New Daily Persistent Headache in the Pediatric and Adolescent Population: An Updated Review.

New daily persistent headache (NDPH) is a primary headache disorder characterized by the sudden onset of continuous pain and its intractability to treatment. It is more prevalent in the pediatric population than the adult population, but remains understudied and underdiagnosed. The purpose of the current article is to provide a current overview of new daily persistent headache in the pediatric and adolescent population, including history, pathophysiology, clinical findings, current and emerging treatment options, and the results of recent studies and meta-analyses. Despite recent studies and meta-analyses showing significant phenotypic overlap between chronic migraine and NDPH in the pediatric population, multiple recent studies have come to conflicting conclusions about the overlap of medication overuse in headache and pediatric NDPH. Recent studies reveal alterations in neuroimaging, particularly in functional connectivity, in patients with NDPH. Patients frequently remain treatment-refractory even to medications that have historically proven helpful in this population; however, new treatment options, including calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) monoclonal antibodies, may be more effective. NPDH remains a perplexing and difficult-to-manage condition for both children and adults. Despite a higher prevalence in the pediatric population, there are relatively few studies to guide the evaluation and treatment of NDPH in pediatric and adolescent patients. Early treatment, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological, should be employed to reduce disability. Overall, further studies are needed to better understand pathogenesis and to identify more effective therapeutic strategies, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological.