The potential climate benefits of seaweed farming in temperate waters.
Journal
Scientific reports
ISSN: 2045-2322
Titre abrégé: Sci Rep
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101563288
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
01 07 2024
01 07 2024
Historique:
received:
15
06
2023
accepted:
19
06
2024
medline:
2
7
2024
pubmed:
2
7
2024
entrez:
1
7
2024
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Seaweed farming is widely promoted as an approach to mitigating climate change despite limited data on carbon removal pathways and uncertainty around benefits and risks at operational scales. We explored the feasibility of climate change mitigation from seaweed farming by constructing five scenarios spanning a range of industry development in coastal British Columbia, Canada, a temperate region identified as highly suitable for seaweed farming. Depending on growth rates and the fate of farmed seaweed, our scenarios sequestered or avoided between 0.20 and 8.2 Tg CO
Identifiants
pubmed: 38951559
doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-65408-3
pii: 10.1038/s41598-024-65408-3
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
15021Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
IPBES. Summary for Policymakers (2019).
Hoegh-Guldberg, O. et al. The human imperative of stabilizing global climate change at 1.5°C. Science 365, 6459 (2019).
doi: 10.1126/science.aaw6974
Rogelj, J. et al. Mitigation pathways compatible with 1.5 C in the context of sustainable development. In Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5°C above Pre-industrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty (2018).
Duarte, C. M., Wu, J., Xiao, X., Bruhn, A. & Krause-Jensen, D. Can seaweed farming play a role in climate change mitigation and adaptation?. Front. Mar. Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00100 (2017).
doi: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00100
Froehlich, H. E., Afflerbach, J. C., Frazier, M. & Halpern, B. S. Blue growth potential to mitigate climate change through seaweed offsetting. Curr. Biol. 29, 3087–3093 (2019).
pubmed: 31474532
doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.041
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. A Research Strategy for Ocean-Based Carbon Dioxide Removal and Sequestration 26278 (National Academies Press, Washington, 2021). https://doi.org/10.17226/26278 .
doi: 10.17226/26278
Mann, K. H. Seaweeds: Their productivity and strategy for growth. Science 182, 975–981 (1973).
pubmed: 17833778
doi: 10.1126/science.182.4116.975
Friedlingstein, P. et al. Global carbon budget 2021. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 14, 1917–2005 (2022).
doi: 10.5194/essd-14-1917-2022
Boettcher, M. et al. Navigating potential hype and opportunity in governing marine carbon removal. Front. Clim. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.664456 (2021).
doi: 10.3389/fclim.2021.664456
Macreadie, P. I. et al. Blue carbon as a natural climate solution. Nat. Rev. Earth Environ. 2, 826–839 (2021).
doi: 10.1038/s43017-021-00224-1
FAO. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2022 (FAO, Berlin, 2022).
Chopin, T. & Tacon, A. G. J. Importance of seaweeds and extractive species in global aquaculture production. Rev. Fish. Sci. Aquac. 29, 139–148 (2021).
doi: 10.1080/23308249.2020.1810626
Cai, J. et al. Seaweeds and microalgae: An overview for unlocking their potential in global aquaculture development. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1229. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb5670en (2021).
Troell, M., Henriksson, P. J. G., Buschmann, A. H., Chopin, T. & Quahe, S. Farming the ocean—Seaweeds as a quick fix for the climate?. Rev. Fish 31, 1–11 (2022).
Naylor, R. L. et al. A 20-year retrospective review of global aquaculture. Nature 591, 551–563 (2021).
pubmed: 33762770
doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03308-6
Hwang, E. K. & Park, C. S. Seaweed cultivation and utilization of Korea. ALGAE 35, 107–121 (2020).
doi: 10.4490/algae.2020.35.5.15
Spillias, S. et al. Reducing global land-use pressures with seaweed farming. Nat. Sustain. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-022-01043-y7 (2023).
doi: 10.1038/s41893-022-01043-y7
Alleway, H. K., Jones, A. R., Theuerkauf, S. J. & Jones, R. C. A global and regional view of the opportunity for climate-smart mariculture. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B: Biol. Sci. 377, 20210128 (2022).
doi: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0128
Krause-Jensen, D. et al. Sequestration of macroalgal carbon: The elephant in the Blue Carbon room. Biol. Lett. 14, 20180236 (2018).
pubmed: 29925564
pmcid: 6030603
doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2018.0236
IPCC. Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/ (2019).
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Northrop, E. & Lubchenco, J. The ocean is key to achieving climate and societal goals. Science 365, 1372–1374 (2019).
pubmed: 31554733
doi: 10.1126/science.aaz4390
Benveniste, A. This startup grows kelp then sinks it to pull carbon from the air | CNN Business. CNN Business https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/03/business/running-tide-kelp-carbon/index.html (2021).
Heather Smith. Can Farming Seaweed Put the Brakes on Climate Change? Sierra: The Magazine of the Sierra Club https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/2021-2-summer/stress-test/can-farming-seaweed-put-brakes-climate-change (2021).
