Blood pressure measurement and assessment of arterial structure and function: an expert group position paper.

Journal

Journal of hypertension

ISSN: 1473-5598

Titre abrégé: J Hypertens

Pays: Netherlands

ID NLM: 8306882

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
20 Jun 2024

Historique:

medline: 20 6 2024

pubmed: 20 6 2024

entrez: 20 6 2024

Statut: aheadofprint

Résumé

Measuring blood pressure (BP) and investigating arterial hemodynamics are essential in understanding cardiovascular disease and assessing cardiovascular risk. Several methods are used to measure BP in the doctor's office, at home, or over 24 h under ambulatory conditions. Similarly, several noninvasive methods have been introduced for assessing arterial structure and function; these methods differ for the large arteries, the small ones, and the capillaries. Consequently, when studying arterial hemodynamics, the clinician is faced with a multitude of assessment methods whose technical details, advantages, and limitations are sometimes unclear. Moreover, the conditions and procedures for their optimal implementation, and/or the reference normality values for the parameters they yield are not always taken into sufficient consideration. Therefore, a practice guideline summarizing the main methods and their use in clinical practice is needed. This expert group position paper was developed by an international group of scientists after a two-day meeting during which each of the most used methods and techniques for blood pressure measurement and arterial function and structure evaluation were presented and discussed, focusing on their advantages, limitations, indications, normal values, and their pragmatic clinical application.

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000003787 PMID: 38899971

pubmed: 38899971

doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000003787

pii: 00004872-990000000-00493

doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

Informations de copyright

Références

Stergiou GS, Palatini P, Parati G, O’Brien E, Januszewicz A, Lurbe E, et al. European Society of Hypertension Council and the European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring and Cardiovascular Variability. 2021 European Society of Hypertension practice guidelines for office and out-of-office blood pressure measurement. J Hypertens 2021; 39:1293–1302.

Mancia G, Kreutz R, Brunström M, Burnier M, Grassi G, Januszewicz A, et al. 2023 ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension the Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension: Endorsed by the International Society of Hypertension (ISH) and the European Renal Association (ERA). J Hypertens 2023; 41:1874–2071.

Unger T, Borghi C, Charchar F, Khan N, Poulter N, Prabhakaran D, et al. 2020 International Society of Hypertension global hypertension practice guidelines. J Hypertens 2020; 38:982–1004.

Muntner P, Einhorn PT, Cushman WC, et al. 2017 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Working Group. Blood pressure assessment in adults in clinical practice and clinic-based research: JACC scientific expert panel. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 73:317–335.

Cheung AK, Whelton PK, Muntner P, Schutte A, Moran A, Williams B, et al. International consensus on standardized clinic blood pressure measurement − a call to action. Am J Med 2023; 136:438–445. e1.

Stergiou GS, Kyriakoulis KG, Kollias A. Office blood pressure measurement types: different methodology − different clinical conclusions. J Clin Hypertens 2018; 20:1683–1685.

Stergiou GS, Parati G, Asmar R, O’Brien E. European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring Requirements for professional office blood pressure monitors. J Hypertens 2012; 30:537–542.

Stergiou GS, Parati G, Kollias A, Schutte A, Asayama K, Asmar R, et al. Requirements for design and function of blood pressure measuring devices used for the management of hypertension: Consensus Statement by the European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring and Cardiovascular Variability and STRIDE BP. J Hypertens 2023; 41:2088–2094.

O’Brien E, Parati G, Stergiou G, Asmar R, Beilin L, Bilo G, et al. European Society of Hypertension position paper on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. J Hypertens 2013; 31:1731–1768.

Parati G, Stergiou GS, Bilo G, Kollias A, Pengo M, Ochoa J, et al. Home blood pressure monitoring: methodology, clinical relevance and practical application: a 2021 position paper by the Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring and Cardiovascular Variability of the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens 2021; 39:1742–1767.

Parati G, Ochoa J, Lombardi C, Bilo G, et al. Assessment and management of blood-pressure variability. Nat Rev Cardiol 2013; 10:143–155.

Parati G, Ochoa J, Lombardi C, Bilo G, et al. Blood pressure variability: assessment, predictive value, and potential as a therapeutic target. Curr Hypertens Rep 2015; 17:23–40.

Bilo G, Dolan E, O’Brien E, Facchetti R, Soranna D, Zambonet A, et al. The impact of systolic and diastolic blood pressure variability on mortality is age dependent: Data from the Dublin Outcome Study. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2020; 27:355–364.

Parati G, Omboni S, Rizzoni D, Agabiti-Rosei E, Mancia G. The smoothness index: a new reproducible and clinically relevant measure of the homogeneity of the blood pressure reduction by treatment for hypertension. J Hypertens 1998; 16:1685–1691.

