Diagnosis and management of eosinophilic esophagitis in children: An update from the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN).
biopsies
endoscopy
eosinophilic esophagitis
food sensitivity
histology
Journal
Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition
ISSN: 1536-4801
Titre abrégé: J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 8211545
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
24 Jun 2024
24 Jun 2024
Historique:
revised:
17
08
2023
received:
22
05
2023
accepted:
04
09
2023
medline:
26
6
2024
pubmed:
26
6
2024
entrez:
26
6
2024
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the esophagus characterized by symptoms of esophageal dysfunction and histologically by predominantly eosinophilic infiltration of the squamous epithelium. European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) published a guideline in 2014; however, the rapid evolution of knowledge about pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria, and therapeutic options have made an update necessary. A consensus group of pediatric gastroenterologists from the ESPGHAN Working Group on Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Diseases (ESPGHAN EGID WG) reviewed the recent literature and proposed statements and recommendations on 28 relevant questions about EoE. A comprehensive electronic literature search was performed in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases from 2014 to 2022. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system was used to assess the quality of evidence and formulate recommendations. A total of 52 statements based on the available evidence and 44 consensus-based recommendations are available. A revision of the diagnostic protocol, options for initial drug treatment, and the new concept of simplified empiric elimination diets are now available. Biologics are becoming a part of the potential armamentarium for refractory EoE, and systemic steroids may be considered as the initial treatment for esophageal strictures before esophageal dilation. The importance and assessment of quality of life and a planned transition to adult medical care are new areas addressed in this guideline. Research in recent years has led to a better understanding of childhood EoE. This guideline incorporates the new findings and provides a practical guide for clinicians treating children diagnosed with EoE.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Subventions
Organisme : Bibliographic Search was Performed Under Financial Support of ESPGHAN
Informations de copyright
© 2024 European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition.
Références
Attwood SEA, Smyrk TC, Demeester TR, Jones JB. Esophageal eosinophilia with dysphagia. A distinct clinicopathologic syndrome. Dig Dis Sci. 1993;38(1):109‐116.
Kelly KJ, Lazenby AJ, Rowe PC, Yardley JH, Perman JA, Sampson HA. Eosinophilic esophagitis attributed to gastroesophageal reflux: improvement with an amino acid‐based formula. Gastroenterology. 1995;109(5):1503‐1512.
Furuta GT, Liacouras CA, Collins MH, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis in children and adults: a systematic review and consensus recommendations for diagnosis and treatment. Gastroenterology. 2007;133(4):1342‐1363.
Liacouras CA, Furuta GT, Hirano I, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis: updated consensus recommendations for children and adults. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128(1):3‐20.e6.
Papadopoulou A, Koletzko S, Heuschkel R, et al. Management guidelines of eosinophilic esophagitis in childhood. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014;58(1):107‐118.
Dellon ES, Liacouras CA, Molina‐Infante J, et al. Updated International Consensus Diagnostic Criteria for eosinophilic esophagitis: proceedings of the AGREE conference. Gastroenterology. 2018;155(4):1022‐1033.e10.
Lucendo AJ, Molina‐Infante J, Arias Á, et al. Guidelines on eosinophilic esophagitis: evidence‐based statements and recommendations for diagnosis and management in children and adults. United European Gastroenterol J. 2017;5(3):335‐358.
Dhar A, Haboubi HN, Attwood SE, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) and British Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (BSPGHAN) joint consensus guidelines on the diagnosis and management of eosinophilic oesophagitis in children and adults. Gut. 2022;71(8):1459‐1487.
Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008;336(7650):924‐926.
Spechler SJ, Genta RM, Souza RF. Thoughts on the complex relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease and eosinophilic esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102(6):1301‐1306.
Dellon ES, Gibbs WB, Fritchie KJ, et al. Clinical, endoscopic, and histologic findings distinguish eosinophilic esophagitis from gastroesophageal reflux disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7(12):1305‐1313
Dranove JE, Horn DS, Davis MA, Kernek KM, Gupta SK. Predictors of response to proton pump inhibitor therapy among children with significant esophageal eosinophilia. J Pediatr. 2009;154(1):96‐100.
Francis DL, Foxx‐Orenstein A, Arora AS, et al. Results of ambulatory pH monitoring do not reliably predict response to therapy in patients with eosinophilic oesophagitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012;35(2):300‐307.
Molina–Infante J, Ferrando–Lamana L, Ripoll C, et al. Esophageal eosinophilic infiltration responds to proton pump inhibition in most adults. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;9(2):110‐117.
Sayej WN, Patel R, Baker RD, Tron E, Baker SS. Treatment with high‐dose proton pump inhibitors helps distinguish eosinophilic esophagitis from noneosinophilic esophagitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009;49(4):393‐399.
Zhang X, Cheng E, Huo X, et al. Omeprazole blocks STAT6 binding to the eotaxin‐3 promoter in eosinophilic esophagitis cells. PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e50037.
Cheng E, Zhang X, Huo X, et al. Omeprazole blocks eotaxin‐3 expression by oesophageal squamous cells from patients with eosinophilic oesophagitis and GORD. Gut. 2013;62(6):824‐832.
van Rhijn BD, Weijenborg PW, Verheij J, et al. Proton pump inhibitors partially restore mucosal integrity in patients with proton pump inhibitor‐responsive esophageal eosinophilia but not eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12(11):1815‐1823.e2.
Dellon ES, Gonsalves N, Hirano I, Furuta GT, Liacouras CA, Katzka DA. ACG clinical guideline: evidenced based approach to the diagnosis and management of esophageal eosinophilia and eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(5):679‐692
Warners MJ, van Rhijn BD, Curvers WL, Smout AJPM, Bredenoord AJ. PPI‐responsive esophageal eosinophilia cannot be distinguished from eosinophilic esophagitis by endoscopic signs. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;27(5):506‐511.
Dellon ES, Speck O, Woodward K, et al. Markers of eosinophilic inflammation for diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis and proton pump inhibitor‐responsive esophageal eosinophilia: a prospective study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12(12):2015‐2022.
Molina‐Infante J, Rivas MD, Hernandez‐Alonso M, et al. Proton pump inhibitor‐responsive oesophageal eosinophilia correlates with downregulation of eotaxin‐3 and Th2 cytokines overexpression. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014;40(8):955‐965.
Moawad FJ, Wells JM, Johnson RL, Reinhardt BJ, Maydonovitch CL, Baker TP. Comparison of eotaxin‐3 biomarker in patients with eosinophilic oesophagitis, proton pump inhibitor‐responsive oesophageal eosinophilia and gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015;42(2):231‐238.
Wen T, Dellon ES, Moawad FJ, Furuta GT, Aceves SS, Rothenberg ME. Transcriptome analysis of proton pump inhibitor‐responsive esophageal eosinophilia reveals proton pump inhibitor‐reversible allergic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135(1):187‐197.e4.
Shoda T, Matsuda A, Nomura I, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis versus proton pump inhibitor‐responsive esophageal eosinophilia: transcriptome analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;139(6):2010‐2013.e4.
Peterson KA, Yoshigi M, Hazel MW, et al. RNA sequencing confirms similarities between PPI‐responsive oesophageal eosinophilia and eosinophilic oesophagitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018;48(2):219‐225.