Temple, J. Companies hoping to grow carbon-sucking kelp may be rushing ahead of the science. MIT Technology Review (2021).
Danielsson, S. A. Commencing carbon capture with seaweed. DNV https://www.dnv.com/news/commencing-carbon-capture-with-seaweed-228139 (2022).
Aitken, D., Bulboa, C., Godoy-Faundez, A., Turrion-Gomez, J. L. & Antizar-Ladislao, B. Life cycle assessment of macroalgae cultivation and processing for biofuel production. J. Clean. Prod. 75, 45–56 (2014).
doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.03.080
Advanced Research Projects Agency—Energy. MARINER Annual Review 2021. arpa-e http://arpa-e.energy.gov/mariner-annual-review-2021 (2021).
Hurd, C. L. et al. Forensic carbon accounting: Assessing the role of seaweeds for carbon sequestration. J. Phycol. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpy.13249 (2022).
doi: 10.1111/jpy.13249
pubmed: 35286717
Krumhansl, K. A. & Scheibling, R. E. Production and fate of kelp detritus. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 467, 281–302 (2012).
doi: 10.3354/meps09940
Reed, D. C. et al. Patterns and controls of reef-scale production of dissolved organic carbon by giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera. Limnol. Oceanogr. 60, 1996–2008 (2015).
doi: 10.1002/lno.10154
Weigel, B. L. & Pfister, C. A. The dynamics and stoichiometry of dissolved organic carbon release by kelp. Ecology 102, e03221 (2021).
pubmed: 33048348
doi: 10.1002/ecy.3221
Duggins, D. O., Simenstad, C. A. & Estes, J. A. Magnification of secondary production by kelp detritus in coastal marine ecosystems. Science 245, 170–173 (1989).
pubmed: 17787876
doi: 10.1126/science.245.4914.170
Yorke, C. E., Miller, R. J., Page, H. M. & Reed, D. C. Importance of kelp detritus as a component of suspended particulate organic matter in giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera forests. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 493, 113–125 (2013).
doi: 10.3354/meps10502
Krause-Jensen, D. & Duarte, C. M. Substantial role of macroalgae in marine carbon sequestration. Nat. Geosci. 9, 737–742 (2016).
doi: 10.1038/ngeo2790
Queiros, A. et al. Connected macroalgal-sediment systems: Blue carbon and food webs in the deep coastal ocean Citation. Ecol. Monogr. 89, e01366 (2019).
doi: 10.1002/ecm.1366
Duarte, C. C. et al. Carbon sequestration in soils below seaweed farms. bioRxiv 2023–01 (2023).
Sato, Y. et al. Variability in the net ecosystem productivity (NEP) of seaweed farms. Front. Mar. Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.861932 (2022).
doi: 10.3389/fmars.2022.861932
Coleman, S. et al. Quantifying baseline costs and cataloging potential optimization strategies for kelp aquaculture carbon dioxide removal. Front. Mar. Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.966304 (2022).
doi: 10.3389/fmars.2022.966304
Chopin, T. et al. Deep-ocean seaweed dumping for carbon sequestration: Questionable, risky, and not the best use of valuable biomass. One Earth https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2024.01.013 (2024).
doi: 10.1016/j.oneear.2024.01.013
Baghel, R. S., Reddy, C. R. K. & Singh, R. P. Seaweed-based cellulose: Applications, and future perspectives. Carbohydr. Polym. 267, 118241 (2021).
pubmed: 34119188
doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118241
Seghetta, M., Hou, X., Bastianoni, S., Bjerre, A.-B. & Thomsen, M. Life cycle assessment of macroalgal biorefinery for the production of ethanol, proteins and fertilizers—A step towards a regenerative bioeconomy. J. Clean. Prod. 137, 1158–1169 (2016).
doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.07.195
Roberts, D. A., Paul, N. A., Dworjanyn, S. A., Bird, M. I. & de Nys, R. Biochar from commercially cultivated seaweed for soil amelioration. Sci. Rep. 5, 9665 (2015).
pubmed: 25856799
pmcid: 4391317
doi: 10.1038/srep09665
Koesling, M., Kvadsheim, N. P., Halfdanarson, J., Emblemsvåg, J. & Rebours, C. Environmental impacts of protein-production from farmed seaweed: Comparison of possible scenarios in Norway. J. Clean. Prod. 307, 127301 (2021).
doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127301
Gephart, J. A. et al. Environmental performance of blue foods. Nature 597, 360–365 (2021).
pubmed: 34526707
doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03889-2
Jones, A. R. et al. Climate-friendly seafood: The potential for emissions reduction and carbon capture in marine aquaculture. BioScience 72, 123–143 (2022).
pubmed: 35145350
pmcid: 8824708
doi: 10.1093/biosci/biab126
Spillias, S. et al. The empirical evidence for the social-ecological impacts of seaweed farming. PLOS Sustain Transform 2, e0000042 (2023).
doi: 10.1371/journal.pstr.0000042
Eger, A. M. et al. The value of ecosystem services in global marine kelp forests. Nat. Commun. 14, 1894 (2023).
pubmed: 37072389
pmcid: 10113392
doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-37385-0
Pidd, H. North Yorkshire puts seaweed at the heart of its carbon-negative ambitions. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/sep/27/north-yorkshire-puts-seaweed-at-the-heart-of-its-carbon-negative-ambitions (2022).