Parati G, Stergiou G, O’Brien E, Asmar R, Beilin L, Bilo G, et al. on behalf of the European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring and Cardiovascular Variability. European Society of Hypertension practice guidelines for ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. J Hypertens 2014; 32:1359–1366.

Parati G, Bilo G, Kollias A, Pengo M, Ochoa J, Castiglioni P, et al. Blood pressure variability: methodological aspects, clinical relevance, and practical indications for management − a European Society of Hypertension position paper. J Hypertens 2023; 41:527–544.

Gupta A, Whiteley W, Godec T, Rostamian S, Ariti C, Mackay J, et al. Legacy benefits of blood pressure treatment on cardiovascular events are primarily mediated by improved blood pressure variability: the ASCOT trial. Eur Heart J 2024; 45:1159–1169.

Parati G, Croce A, Bilo G. Blood pressure variability: no longer a mASCOT for research nerds. Eur Heart J 2024; 45:1170–1172.

Sander D, Kukla C, Klingelhofer J, Winbeck K, Conrad B. Relationship between circadian blood pressure patterns and progression of early carotid atherosclerosis: a 3-year follow-up study. Circulation 2000; 102:1536–1541.

Kikuya M, Hozawa A, Ohokubo T, Tsuji I, Michimata M, Matsubara M, et al. Prognostic significance of blood pressure and heart rate variabilities: the Ohasama study. Hypertension 2000; 36:901–906.

Palatini P, Saladini F, Mos L, Fania C, Mazzer A, Cozzio S, et al. Short-term blood pressure variability outweighs average 24-h blood pressure in the prediction of cardiovascular events in hypertension of the young. J Hypertens 2019; 37:1419–1426.

Hansen TW, Thijs L, Li Y, Boggia J, Boggia J, Kikuya M, Björklund-Bodegård K, et al. Prognostic value of reading-to-reading blood pressure variability over 24 h in 8938 subjects from 11 populations. Hypertension 2010; 55:1049–1057.

Juhanoja E, Niiranen T, Johansson J, Puukka P, Thijs L, Asayama K, et al. Outcome-driven thresholds for increased home blood pressure variability. Hypertension 2017; 69:599–607.

Johansson J, Niiranen T, Puukka P, Jula A. Prognostic value of the variability in home-measured blood pressure and heart rate: the Finn-Home Study. Hypertension 2012; 59:212–218.

Mehlum M, Liestol K, Kjeldsen S, Julius S, Hua T, Rothwell P, et al. Blood pressure variability and risk of cardiovascular events and death in patients with hypertension and different baseline risks. Eur Heart J 2018; 39:2243–2251.

Pauca A, Wallenhaupt S, Kon N, Tucker W. Does radial artery pressure accurately reflect aortic pressure? Chest 1992; 102:1193–1198.

Karamanoglu M, O’Rourke MF, Avolio AP, Kelly R. An analysis of the relationship between central aortic and peripheral upper limb pressure waves in man. Eur Heart J 1993; 14:160–167.

Sharman JE, Avolio AP, Baulmann J, Benetos A, Blacher J, Blizzard L, et al. Validation of noninvasive central blood pressure devices: ARTERY Society task force consensus statement on protocol standardization. Eur Heart J 2017; 38:2805–2812.

Salvi P, Lio G, Labat C, Ricci E, Pannier B, Benetos A. Validation of a new noninvasive portable tonometer for determining arterial pressure wave and pulse wave velocity: the PulsePen device. J Hypertens 2004; 22:2285–2293.

Wassertheurer S, Kropf J, Weber T, Van der Giet M, Baulmann J, Ammer M, et al. A new oscillometric method for pulse wave analysis: comparison with a common tonometric method. J Hum Hypertens 2010; 24:498–504.

Aboyans V, Criqui MH, Abraham P, Allison M, Creager M, Diehm C, et al. Measurement and interpretation of the ankle-brachial index: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2012; 126:2890–2899.

Aboyans V, Ricco JB, Bartelink M, Collet JP, Czerny M, De Carlo M, et al. 2017 ESC Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases, in collaboration with the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS): Document covering atherosclerotic disease of extracranial carotid and vertebral, mesenteric, renal, upper and lower extremity arteries. Endorsed by: the European Stroke Organization (ESO)The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS). Eur Heart J 2018; 39:763–816.

Vlachopoulos C, Xaplanteris P, Aboyans V, Brodmann M, Cífková R, Cosentino F, et al. The role of vascular biomarkers for primary and secondary prevention. A position paper from the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on peripheral circulation endorsed by the Association for Research into Arterial Structure and Physiology (ARTERY) Society. Atherosclerosis 2015; 241:507–532.

Nie F, He J, Cao H, Hu X. Predictive value of abnormal ankle-brachial index in patients with diabetes: A meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2021; 174:108723.