Lucendo AJ, Arias Á, González‐Cervera J, Olalla JM, Molina‐Infante J. Dual response to dietary/topical steroid and proton pump inhibitor therapy in adult patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;137(3):931‐934.e2.
Arias Á, Pérez‐Martínez I, Tenías JM, Lucendo AJ. Systematic review with meta‐analysis: the incidence and prevalence of eosinophilic oesophagitis in children and adults in population‐based studies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;43(1):3‐15.
Alexander ES, Martin LJ, Collins MH, et al. Twin and family studies reveal strong environmental and weaker genetic cues explaining heritability of eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134(5):1084‐1092.e1.
Abonia JP, Wen T, Stucke EM, et al. High prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis in patients with inherited connective tissue disorders. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;132(2):378‐386.
Kottyan LC, Rothenberg ME. Genetics of eosinophilic esophagitis. Mucosal Immunol. 2017;10(3):580‐588.
Sleiman PMA, Wang ML, Cianferoni A, et al. GWAS identifies four novel eosinophilic esophagitis loci. Nat Commun. 2014;5:5593.
Jensen ET, Kuhl JT, Martin LJ, Rothenberg ME, Dellon ES. Prenatal, intrapartum, and postnatal factors are associated with pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;141(1):214‐222.
Jensen ET, Kappelman MD, Kim HP, Ringel‐Kulka T, Dellon ES. Early life exposures as risk factors for pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013;57(1):67‐71.
Witmer CP, Susi A, Min SB, Nylund CM. Early infant risk factors for pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2018;67(5):610‐615.
Dhaliwal J, Tobias V, Sugo E, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis in children with esophageal atresia. Dis Esophagus. 2014;27(4):340‐347.
Lardenois E, Michaud L, Schneider A, et al. Prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis in adolescents with esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2019;69(1):52‐56.
Krishnan U, Mousa H, Dall'Oglio L, et al. ESPGHAN‐NASPGHAN guidelines for the evaluation and treatment of gastrointestinal and nutritional complications in children with esophageal atresia‐tracheoesophageal fistula. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2016;63(5):550‐570.
Capucilli P, Cianferoni A, Grundmeier RW, Spergel JM. Comparison of comorbid diagnoses in children with and without eosinophilic esophagitis in a large population. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2018;121(6):711‐716.
Hiremath G, Byramji D, Pacheco A, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis in children and its relationship with parental allergies: Texas children's hospital experience. Dig Dis Sci. 2016;61(2):501‐506.
Pelz BJ, Wechsler JB, Amsden K, et al. IgE‐associated food allergy alters the presentation of paediatric eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2016;46(11):1431‐1440.
Gómez Torrijos E, Sánchez Miranda P, Donado Palencia P, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis: demographic, clinical, endoscopic, histologic, and atopic characteristics of children and teenagers in a region in central Spain. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2017;27(2):104‐110.
Elitsur Y, Alrazzak BA, Preston D, Demetieva Y. Does Helicobacter pylori protect against eosinophilic esophagitis in children? Helicobacter. 2014;19(5):367‐371.
Sonnenberg A, Dellon ES, Turner KO, Genta RM. The influence of Helicobacter pylori on the ethnic distribution of esophageal eosinophilia. Helicobacter. 2017;22(3):e12370.
Molina‐Infante J, Gutierrez‐Junquera C, Savarino E, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection does not protect against eosinophilic esophagitis: results from a large multicenter case‐control study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2018;113(7):972‐979.
Lucendo AJ, Arias Á, Tenias JM. Systematic review: the association between eosinophilic oesophagitis and coeliac disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014;40(5):422‐434.
Dellon ES, Speck O, Woodward K, et al. Clinical and endoscopic characteristics do not reliably differentiate PPI‐responsive esophageal eosinophilia and eosinophilic esophagitis in patients undergoing upper endoscopy: a prospective cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(12):1854‐1860.
Spergel JM, Brown‐Whitehorn TF, Beausoleil JL, et al. 14 years of eosinophilic esophagitis: clinical features and prognosis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009;48(1):30‐36.
Oliva S, Dias JA, Rea F, et al. Characterization of eosinophilic esophagitis from the European Pediatric Eosinophilic Esophagitis Registry (pEEr) of ESPGHAN. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2022;75(3):325‐333.
Hoofien A, Dias JA, Malamisura M, et al. Pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis: results of the European Retrospective Pediatric Eosinophilic Esophagitis Registry (RetroPEER). J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2019;68(4):552‐558.
Franciosi JP, Hommel KA, Greenberg AB, et al. Development of the pediatric quality of life inventory eosinophilic esophagitis module items: qualitative methods. BMC Gastroenterol. 2012;12(12):135.
Martin LJ, Franciosi JP, Collins MH, et al. Pediatric Eosinophilic Esophagitis Symptom Scores (PEESS v2.0) identify histologic and molecular correlates of the key clinical features of disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135(6):1519‐1528.e8.
Bose P, Albright E, Idrees MT, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis symptom scores are high in children without eosinophilic disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2022;74(3):396‐401.
Agulló‐García A, Cubero JL, Lezaun A, Boné J, Guallar I, Colás C. Clinical and anatomopathological features of eosinophilic oesophagitis in children and adults. Allergol Immunopathol. 2020;48(6):560‐567.
Ahuja N, Weedon J, Schwarz SM, Sklar R, Rabinowitz SS. Applying the eosinophilic esophagitis endoscopic reference scores (EREFS) to different aged children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2020;71(3):328‐332.
Dellon ES, Collins MH, Rothenberg ME, et al. Long‐term efficacy and tolerability of RPC4046 in an open‐label extension trial of patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;19(3):473‐483.e17.
Dellon ES, Cotton CC, Gebhart JH, et al. Accuracy of the eosinophilic esophagitis endoscopic reference score in diagnosis and determining response to treatment. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14(1):31‐39.
Laserna‐Mendieta EJ, Casabona S, Guagnozzi D, et al. Efficacy of proton pump inhibitor therapy for eosinophilic oesophagitis in 630 patients: results from the EoE connect registry. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2020;52(5):798‐807.
Schoepfer AM, Panczak R, Zwahlen M, et al. How do gastroenterologists assess overall activity of eosinophilic esophagitis in adult patients? Am J Gastroenterol. 2015;110(3):402‐414.
van Rhijn BD, Verheij J, Smout AJPM, Bredenoord AJ. The Endoscopic Reference Score shows modest accuracy to predict histologic remission in adult patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Neurogastroenterol Motility. 2016;28(11):1714‐1722.
Vieira G, Vieira L, Ribeiro L, et al. Do endoscopic characteristics and peak eosinophil count in the esophagus differentiate eosinophilic esophagitis and PPI‐responsive esophageal eosinophilia in patients undergoing upper endoscopy? J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2018;67(2):1854‐1860.
Warners MJ, Hindryckx P, Levesque BG, et al. Systematic review: disease activity indices in eosinophilic esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(11):1658‐1669.
Wechsler JB, Bolton SM, Amsden K, Wershil BK, Hirano I, Kagalwalla AF. Eosinophilic esophagitis reference score accurately identifies disease activity and treatment effects in children. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16(7):1056‐1063.
