-making. Traditionally, psychological experiments have assessed a person's confidence by eliciting confidence judgments. The notion that such judgments can be elicited without impacting the accuracy of the decision has recently been challenged by several studies which have shown reactivity effects-either an increase or decrease in decision accuracy when confidence judgments are elicited. Evidence for the direction of reactivity effects has, however, been decidedly mixed. Here, we report three studies designed to specifically make reactivity effects more prominent by eliciting confidence judgment contemporaneously with perceptual decisions. We show that confidence judgments elicited contemporaneously produce an impairment in decision accuracy, this suggests that confidence judgments may rely on a partially distinct set of cues/evidence than the primary perceptual decision and, additionally, challenges the continued use of confidence ratings as an unobtrusive measure of metacognition.
Identifiants
pubmed: 38898057
doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-64575-7
pii: 10.1038/s41598-024-64575-7
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
14133Subventions
Organisme : Australian Research Council
ID : DE230101223
Organisme : Australian Research Council
ID : DP210101467
Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
Bang, D., Moran, R., Daw, N. D. & Fleming, S. M. Neurocomputational mechanisms of confidence in self and others. Nat. Commun. 13, 4238 (2022).
doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-31674-w
Baranski, J. V. & Petrusic, W. M. The calibration and resolution of confidence in perceptual judgments. Percept. Psychophys. 55, 412–428 (1994).
doi: 10.3758/BF03205299
Koriat, A. Subjective confidence in perceptual judgments: A test of the self-consistency model. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 140, 117–139 (2011).
doi: 10.1037/a0022171
Balakrishnan, J. Measures and interpretations of vigilance performance: Evidence against the detection criterion. Hum. Factors 40, 601–623 (1998).
doi: 10.1518/001872098779649337
Peirce, C. S. & Jastrow, J. On small differences in sensation. Mem. Natl. Acad. Sci. (1884).
Fleming, S. M. & Lau, H. C. How to measure metacognition. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 8, 443 (2014).
Double, K. S. & Birney, D. P. Are you sure about that? Eliciting confidence ratings may influence performance on Raven’s progressive matrices. Think. Reason. 23, 190–206 (2017).
doi: 10.1080/13546783.2017.1289121
Double, K. S. & Birney, D. P. Do confidence ratings prime confidence?. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 26, 1035–1042 (2019).
doi: 10.3758/s13423-018-1553-3
Double, K. S. & Birney, D. P. Reactivity to confidence ratings in older individuals performing the Latin square task. Metacognit. Learn. 13, 309–326 (2018).
doi: 10.1007/s11409-018-9186-5
Petrusic, W. M. & Baranski, J. V. Judging confidence influences decision processing in comparative judgments. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 10, 177–183 (2003).
doi: 10.3758/BF03196482
Lei, W. et al. Metacognition-related regions modulate the reactivity effect of confidence ratings on perceptual decision-making. Neuropsychologia 144, 107502 (2020).
doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107502
Bonder, T. & Gopher, D. The effect of confidence rating on a primary visual task. Front. Psychol. 10, 2674 (2019).
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02674
Baranski, J. V. & Petrusic, W. M. Testing architectures of the decision–confidence relation. Can. J. Exp. Psychol. Rev. Can. Psychol. Exp. 55, 195–206 (2001).
doi: 10.1037/h0087366
Schoenherr, J. R., Leth-Steensen, C. & Petrusic, W. M. Selective attention and subjective confidence calibration. Atten. Percept. Psychophys. 72, 353–368 (2010).
doi: 10.3758/APP.72.2.353
Ackerman, R., Yom-Tov, E. & Torgovitsky, I. Using confidence and consensuality to predict time invested in problem solving and in real-life web searching. Cognition 199, 104248 (2020).
doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104248
Ackerman, R. & Goldsmith, M. Control over grain size in memory reporting—With and without satisficing knowledge. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 34, 1224–1245 (2008).
doi: 10.1037/a0012938
Janes, J. L., Rivers, M. L. & Dunlosky, J. The influence of making judgments of learning on memory performance: Positive, negative, or both?. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 25, 2356–2364 (2018).
doi: 10.3758/s13423-018-1463-4
Soderstrom, N. C., Clark, C. T., Halamish, V. & Bjork, E. L. Judgments of learning as memory modifiers. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 41, 553 (2015).
doi: 10.1037/a0038388
Mitchum, A. L., Kelley, C. M. & Fox, M. C. When asking the question changes the ultimate answer: Metamemory judgments change memory. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 145, 200 (2016).
doi: 10.1037/a0039923
Zhao, W. et al. Metamemory judgments have dissociable reactivity effects on item and interitem relational memory. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. (2023).