Casey S, Lanting S, Oldmeadow C, Chuter V. The reliability of the ankle brachial index: a systematic review. J Foot Ankle Res 2019; 12:39–48.

Danieluk A, Chlabicz S. Automated measurements of ankle-brachial index: a narrative review. J Clin Med 2021; 10:5161–5169.

Laurent S, Cockcroft J, Van Bortel L, Boutouyrie P, Giannattasio C, Hayoz D, et al. Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: methodological issues and clinical applications. Eur Heart J 2006; 27:2588–2605.

Pannier B, Guérin A, Marchais S, Safar M, London G. Stiffness of capacitive and conduit arteries: prognostic significance for end-stage renal disease patients. Hypertension 2005; 45:592–595.

Vlachopoulos C, Aznaouridis K, Stefanadis C. Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with arterial stiffness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J AM Coll Cardiol 2010; 55:1318–1327.

Vlachopoulos C, Aznaouridis K, Terentes-Printzios D, Ioakeimidis N, Stefanadis C. Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with brachial-ankle elasticity index. Hypertension 2012; 60:556–562.

Munakata M. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity: background, method and clinical evidence. Pulse 2015; 3:195–204.

Lu Y, Kiechl SJ, Wang J, Xu Q, Kiechl S, Pechlaner R. Global Pulse Wave Velocity Study Group Global distributions of age- and sex-related arterial stiffness: systematic review and meta-analysis of 167 studies with 509,743 participants. EBioMedicine 2023; 92:104619.

Shirai K, Utino J, Otsuka K, Takata M. A novel blood pressure-independent arterial wall stiffness parameter: cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI). J Atheroscler Thromb 2006; 13:101–107.

Bramwell JC, Hill AV. The velocity of the pulse wave in man. Proc R Soc London Series B 1926; 93:298–306.

Hasegawa M. Fundamental research on human aortic pulse wave velocity. Jikei Med J 1970; 85:742–760. (in Japanese).

Shirai K, Hiruta N, Song M, Kurosu T, Suzuki J, Tomaru T, et al. Cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) as a novel indicator of arterial stiffness: theory, evidence and perspectives. J Atheroscler Thromb 2011; 18:924–938.

Tanaka A, Tomiyama H, Maruhashi T, Matsuzawa Y, Miyoshi T, Kabutoya T, et al. Physiological Diagnosis Criteria for Vascular Failure Committee Physiological diagnosis criteria for vascular failure. Hypertension 2018; 72:1060–1071.

Miyoshi T, Ito H, Shirai K, Horinaka S, Horinaka S, Higaki J, Yamamura S, et al. Predictive value of the cardio-ankle vascular index for cardiovascular events in patients at cardiovascular risk. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e020103.

Bäck M, Topouchian J, Labat C, Gautier S, Blacher J, Cwynar M, et al. Cardio-ankle vascular index for predicting cardiovascular morbimortality and determinants for its progression in the prospective advanced approach to arterial stiffness (TRIPLE-A-) study. EBioMedicine. 2024: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105107.

Saiki A, Ohira M, Yamaguchi T, Nagayama D, Shimizu N, Shirai K, et al. New horizons of arterial stiffness developed using cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI). J Atheroscler Thromb 2020; 27:732–748.

Fantin F, Giani A, Manzato G, Zampieri A, Comellato G, Urbani S, et al. Sarcopenic obesity, and arterial stiffness among older adults Fantin F et al. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1272854.

Pignoli P, Tremoli E, Poli A, Oreste P, Paoletti R. Intimal plus medial thickness of the arterial wall: a direct measurement with ultrasound imaging. Circulation 1986; 74:1399–1406.

Nambi V, Chambless L, Folsom A, He M, Hu Y, Mosley T, et al. Carotid intima-media thickness and presence or absence of plaque improves prediction of coronary heart disease risk in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. JACC 2010; 55:1600–1607.

Seekircher L, Tschiderer L, Lind L, Safarova MS, Kavousi M, Ikram M, et al. Intima-media thickness at the near or far wall of the common carotid artery in cardiovascular risk assessment. Eur Heart J Open 2023; 3:oead089.

Goff DC, Lloyd-Jones DM, Bennet G, Coady S, D’Agostino R, Gibbons R, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2014; 129:S49–S73.

Touboul PJ, Hennerici M, Meairs S, Adams H, Amarenco P, Bornstein N, et al. Mannheim carotid intima-media thickness and plaque consensus (2004-2006-2011). An update on behalf of the advisory board of the 3rd, 4th and 5th watching the risk symposia, at the 13th, 15th and 20th European Stroke Conferences, Mannheim, Germany, 2004, Brussels, Belgium, 2006, and Hamburg, Germany, 2011. Cerebrovasc Dis 2012; 34:290–296.