Laserna‐Mendieta EJ, Casabona S, Savarino E, et al. Efficacy of therapy for eosinophilic esophagitis in real‐world practice. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;18(13):2903‐2911.e4.
Al‐Subu A, Bevins L, Yulia D, Elitsur Y. The accuracy of endoscopic features in eosinophilic esophagitis: the experience in children from rural West Virginia. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2012;46(10):e83‐e86.
Assiri AM, Saeed A. Incidence and diagnostic features of eosinophilic esophagitis in a group of children with dysphagia and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Saudi Med J. 2014;35(3):292‐297.
Bozbulut NE, Öztürk H, Sari S, et al. The characteristics of Turkish children with eosinophilic esophagitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2019;68(2):305‐306.
Liacouras CA, Spergel JM, Ruchelli E, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis: a 10‐year experience in 381 children. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;3(12):1198‐1206.
Cotton CC, Woosley JT, Moist SE, McGee SJ, Shaheen NJ, Dellon ES. Mo1188 determination of an endoscopic response threshold for the eosinophilic esophagitis endoscopic reference score: analysis of a randomized comparative clinical trial of topical steroids. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(6):S‐819‐S‐820.
Dellon ES, Rusin S, Gebhart JH, et al. A clinical prediction tool identifies cases of eosinophilic esophagitis without endoscopic biopsy: a prospective study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015;110(9):1347‐1354.
Schoepfer AM, Hirano I, Coslovsky M, et al. Variation in endoscopic activity assessment and endoscopy score validation in adults with eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;17(8):1477‐1488.e10.
van Rhijn B, Warners M, Curvers W, et al. Evaluating the endoscopic reference score for eosinophilic esophagitis: moderate to substantial intra‐ and interobserver reliability. Endoscopy. 2014;46(12):1049‐1055.
Cotton CC, Woosley JT, Moist SE, et al. Determination of a treatment response threshold for the eosinophilic esophagitis endoscopic reference score. Endoscopy. 2022;54(7):635‐643.
Dellon ES, Gonsalves N, Abonia JP, et al. International consensus recommendations for eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease nomenclature. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;20(11):2474‐2484.e3.
Friedlander JA, DeBoer EM, Soden JS, et al. Unsedated transnasal esophagoscopy for monitoring therapy in pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2016;83(2):299‐306.e1.
Nguyen N, Lavery WJ, Capocelli KE, et al. Transnasal endoscopy in unsedated children with eosinophilic esophagitis using virtual reality video goggles. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;17(12):2455‐2462.
Scherer C, Sosensky P, Schulman‐Green D, et al. Pediatric patients' and parents' perspectives of unsedated transnasal endoscopy in eosinophilic esophagitis: a qualitative descriptive study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2021;72(4):558‐562.
Chan LJ, Tan L, Dhaliwal J, Briglia F, Clarkson C, Krishnan U. Treatment outcomes for eosinophilic esophagitis in children with esophageal atresia. Dis Esophagus. 2016;29(6):563‐571.
Al‐Hussaini A, AboZeid A, Hai A. How does esophagus look on barium esophagram in pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis? Abdominal Radiology. 2016;41(8):1466‐1473.
Chen J, Pandolfino J, Lin Z, et al. Severity of endoscopically identified esophageal rings correlates with reduced esophageal distensibility in eosinophilic esophagitis. Endoscopy. 2016;48(9):794‐801.
Eluri S, Runge TM, Cotton CC, et al. The extremely narrow‐caliber esophagus is a treatment‐resistant subphenotype of eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2016;83(6):1142‐1148.
Eluri S, Tappata M, Huang KZ, et al. Distal esophagus is the most commonly involved site for strictures in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Dis Esophagus. 2020;33(2):doz088.
Menard‐Katcher C, Furuta GT, Kramer RE. Dilation of pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis: adverse events and short‐term outcomes. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017;64(5):701‐706.
Menard‐Katcher C, Swerdlow MP, Mehta P, Furuta GT, Fenton LZ. Contribution of esophagram to the evaluation of complicated pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2015;61(5):541‐546.
Dhalla S, Jodorkovsky D, Bochner BS, et al. Su1158 Through‐the‐scope hydrostatic balloon dilation of strictures and rings is associated with low incidence of perforation in adults with eosinophilic esophagitis and dysphagia: the four‐year experience of a single tertiary‐care medical center. Gastroenterology. 2012;142(5):S‐439.
Nelson MJ, Miller FH, Moy N, et al. Comparison of endoscopy and radiographic imaging for detection of esophageal inflammation and remodeling in adults with eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2018;87(4):962‐968.
Nguyen N, Hayes K, Fenton L, Furuta GT, Menard‐Katcher C. Case series: role of pill esophagram to identify pediatric patients with eosinophilic esophagitis amenable to therapeutic dilation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2020;71(4):530‐532.
Podboy A, Katzka DA, Enders F, et al. Oesophageal narrowing on barium oesophagram is more common in adult patients with eosinophilic oesophagitis than PPI‐responsive oesophageal eosinophilia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;43(11):1168‐1177.
Lee BE, Kim GH. Magnifying endoscopy with narrow band imaging and endoscopic ultrasonography for assessing eosinophilic esophagitis. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2013;19(1):104‐106.
Katzka DA, Ravi K, Geno DM, et al. Endoscopic mucosal impedance measurements correlate with eosinophilia and dilation of intercellular spaces in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13(7):1242‐1248.e1.
Donnan EN, Pandolfino JE. EndoFLIP in the esophagus. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2020;49(3):427‐435.
Colizzo JM, Clayton SB, Richter JE. Intrabolus pressure on high‐resolution manometry distinguishes fibrostenotic and inflammatory phenotypes of eosinophilic esophagitis. Dis Esophagus. 2016;29(6):551‐557.
Frazzoni M, Penagini R, Frazzoni L, et al. Role of reflux in the pathogenesis of eosinophilic esophagitis: comprehensive appraisal with off‐ and on PPI impedance‐pH monitoring. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019;114(10):1606‐1613.
Frazzoni M, Frazzoni L, De Bortoli N, et al. Response of eosinophilic oesophagitis to proton pump inhibitors is associated with impedance‐pH parameters implying anti‐reflux mechanism of action. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2021;53(11):1183‐1189.
Alexander JA, Ravi K, Geno DM, et al. Comparison of mucosal impedance measurements throughout the esophagus and mucosal eosinophil counts in endoscopic biopsy specimens in eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2019;89(4):693‐700.e1.
Choksi YA, Chaparro J, Blanco M, et al. Impedance and histologic characteristics of the sub‐laryngeal esophagus distinguish eosinophilic esophagitis from other esophageal disorders. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;18(8):1727‐1735.e2.
Collins MH, Martin LJ, Alexander ES, et al. Newly developed and validated eosinophilic esophagitis histology scoring system and evidence that it outperforms peak eosinophil count for disease diagnosis and monitoring. Dis Esophagus. 2017;30(3):1‐8.
Collins MH, Dellon ES, Hirano I, et al. 392 Baseline characterization of patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) using the EoE histology scoring system and correlations with endoscopic and symptom outcomes: analyses from a randomized, placebo‐controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019;114(1):S229‐S230.