Double, K. S., Birney, D. P. & Walker, S. A. A meta-analysis and systematic review of reactivity to judgements of learning. Memory 26, 741–750 (2018).
doi: 10.1080/09658211.2017.1404111
Lee, D. G., Daunizeau, J. & Pezzulo, G. Evidence or confidence: What is really monitored during a decision?. Psychon. Bull. Rev. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-023-02255-9 (2023).
doi: 10.3758/s13423-023-02255-9
Petrusic, W. M. & Baranski, J. V. Effects of Expressing Confidence on Decision Processing: Implications for Theories of RT and Confidence. 103–108 (2000).
Double, K. S. & Birney, D. P. Reactivity to measures of metacognition. Front. Psychol. 10, 2755 (2019).
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02755
Dougherty, M. R., Robey, A. M. & Buttaccio, D. Do metacognitive judgments alter memory performance beyond the benefits of retrieval practice? A comment on and replication attempt of Dougherty, Scheck, Nelson, and Narens (2005). Mem. Cognit. 46, 558–565 (2018).
doi: 10.3758/s13421-018-0791-y
Smith, C. N. & Squire, L. R. Experience-dependent eye movements reflect hippocampus-dependent (aware) memory. J. Neurosci. 28, 12825–12833 (2008).
doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4542-08.2008
Elliott, B. L., Blais, C., McClure, S. M. & Brewer, G. A. Neural correlates underlying the effect of reward value on recognition memory. NeuroImage 206, 116296 (2020).
doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116296
Wais, P. E. Hippocampal signals for strong memory when associative memory is available and when it is not. Hippocampus 21, 9–21 (2011).
doi: 10.1002/hipo.20716
Park, J. et al. Diagnostic accuracy and confidence of [
doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-66506-8
Fox, M. C. & Charness, N. How to gain eleven IQ points in ten minutes: Thinking aloud improves raven’s matrices performance in older adults. Aging Neuropsychol. Cogn. 17, 191–204 (2010).
doi: 10.1080/13825580903042668
Goo, J. Working memory and reactivity. Lang. Learn. 60, 712–752 (2010).
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9922.2010.00573.x
Ackerman, R. The diminishing criterion model for metacognitive regulation of time investment. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 143, 1349–1368 (2014).
doi: 10.1037/a0035098
Halamish, V. Can very small font size enhance memory?. Mem. Cognit. 46, 979–993 (2018).
doi: 10.3758/s13421-018-0816-6
Sidi, Y., Ophir, Y. & Ackerman, R. Generalizing screen inferiority-does the medium, screen versus paper, affect performance even with brief tasks?. Metacognit. Learn. 11, 15–33 (2016).
doi: 10.1007/s11409-015-9150-6
Koriat, A. Monitoring one’s own knowledge during study: A cue-utilization approach to judgments of learning. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 126, 349 (1997).
doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.126.4.349
Boldt, A., Schiffer, A.-M., Waszak, F. & Yeung, N. Confidence predictions affect performance confidence and neural preparation in perceptual decision making. Sci. Rep. 9, 4031 (2019).
doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40681-9
Undorf, M. & Bröder, A. Cue integration in metamemory judgements is strategic. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 73, 629–642 (2020).
doi: 10.1177/1747021819882308
Undorf, M., Söllner, A. & Bröder, A. Simultaneous utilization of multiple cues in judgments of learning. Mem. Cognit. 46, 507–519 (2018).
doi: 10.3758/s13421-017-0780-6
Kiani, R. & Shadlen, M. N. Representation of confidence associated with a decision by neurons in the parietal cortex. Science 324, 759–764 (2009).
doi: 10.1126/science.1169405
Rouault, M. & Fleming, S. M. Formation of global self-beliefs in the human brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 117, 27268–27276 (2020).
doi: 10.1073/pnas.2003094117
Aguilar-Lleyda, D., Konishi, M., Sackur, J. & de Gardelle, V. Confidence can be automatically integrated across two visual decisions. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 47, 161–171 (2021).
doi: 10.1037/xhp0000884
Kepecs, A., Uchida, N., Zariwala, H. A. & Mainen, Z. F. Neural correlates, computation and behavioural impact of decision confidence. Nature 455, 227–231 (2008).
doi: 10.1038/nature07200
Sanders, J. I., Hangya, B. & Kepecs, A. Signatures of a statistical computation in the human sense of confidence. Neuron 90, 499–506 (2016).
doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.03.025
Double, K. S. Do judgments of learning impair recall when uninformative cues are salient?. J. Intell. 11, 203 (2023).
doi: 10.3390/jintelligence11100203
Luna, K., Martín-Luengo, B. & Albuquerque, P. B. Do delayed judgements of learning reduce metamemory illusions? A meta-analysis. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 71, 1626–1636 (2018).
doi: 10.1080/17470218.2017.1343362