Simova I. Intima-media thickness: appropriate evaluation and proper measurement. An article from the e-Journal of Cardiol Pract 2015;13, 21.

Willeit P, Tschiderer L, Allara E, Reuber K, Seekircher L, Gao L, et al. Carotid intima-media thickness progression as surrogate marker for cardiovascular risk: meta-analysis of 119 clinical trials involving 100 667 patients. Circulation 2020; 142:621–642.

Engelen L, Ferreira I, Stehouwer C, Boutouyrie P, Laurent S, et al. Reference Values for Arterial Measurements Collaboration Reference intervals for common carotid intima-media thickness measured with echo-tracking: relation with risk factors. Eur Heart J 2013; 34:2368–2380.

Wong T, Klein R, Couper D, Cooper L, Shahar E, Hubbard L, et al. Retinal microvascular abnormalities and incident stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Lancet 2001; 358:1134–1140.

Cheung C, Biousse V, Keane P, Schiffrin E, Wonget T. Hypertensive eye disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2022; 8:14.

Seifertl B, Vilser W. Retinal vessel analyzer (RVA) – design and function. Biomed Tech (Berl) 2002; 47:678–681.

Hanssen H, Streese L, Vilser W. Retinal vessel diameters and function in cardiovascular risk and disease. Prog Retinal Eye Res 2022; 101095 doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101095.

doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101095

Harazny JM, Ritt M, Baleanu D, Ott Ch, Heckmann J, Schlaich M, et al. Increased wall/lumen ratio of retinal arterioles in male patients with a history of a cerebrovascular event. Hypertension 2007; 50:623–629.

Rizzoni D, Mengozzi A, Masi S, Agabiti Rosei C, De Ciuceis C, Virdis A. New noninvasive methods to evaluate microvascular structure and function. Hypertension 2022; 79:874–886.

De Ciuceis C, Agabiti-Rosei C, Malerba P, Rossini C, Nardin M, Chiarini G, et al. Prognostic significance of the wall to lumen ratio of retinal arterioles evaluated by adaptive optics in humans. Eur J Intern Med 2021; 8:651594.

Hughes A, Martinez-Perez E, Jabbar A, Hassan A, Witt N, Mistry P, et al. Quantification of topological changes in retinal vascular architecture in essential and malignant hypertension. J of Hypert 2006; 24:889–894.

Jiang H, Debuc DC, Rundek T, Lam B, Wright C, Shen M, et al. Automated segmentation and fractal analysis of high-resolution noninvasive capillary perfusion maps of the human retina. Microvasc Res 2013; 89:172–175.

Debuc DC, Rege A, Smiddy WE. Use of XyCAM RI for noninvasive visualization and analysis of retinal blood flow dynamics during clinical investigations. Exp Rev Med Devices 2021; 18:225–237.

Bakker E, Dikland F, Bakel R, De Jesus D, Brea L, Klein S, et al. Adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy: a systematic review of vascular biomarkers. Surf Ophthalmol 2022; 67:369–387.

Le Noble F, Mourad JJ, Levy B, Struijker-Boudier H. VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) inhibition and hypertension: Does microvascular rarefaction play a role? Hypertens 2023; 80:901–911.

Duranteau J, De Backer D, Donadello K, Shapiro N, Hutchings S, Rovas A, et al. The future of intensive care: the study of the microcirculation will help to guide our therapies. Crit Care 2023; 27:190.

Ince C, Boerma E, Cecconi M, De Backer D, Shapiro N, Duranteau J, et al. Second consensus on the assessment of sublingual microcirculation in critically ill patients: results from a task force of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine.; Cardiovascular Dynamics Section of the ESICM. Intensive Care Med 2018; 44:281–299.

Hilty M, Guerci P, Ince Y, Toraman F, Ince C. MicroTools enables automated quantification of capillary density and red blood cell velocity in handheld vital microscopy. Commun Biol. 2019;19;2:217.

Uz Z, van Gulik TM, Aydemirli M, Guerci Ph, Ince Y, Cuppen D, et al. Identification and quantification of human microcirculatory leukocytes using handheld video microscopes at the bedside. J Appl Physiol 2018; 124:1550–1557.

Favaron E, Ince C, Hilty M, Ergin B, Van der Zee Ph, Uz Z, et al. Capillary leukocytes, microaggregates, and the response to hypoxemia in the microcirculation of coronavirus disease 2019 patients. Crit Care Med 2021; 49:661–670.

Hilty M, Favaron E, Wendel Garcia P, Ahiska Y, Uz Z, Akin S, et al. Microcirculatory alterations in critically ill COVID-19 patients analyzed using artificial intelligence. Crit Care 2022; 26:311.