Collins MH, Dellon ES, Katzka DA, Hirano I, Williams J, Lan L. Budesonide oral suspension significantly improves eosinophilic esophagitis histology scoring system results: analyses from a 12‐week, phase 2, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial. Am J Surg Pathol. 2019;43(11):1501‐1509.
Dellon ES, Speck O, Woodward K, et al. Distribution and variability of esophageal eosinophilia in patients undergoing upper endoscopy. Mod Pathol. 2015;28(3):383‐390.
Shah A, Kagalwalla AF, Gonsalves N, et al. Histopathologic variability in children with eosinophilic esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104(3):716‐721.
Carrasco AEAB, Machado RS, PATRÍCIO FRS, Kawakami E. Histological features of eosinophilic esophagitis in children and adolescents. Arq Gastroenterol. 2017;54(4):281‐285.
Ma C, Schoepfer AM, Safroneeva E, et al. A summary of the meetings of the development of a core outcome set for therapeutic studies in eosinophilic esophagitis (COREOS) international multidisciplinary consensus. Gastroenterology. 2021;161(3):778‐784.
Al‐Hussaini A, Al‐Idressi E, Al‐Zahrani M. The role of allergy evaluation in children with eosinophilic esophagitis. J Gastroenterol. 2013;48(11):1205‐1212.
Ishimura N, Furuta K, Sato S, Ishihara S, Kinoshita Y. Limited role of allergy testing in patients with eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;28(8):1306‐1313.
Azzano P, Villard Truc F, Collardeau‐Frachon S, Lachaux A. Children with eosinophilic esophagitis in real life: 10 years' experience with a focus on allergic management. Allergol Immunopathol. 2020;48(3):244‐250.
Colson D, Kalach N, Soulaines P, et al. The impact of dietary therapy on clinical and biologic parameters of pediatric patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2014;2(5):587‐593.
Doerfler B, Bryce P, Hirano I, Gonsalves N. Practical approach to implementing dietary therapy in adults with eosinophilic esophagitis: the Chicago experience. Dis Esophagus. 2015;28(1):42‐58.
Kagalwalla AF, Wechsler JB, Amsden K, et al. Efficacy of a 4‐food elimination diet for children with eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;15(11):1698‐1707.e7.
Lucendo AJ. Meta‐analysis‐based guidance for dietary management in eosinophilic esophagitis. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2015;17(10):37.
Wolf WA, Jerath MR, McConville S, Shaheen NJ, Dellon ES. Su1842 Dietary elimination therapy is an effective option for adults with eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology. 2013;144(5):S488.
Arias Á, González‐Cervera J, Tenias JM, Lucendo AJ. Efficacy of dietary interventions for inducing histologic remission in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Gastroenterology. 2014;146(7):1639‐1648.
Spergel JM, Beausoleil JL, Mascarenhas M, Liacouras CA. The use of skin prick tests and patch tests to identify causative foods in eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109(2):363‐368.
Gomez Torrijos E, Moreno Lozano L, Extremera Ortega AM, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis: personalized treatment with an elimination diet based on IgE levels in children aged <16 years. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2019;29(2):155‐157.
Molina‐Infante J, Lucendo AJ. Dietary therapy for eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;142(1):41‐47.
van Rhijn BD, Vlieg‐Boerstra BJ, Versteeg SA, et al. Evaluation of allergen‐microarray‐guided dietary intervention as treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;136(4):1095‐1097.e3.
Philpott H, Nandurkar S, Royce SG, Thien F, Gibson PR. Allergy tests do not predict food triggers in adult patients with eosinophilic oesophagitis. A comprehensive prospective study using five modalities. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;44:223‐233.
Muraro A, Werfel T, Hoffmann‐Sommergruber K, et al. EAACI food allergy and anaphylaxis guidelines: diagnosis and management of food allergy. Allergy. 2014;69(8):1008‐1025.
Sicherer SH, Leung DYM. Advances in allergic skin disease, anaphylaxis, and hypersensitivity reactions to foods, drugs, and insects in 2014. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135(2):357‐367.
Simon D, Cianferoni A, Spergel JM, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis is characterized by a non‐IgE‐mediated food hypersensitivity. Allergy. 2016;71(5):611‐620.
Yousefi A, Nasehi S, Arshi S, et al. Assessment of IgE‐ and cell‐mediated immunity in pediatric patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021;53(2):86‐90.
Pitsios C, Vassilopoulou E, Pantavou K, et al. Allergy‐test‐based elimination diets for the treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis: a systematic review of their efficacy. J Clin Med. 2022;11(19):5631.
Gottlieb SJ, Markowitz JE, Dellon ES. New IgE immediate hypersensitivity reactions on reintroduction of food restricted for treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2019;122(4):419‐420.
Hill DA, Shuker M, Cianferoni A, et al. The development of IgE‐mediated immediate hypersensitivity after the diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis to the same food. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2015;3(1):123‐124.
Ho HE, Chehade M. Development of IgE‐mediated immediate hypersensitivity to a previously tolerated food following its avoidance for eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2018;6(2):649‐650.
Warners MJ, Terreehorst I, van den Wijngaard RM, et al. Abnormal responses to local esophageal food allergen injections in adult patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology. 2018;154(1):57‐60 e2.
Schuyler AJ, Wilson JM, Tripathi A, et al. Specific IgG4 antibodies to cow's milk proteins in pediatric patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;142(1):139‐148.e12.
Machicado JD, Hartman DJ, Kabbani T, et al. Su1343 Increased intestinal tissue IgG4+ plasma cells in patients with Crohn's disease: a novel biomarker of aggressive disease activity following first surgical resection. Gastroenterology. 2015;148(4):S480.
Rosenberg CE, Mingler MK, Morris DW, et al. Esophageal IgG4 levels are elevated in pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis and correlate with esophageal histopathology including levels of eosinophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;141(2):AB142.
Weidlich S, Nennstiel S, Brockow K, et al. IgG4 expression is elevated in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis compared to patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. United Eur Gastroenterol J. 2017;5(5):A793‐A794.
Dellon ES, Guo R, McGee SJ, et al. A novel allergen‐specific immune signature‐directed approach to dietary elimination in eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2019;10(12):e00099.
US Food and Drug Administration. FDA Approves Label Changes for Use of General Anesthetic and Sedation Drugs in Young Children. US Food and Drug Administration; 2017.
Shi Y, Hanson AC, Schroeder DR, et al. Longitudinal assessment of cognitive function in young children undergoing general anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 2022;128(2):294‐300.
Wright BL, Ochkur SI, Olson NS, et al. Normalized serum eosinophil peroxidase levels are inversely correlated with esophageal eosinophilia in eosinophilic esophagitis. Dis Esophagus. 2018;31(2):dox139.
Choudhury S, Kozielski R, Hua J, Wilding GE, Baker S. Do histological features of eosinophilic esophagitis in children correlate with peripheral eosinophils? J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2020;70(5):604‐607.
Min SB, Nylund CM, Baker TP, et al. Longitudinal evaluation of noninvasive biomarkers for eosinophilic esophagitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2017;51(2):127‐135.
Rodríguez‐Sánchez J, Gómez‐Torrijos E, Santa‐Belda E, et al. Effectiveness of serological markers of eosinophil activity in monitoring eosinophilic esophagitis. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2013;105(8):462‐468.
Schlag C, Miehlke S, Heiseke A, et al. Peripheral blood eosinophils and other non‐invasive biomarkers can monitor treatment response in eosinophilic oesophagitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015;42(9):1122‐1130.
Schwartz JT, Morris DW, Collins MH, Rothenberg ME, Fulkerson PC. Eosinophil progenitor levels correlate with tissue pathology in pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019;143(3):1221‐1224.e3.
Lu S, Herzlinger M, Cao W, et al. Utility of 15(S)‐HETE as a serological marker for eosinophilic esophagitis. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):14498.
Botan V, Dos Santos Borges TK, Rocha Alves ÉA, Claudino Pereira Couto S, Bender Kohnert Seidler H, Muniz‐Junqueira MI. Enhanced activation of eosinophils in peripheral blood and implications for eosinophilic esophagitis diagnosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;32(7):1318‐1327.
Ghisa M, Laserra G, Barberio B, et al. T01.02.4 Fecal eosinophil cationic protein as potential marker of disease activity in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Dig Liver Dis. 2020;52:S63‐S64.
Dellon ES, Lin L, Beitia R, Moran TP, Qian Y. Serum autoantibodies against epithelial cell adhesion molecules as disease biomarkers of eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2018;48(3):343‐346.
Morris DW, Stucke EM, Martin LJ, et al. Eosinophil progenitor levels are increased in patients with active pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;138(3):915‐918.e5.
Henderson A, Magier A, Schwartz JT, et al. Monitoring eosinophilic esophagitis disease activity with blood eosinophil progenitor levels. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2020;70(4):482‐488.
Lingblom C, Käppi T, Bergquist H, et al. Differences in eosinophil molecular profiles between children and adults with eosinophilic esophagitis. Allergy. 2017;72(9):1406‐1414.
Hines B, Rank MA, Wright BL, Marks L, Greenhawt MJ, Dellon ES. Failure to consider atopic status limits existing minimally‐invasive biomarker studies in eosinophilic esophagitis: a systematic review. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;141(2):AB139.
Cunnion KM, Willis LK, Minto HB, et al. Eosinophil quantitated urine kinetic. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2016;116(5):435‐439.
Furuta GT, Kagalwalla AF, Lee JJ, et al. The oesophageal string test: a novel, minimally invasive method measures mucosal inflammation in eosinophilic oesophagitis. Gut. 2013;62(10):1395‐1405.
Ackerman SJ, Kagalwalla AF, Hirano I, et al. One‐hour esophageal string test: a nonendoscopic minimally invasive test that accurately detects disease activity in eosinophilic esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019;114(10):1614‐1625.
Chang AO, Katzka DA, Geno DM, et al. The cytosponge is a safe and well‐tolerated method of sampling esophageal tissue in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(5):S207‐S208.
Januszewicz W, Tan WK, Lehovsky K, et al. Safety and acceptability of esophageal cytosponge cell collection device in a pooled analysis of data from individual patients. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;17(4):647‐656.e1.
Katzka DA, Geno DM, Ravi A, et al. Accuracy, safety, and tolerability of tissue collection by cytosponge vs endoscopy for evaluation of eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13(1):77‐83.e2.
Katzka DA, Smyrk TC, Alexander JA, et al. Accuracy and safety of the cytosponge for assessing histologic activity in eosinophilic esophagitis: a two‐center study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(10):1538‐1544.
Smadi Y, Deb C, Bornstein J, Safder S, Horvath K, Mehta D. Blind esophageal brushing offers a safe and accurate method to monitor inflammation in children and young adults with eosinophilic esophagitis. Dis Esophagus. 2018;31(12):doy056.
Molina‐Infante J, Arias A, Barrio J, Rodríguez‐Sánchez J, Sanchez‐Cazalilla M, Lucendo AJ. Four‐food group elimination diet for adult eosinophilic esophagitis: a prospective multicenter study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134(5):1093‐1099.e1.
Molina‐Infante J, Arias Á, Alcedo J, et al. Step‐up empiric elimination diet for pediatric and adult eosinophilic esophagitis: the 2‐4‐6 study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;141(4):1365‐1372.
Kruszewski PG, Russo JM, Franciosi JP, Varni JW, Platts‐Mills TAE, Erwin EA. Prospective, comparative effectiveness trial of cow's milk elimination and swallowed fluticasone for pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis: pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis therapy. Dis Esophagus. 2016;29(4):377‐384.
Lobato M, Gonçalves T, Rubio C, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis—comparing two types of diet. Allergy. 2019;74(S106):308.
Wechsler JB, Schwartz S, Arva NC, et al. A single‐food milk elimination diet is effective for treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis in children. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;20(8):1748‐1756.e11.
Burgess D, Grant L, Zawada K, Nightingale S. Dietary management of pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis in an Australian tertiary pediatric hospital. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;34(suppl 2):201‐207.
Kliewer K, Aceves SS, Atkins D, et al. 817—Efficacy of 1‐food and 4‐food elimination diets for pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis in a randomized multi‐site study. Gastroenterology. 2019;156(6):S‐172‐S‐173.
Robson J, Laborda T, Fitzgerald S, et al. Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder in diet‐treated children with eosinophilic esophagitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2019;69(1):57‐60.
Peterson KA, Byrne KR, Vinson LA, et al. Elemental diet induces histologic response in adult eosinophilic esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(5):759‐766.
Peterson KA, Boynton KK. Which patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) should receive elemental diets versus other therapies? Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2014;16(1):364.
Murali AR, Gupta A, Attar BM, Ravi V, Koduru P. Topical steroids in eosinophilic esophagitis: systematic review and meta‐analysis of placebo‐controlled randomized clinical trials. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;31(6):1111‐1119.
Miehlke S, Hruz P, Vieth M, et al. A randomised, double‐blind trial comparing budesonide formulations and dosages for short‐term treatment of eosinophilic oesophagitis. Gut. 2016;65(3):390‐399.
Dellon ES, Katzka DA, Collins MH, et al. Budesonide oral suspension improves symptomatic, endoscopic, and histologic parameters compared with placebo in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(4):776‐786.e5.
Hao L, Lu Y, Li T, Gong B. A meta‐analysis of efficacy of topical steroids in eosinophilic esophagitis: from the perspective of histologic, clinical, and endoscopic outcome. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;44(4):251‐260.
Rank MA, Sharaf RN, Furuta GT, et al. Technical review on the management of eosinophilic esophagitis: a report from the AGA Institute and the Joint Task Force on allergy‐immunology practice parameters. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(6):1789‐1810.e15.
de Heer J, Miehlke S, Rösch T, et al. Histologic and clinical effects of different topical corticosteroids for eosinophilic esophagitis: lessons from an updated meta‐analysis of placebo‐controlled randomized trials. Digestion. 2021;102(3):377‐385.
Dellon ES, Woosley JT, Arrington A, et al. Efficacy of budesonide vs fluticasone for initial treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis in a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2019;157:65‐73.e5.
Rokkas T, Niv Y, Malfertheiner P. A network meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials on the treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis in adults and children. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2021;55(5):400‐410.
Miehlke S, Schlag C, Lucendo AJ, et al. Budesonide orodispersible tablets for induction of remission in patients with active eosinophilic oesophagitis: a 6‐week open‐label trial of the EOS‐2 programme. United Eur Gastroenterol J. 2022;10(3):330‐343.
Lucendo AJ, Miehlke S, Schlag C, et al. Efficacy of budesonide orodispersible tablets as induction therapy for eosinophilic esophagitis in a randomized placebo‐controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2019;157:74‐86.e15.
Straumann A, Lucendo AJ, Miehlke S, et al. Budesonide orodispersible tablets maintain remission in a randomized, placebo‐controlled trial of patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology. 2020;159(5):1672‐1685.e5.
Philpott H, Dougherty MK, Reed CC, et al. Systematic review: adrenal insufficiency secondary to swallowed topical corticosteroids in eosinophilic oesophagitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018;47(8):1071‐1078.
Schoelwer MJ, Nebesio TD. Diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency in eosinophilic esophagitis: the importance of timing of cortisol measurements in interpreting low‐dose adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation testing. J Pediatr. 2016;174:282.
Dellon ES, Lucendo AJ, Schlag C, et al. Fluticasone propionate orally disintegrating tablet (APT‐1011) for eosinophilic esophagitis: randomized controlled trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;20(11):2485‐2494.e15.
Hirano I, Collins MH, Katzka DA, et al. Budesonide oral suspension improves outcomes in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis: results from a phase 3 trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;20(3):525‐534.e10.
Schroeder S, Capocelli KE, Masterson JC, et al. Effect of proton pump inhibitor on esophageal eosinophilia. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013;56(2):166‐172.
Rea F, Caldaro T, Tambucci R, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis: is it also a surgical disease? J Pediatr Surg. 2013;48(2):304‐308.
Gutiérrez‐Junquera C, Fernández‐Fernández S, Cilleruelo ML, et al. High prevalence of response to proton‐pump inhibitor treatment in children with esophageal eosinophilia. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2016;62(5):704‐710.
Lucendo AJ, Arias Á, Molina‐Infante J. Efficacy of proton pump inhibitor drugs for inducing clinical and histologic remission in patients with symptomatic esophageal eosinophilia: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14(1):13‐22.e1.
Gutiérrez‐Junquera C, Fernández‐Fernández S, Domínguez‐Ortega G, et al. Proton pump inhibitor therapy in pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis: predictive factors and long‐term step‐down efficacy. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2023;76:191‐198.
Navarro P, Laserna‐Mendieta EJ, Guagnozzi D, et al. Proton pump inhibitor therapy reverses endoscopic features of fibrosis in eosinophilic esophagitis. Dig Liver Dis. 2021;53(11):1479‐1485.
Alexander R, Alexander JA, Akambase J, et al. Proton pump inhibitor therapy in eosinophilic esophagitis: predictors of nonresponse. Dig Dis Sci. 2021;66(9):3096‐3104.
Zahm AM, Menard‐Katcher C, Benitez AJ, et al. Pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis is associated with changes in esophageal microRNAs. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2014;307(8):G803‐G812.
Lima JJ, Franciosi JP. Pharmacogenomic testing: the case for CYP2C19 proton pump inhibitor gene‐drug pairs. Pharmacogenomics. 2014;15(11):1405‐1416.
Mougey EB, Williams A, Coyne AJK, et al. CYP2C19 and STAT6 variants influence the outcome of proton pump inhibitor therapy in pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2019;69(5):581‐587.
Dohil R, Newbury RO, Aceves S. Transient PPI responsive esophageal eosinophilia may be a clinical sub‐phenotype of pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2012;57(5):1413‐1419.
Gutiérrez‐Junquera C, Fernández‐Fernández S, Cilleruelo ML, et al. Long‐term treatment with proton pump inhibitors is effective in children with eosinophilic esophagitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2018;67(2):210‐216.
Molina‐Infante J, Rodriguez‐Sanchez J, Martinek J, et al. Long‐Term loss of response in proton pump inhibitor‐responsive esophageal eosinophilia is uncommon and influenced by CYP2C19 genotype and rhinoconjunctivitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015;110(11):1567‐1575.
Gómez‐Torrijos E, García‐Rodríguez R, Castro‐Jiménez A, Rodríguez‐Sanchez J, Méndez Díaz Y, Molina‐Infante J. The efficacy of step‐down therapy in adult patients with proton pump inhibitor‐responsive oesophageal eosinophilia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;43(4):534‐540.
Mougey EB, Nguyen V, Gutierrez‐Junquera C, et al. STAT6 variants associate with relapse of eosinophilic esophagitis in patients receiving long‐term proton pump inhibitor therapy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;19(10):2046‐2053.e2.
Cohen S, Bueno de Mesquita M, Mimouni FB. Adverse effects reported in the use of gastroesophageal reflux disease treatments in children: a 10 years literature review. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;80(2):200‐208.
Orel R, Benninga MA, Broekaert IJ, et al. Drugs in focus: proton pump inhibitors. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2021;72(5):645‐653.
Tavares M, Amil‐Dias J. Proton‐pump inhibitors: do children break a leg by using them? J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2021;73(6):665‐669.
Mitre E, Susi A, Kropp LE, Schwartz DJ, Gorman GH, Nylund CM. Association between use of acid‐suppressive medications and antibiotics during infancy and allergic diseases in early childhood. JAMA Pediatr. 2018;172(6):e180315.
Orel R, Murch S, Amil Dias J, Vandenplas Y, Homan M. Eosinophilic esophagitis that develops during therapy with proton pump inhibitors: case series and possible mechanisms. Acta Gastro‐Enterol Belg. 2016;79(2):245‐250.
Fable JM, Fernandez M, Goodine S, Lerer T, Sayej WN. Retrospective comparison of fluticasone propionate and oral viscous budesonide in children with eosinophilic esophagitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2018;66(1):26‐32.
Lipka S, Kumar A, Richter J. Mo1200 PPI responsive eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE): chaos in the community. Gastroenterology. 2016;150(4):S668‐S669.
Oliva S, Rossetti D, Papoff P, et al. A new formulation of oral viscous budesonide in treating paediatric eosinophilic oesophagitis: a pilot study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017;64(2):218‐224.
Philpott H, Dellon E. Histologic improvement after 6 weeks of dietary elimination for eosinophilic esophagitis may be insufficient to determine efficacy. Asia Pac Allergy. 2018;8(2):e20.
van Rhijn BD, Verheij J, van den Bergh Weerman MA, et al. Histological response to fluticasone propionate in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis is associated with improved functional esophageal mucosal integrity. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015;110(9):1289‐1297.
Warners MJ, Vlieg‐Boerstra BJ, Verheij J, et al. Elemental diet decreases inflammation and improves symptoms in adult eosinophilic oesophagitis patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017;45(6):777‐787.
Andreae DA, Hanna MG, Magid MS, et al. Swallowed fluticasone propionate is an effective long‐term maintenance therapy for children with eosinophilic esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111(8):1187‐1197.
Greuter T, Bussmann C, Safroneeva E, et al. Long‐term treatment of eosinophilic oesophagitis with swallowed topical corticosteroids: development and evaluation of a therapeutic concept. United Eur Gastroenterol J. 2017;5(5):A147.
Greuter T, Safroneeva E, Bussmann C, et al. Maintenance treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis with swallowed topical steroids alters disease course over a 5‐year follow‐up period in adult patients. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;17(3):419‐428.e6.
Dellon ES, Woosley JT, Arrington A, et al. Rapid recurrence of eosinophilic esophagitis activity after successful treatment in the observation phase of a randomized, double‐blind, double‐dummy trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;18(7):1483‐1492.e2.
Greuter T, Godat A, Ringel A, et al. Effectiveness and safety of high‐ vs low‐dose swallowed topical steroids for maintenance treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis: a multicenter observational study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;19(12):2514‐2523.e2.
Rubinstein E, Hait EE, Mitchell PD, Lee JJ. Every‐other‐day dosing of oral viscous budesonide is not effective in the management of eosinophlic esophagitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2018;66(3):395‐397.
Hoofien A, Papadopoulou A, Gutiérrez‐Junquera C, et al. Sustained remission of eosinophilic esophagitis following discontinuation of dietary elimination in children. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;18(1):249‐251.e1.
Ruffner MA, Brown‐Whitehorn TF, Verma R, et al. Clinical tolerance in eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2018;6(2):661‐663.
Doerfler B, Zalewski A, Wang R, Yang GY, Hirano I, Gonsalves N. Sustained remission following six food elimination diet (SFED) and reintroduction among adults with EOE. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(5):S876‐S877.
Reed CC, Safta AM, Qasem S, Angie Almond M, Dellon ES, Jensen ET. Combined and alternating topical steroids and food elimination diet for the treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2018;63(9):2381‐2388.
Dellon ES, Katzka DA, Collins MH, et al. Safety and efficacy of budesonide oral suspension maintenance therapy in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;17(4):666‐673.e8.
Reed CC, Fan C, Koutlas N, et al. Compounded oral viscous budesonide is effective and provides a durable response in eosinophilic esophagitis. HSOA J Gastroenterol Hepatol Res. 2018;7(1):2509‐2515.
Aceves SS, King E, Collins MH, et al. Alignment of parent‐ and child‐reported outcomes and histology in eosinophilic esophagitis across multiple CEGIR sites. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;142(1):130‐138.e1.
Kuhn BR, Chittoor G, Johns A, et al. Patient reported data integration for management of eosinophilic esophagitis. Dis Esophagus. 2022;35(10):doac012.
Warners MJ, Oude Nijhuis RAB, de Wijkerslooth LRH, et al. The natural course of eosinophilic esophagitis and long‐term consequences of undiagnosed disease in a large cohort. Am J Gastroenterol. 2018;113(6):836‐844.
Dellon ES, Kim HP, Sperry SLW, Rybnicek DA, Woosley JT, Shaheen NJ. A phenotypic analysis shows that eosinophilic esophagitis is a progressive fibrostenotic disease. Gastrointest Endosc. 2014;79(4):577‐585.e4.
Singla MB, Chehade M, Brizuela D, et al. Early comparison of inflammatory vs. fibrostenotic phenotype in eosinophilic esophagitis in a multicenter longitudinal study. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2015;6(12):e132.
Ferguson AE, Mukkada VA, Fulkerson PC. Pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis endotypes: are we closer to predicting treatment response? Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2018;55(1):43‐55.
Shoda T, Wen T, Aceves SS, et al. Eosinophilic oesophagitis endotype classification by molecular, clinical, and histopathological analyses: a cross‐sectional study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;3(7):477‐488.
Konikoff MR, Noel RJ, Blanchard C, et al. A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of fluticasone propionate for pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology. 2006;131(5):1381‐1391.
Noel RJ, Putnam PE, Collins MH, et al. Clinical and immunopathologic effects of swallowed fluticasone for eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;2(7):568‐575.
Pesek RD, Rettiganti M, O'Brien E, et al. Effects of allergen sensitization on response to therapy in children with eosinophilic esophagitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2017;119(2):177‐183.
Wolf WA, Cotton CC, Green DJ, et al. Predictors of response to steroid therapy for eosinophilic esophagitis and treatment of steroid‐refractory patients. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13(3):452‐458.
Moawad FJ, Schoepfer AM, Safroneeva E, et al. Eosinophilic oesophagitis and proton pump inhibitor‐responsive oesophageal eosinophilia have similar clinical, endoscopic and histological findings. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014;39(6):603‐608.
Straumann A, Hoesli S, Bussmann C, et al. Anti‐eosinophil activity and clinical efficacy of the CRTH2 antagonist OC000459 in eosinophilic esophagitis. Allergy. 2013;68(3):375‐385.
Stumphy J, Al‐Zubeidi D, Guerin L, Mitros F, Rahhal R. Observations on use of montelukast in pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis: insights for the future. Dis Esophagus. 2011;24(4):229‐234.
Lieberman JA, Zhang J, Whitworth J, Cavender CA. randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled study of the use of viscous oral cromolyn sodium for the treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2018;120(5):527‐531.
Alexander JA, Ravi K, Enders FT, et al. Montelukast does not maintain symptom remission after topical steroid therapy for eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;15(2):214‐221.e2.
Netzer P, Gschossmann JM, Straumann A, Sendensky A, Weimann R, Schoepfer AM. Corticosteroid‐dependent eosinophilic oesophagitis: azathioprine and 6‐mercaptopurine can induce and maintain long‐term remission. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;19(10):865‐869.
Lall P. Can we swallow the idea of azathioprine as the next treatment option for pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis? World Allergy Organ J. 2015;8:A11.
Hirano I, Dellon ES, Hamilton JD, et al. Efficacy of dupilumab in a phase 2 randomized trial of adults with active eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(1):111‐122.e10.
Hamilton JD, Lim WK, Hamon SC, et al. Mo1228 dupilumab normalizes the eosinophilic esophagitis disease transcriptome in adult patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(6):S‐835.
Dellon ES, Rothenberg ME, Collins MH, et al. Dupilumab in adults and adolescents with eosinophilic esophagitis. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(25):2317‐2330.
Spergel BL, Ruffner MA, Godwin BC, et al. Improvement in eosinophilic esophagitis when using dupilumab for other indications or compassionate use. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2022;128(5):589‐593.
Rothenberg ME, Wen T, Greenberg A, et al. Intravenous anti‐IL‐13 mAb QAX576 for the treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135(2):500‐507.
Hirano I, Collins MH, Assouline‐Dayan Y, et al. RPC4046, a monoclonal antibody against IL13, reduces histologic and endoscopic activity in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology. 2019;156(3):592‐603.e10.
Gann PH, Deaton RJ, McMahon N, et al. An anti‐IL‐13 antibody reverses epithelial‐mesenchymal transition biomarkers in eosinophilic esophagitis: phase 2 trial results. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;146(2):367‐376.e3.
Loizou D, Enav B, Komlodi‐Pasztor E, et al. A pilot study of omalizumab in eosinophilic esophagitis. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0113483.
Clayton F, Fang JC, Gleich GJ, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis in adults is associated with IgG4 and not mediated by IgE. Gastroenterology. 2014;147(3):602‐609.
Spergel JM, Rothenberg ME, Collins MH, et al. Reslizumab in children and adolescents with eosinophilic esophagitis: results of a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;129(2):456‐463.
Markowitz JE, Jobe L, Miller M, Frost C, Laney Z, Eke R. Safety and efficacy of reslizumab for children and adolescents with eosinophilic esophagitis treated for 9 years. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2018;66(6):893‐897.
Straumann A, Conus S, Grzonka P, et al. Anti‐interleukin‐5 antibody treatment (mepolizumab) in active eosinophilic oesophagitis: a randomised, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind trial. Gut. 2010;59(1):21‐30.
Assa'ad AH, Gupta SK, Collins MH, et al. An antibody against IL‐5 reduces numbers of esophageal intraepithelial eosinophils in children with eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology. 2011;141(5):1593‐1604.
Kuang FL, Legrand F, Makiya M, et al. Benralizumab for PDGFRA‐negative hypereosinophilic syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(14):1336‐1346.
Nhu QM, Chiao H, Moawad FJ, Bao F, Konijeti GG. The anti‐α4β7 integrin therapeutic antibody for inflammatory bowel disease, vedolizumab, ameliorates eosinophilic esophagitis: a novel clinical observation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2018;113(8):1261‐1263.
Taft TH, Mutlu EA. The potential role of vedolizumab in concomitant eosinophilic esophagitis and Crohn's disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16(11):1840‐1841.
Kim HP, Reed CC, Herfarth HH, Dellon ES. Vedolizumab treatment may reduce steroid burden and improve histology in patients with eosinophilic gastroenteritis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16(12):1992‐1994.
Arga M, Egritas O, Topal E, et al. The first experience of eosinophilic esophagitis in Turkish children. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2012;23(1):1‐7.
Dellon E, Hirano I, Mukkada V, et al. Study design and baseline patient characteristics of a phase 3, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial of budesonide oral suspension in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. NASPGHAN Annual Meeting. 2019:202.
Lee K, Choe BH, Kang B, et al. Nationwide multicenter study of eosinophilic esophagitis in Korean children. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr. 2020;23(3):231‐242.
Kavitt RT, Ates F, Slaughter JC, et al. Randomized controlled trial comparing esophageal dilation to no dilation among adults with esophageal eosinophilia and dysphagia. Dis Esophagus. 2016;29(8):983‐991.
Hoofien A, Rea F, Espinheira MC, et al. Systemic steroids have a role in treating esophageal strictures in pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis. Dig Liver Dis. 2021;53(3):324‐328.
Runge TM, Eluri S, Woosley JT, Shaheen NJ, Dellon ES. Control of inflammation decreases the need for subsequent esophageal dilation in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Dis Esophagus. 2017;30(7):1‐7.
Runge TM, Eluri S, Cotton CC, et al. Outcomes of esophageal dilation in eosinophilic esophagitis: safety, efficacy, and persistence of the fibrostenotic phenotype. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111(2):206‐213.
Ukleja A, Shiroky J, Agarwal A, Allende D. Esophageal dilations in eosinophilic esophagitis: a single center experience. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(28):9549‐9555.
Schoepfer AM, Safroneeva E, Bussmann C, et al. Delay in diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis increases risk for stricture formation in a time‐dependent manner. Gastroenterology. 2013;145(6):1230‐1236.e2.
Ansstas M, Lew D, Early D. 457 Predictor factors for dilation treatment in stricture due to eosinophilic esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019;114(1):S268.
Dall'Oglio L. Endoscopic management of esophageal stenosis in children: new and traditional treatments. World J Gastrointest Endosc. 2016;8(4):212‐219.
Al‐Hussaini A. Savary dilation is safe and effective treatment for esophageal narrowing related to pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2016;63(5):474‐480.
Lipka S, Kumar A, Richter JE. Successful esophageal dilation of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) patients with a previous postdilation complication: start low and go slow. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2018;52(9):773‐777.
Moole H, Jacob K, Duvvuri A, et al. Role of endoscopic esophageal dilation in managing eosinophilic esophagitis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Medicine. 2017;96(14):e5877.
Dougherty M, Runge TM, Eluri S, Dellon ES. Esophageal dilation with either bougie or balloon technique as a treatment for eosinophilic esophagitis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2017;86(4):581‐591.e3.
Safroneeva E, Balsiger L, Hafner D, et al. Adults with eosinophilic oesophagitis identify symptoms and quality of life as the most important outcomes. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018;48(10):1082‐1090.
Chang JW, Rubenstein JH, Mellinger JL, et al. Motivations, barriers, and outcomes of patient‐reported shared decision making in eosinophilic esophagitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2021;66(6):1808‐1817.
Lucendo AJ, Arias‐González L, Molina‐Infante J, Arias Á. Systematic review: health‐related quality of life in children and adults with eosinophilic oesophagitis‐instruments for measurement and determinant factors. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017;46(4):401‐409.
Hannan N, Steel A, McMillan SS, Tiralongo E. Health service use and treatment choices for pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis: findings from a Cross‐Sectional Survey of Australian carers. Front Pediatr. 2020;8:147.
Hiremath G, Rogers E, Kennedy E, Hemler J, Acra S. A comparative analysis of eating behavior of school‐aged children with eosinophilic esophagitis and their caregivers' quality of life: perspectives of caregivers. Dysphagia. 2019;34(4):567‐574.
Franciosi JP, Hommel KA, Bendo CB, et al. PedsQL eosinophilic esophagitis module: feasibility, reliability, and validity. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013;57(1):57‐66.
Franciosi JP, Hommel KA, DeBrosse CW, et al. Development of a validated patient‐reported symptom metric for pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis: qualitative methods. BMC Gastroenterol. 2011;11:126.
Klinnert MD, Atkins D, Pan Z, et al. Symptom burden and quality of life over time in pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2019;69(6):682‐689.
Klinnert MD, Silveira L, Harris R, et al. Health‐related quality of life over time in children with eosinophilic esophagitis and their families. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014;59(3):308‐316.
Dellon ES, Jones PD, Martin NB, et al. Health‐care transition from pediatric to adult‐focused gastroenterology in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Dis Esophagus. 2013;26(1):7‐13.
Eluri S, Book WM, Kodroff E, et al. Lack of knowledge and low readiness for health care transition in eosinophilic esophagitis and eosinophilic gastroenteritis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017;65(1):53‐57.
Blum RW, Garell D, Hodgman CH, et al. Transition from child‐centered to adult health‐care systems for adolescents with chronic conditions. J Adolesc Health. 1993;14(7):570‐576.
Callahan ST, Winitzer RF, Keenan P. Transition from pediatric to adult‐oriented health care: a challenge for patients with chronic disease. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2001;13(4):310‐316.
Tourlamain G, Garcia‐Puig R, Gutiérrez‐Junquera C, et al. Differences in management of eosinophilic esophagitis in Europe: an assessment of current practice. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2020;71(1):83‐90.
Zifman E, Banai H, Shamir R, Ringel‐Kulka T, Zevit N. Practice differences in the diagnosis and management of eosinophilic esophagitis among adult and pediatric gastroenterologists in Israel. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2018;67(1):34‐39.