Ricart, A. M. et al. Sinking seaweed in the deep ocean for carbon neutrality is ahead of science and beyond the ethics. Environ. Res. Lett. 17, 081003 (2022).
doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/ac82ff
Lehahn, Y., Ingle, K. N. & Golberg, A. Global potential of offshore and shallow waters macroalgal biorefineries to provide for food, chemicals and energy: Feasibility and sustainability. Algal Res. 17, 150–160 (2016).
doi: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.03.031
Liu, Y., Cao, L., Cheung, W. W. L. & Sumaila, U. R. Global estimates of suitable areas for marine algae farming. Environ. Res. Lett. 18, 064028 (2023).
doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/acd398
DeAngelo, J. et al. Economic and biophysical limits to seaweed-based climate solutions. Nat. Plants 9, 45–57 (2023).
pubmed: 36564631
doi: 10.1038/s41477-022-01305-9
Wu, J., Keller, D. P. & Oschlies, A. Carbon dioxide removal via macroalgae open-ocean mariculture and sinking: An earth system modeling study. Earth Syst. Dyn. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-2021-104 (2022).
Coleman, S., Gelais, A. TSt., Fredriksson, D. W., Dewhurst, T. & Brady, D. C. Identifying scaling pathways and research priorities for kelp aquaculture nurseries using a techno-economic modeling approach. Front. Mar. Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.894461 (2022).
doi: 10.3389/fmars.2022.894461
Carras, M. A. et al. A discounted cash-flow analysis of salmon monoculture and integrated multi-trophic aquaculture in eastern Canada. Aquac. Econ. Manag. 24, 43–63 (2020).
doi: 10.1080/13657305.2019.1641572
Philippsen, A., Wild, P. & Rowe, A. Energy input, carbon intensity and cost for ethanol produced from farmed seaweed. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 38, 609–623 (2014).
doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.06.010
Thomas, J.-B.E. et al. A comparative environmental life cycle assessment of hatchery, cultivation, and preservation of the kelp Saccharina latissima. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 78, 451–467 (2021).
doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsaa112
Alleway, H. K., Bullen, C. D., Driscoll, J., Gregr, E. J. & Burt, J. Kelp aquaculture and its potential to support blue carbon. In Coastal Blue Carbon in Canada: State of Knowledge (WWF Canada, Toronto, 2023).
Berger, M., Bopp, L., Ho, D. T. & Kwiatkowski, L. Assessing global macroalgal carbon dioxide removal potential using a high-resolution ocean biogeochemistry model. https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU22/EGU22-4699.html (2022). https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-4699 .
BC Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy. 2022 Climate Change Accountability Report. (2022).
BC Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy. Methodology report for the British Columbia provincial inventory of greenhouse gas emissions 1990–2020 (2022).
Gao, G., Gao, L., Jiang, M., Jian, A. & He, L. The potential of seaweed cultivation to achieve carbon neutrality and mitigate deoxygenation and eutrophication. Environ. Res. Lett. 17, 014018 (2021).
doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/ac3fd9
Hadley, S., Wild-Allen, K., Johnson, C. & Macleod, C. Modeling macroalgae growth and nutrient dynamics for integrated multi-trophic aquaculture. J. Appl. Phycol. 27, 901–916 (2015).
doi: 10.1007/s10811-014-0370-y
Duarte, C. M., Bruhn, A. & Krause-Jensen, D. A seaweed aquaculture imperative to meet global sustainability targets. Nat. Sustain. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00773-9 (2021).
doi: 10.1038/s41893-021-00773-9
Liu, J. J. et al. Production of fuels and chemicals from macroalgal biomass: Current status, potentials, challenges, and prospects. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 169, 112954 (2022).
doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2022.112954
Blikra, M. J. et al. Seaweed products for the future: Using current tools to develop a sustainable food industry. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 118, 765–776 (2021).
doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.11.002
van den Burg, S. W. K., Dagevos, H. & Helmes, R. J. K. Towards sustainable European seaweed value chains: A triple P perspective. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 78, 443–450 (2021).
doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz183
Theuerkauf, S. J. et al. A global spatial analysis reveals where marine aquaculture can benefit nature and people. PLoS ONE 14, e0222282 (2019).
pubmed: 31596860
pmcid: 6784979
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222282
Prabhu, M. S., Israel, A., Palatnik, R. R., Zilberman, D. & Golberg, A. Integrated biorefinery process for sustainable fractionation of Ulva ohnoi (Chlorophyta): Process optimization and revenue analysis. J. Appl. Phycol. 32, 2271–2282 (2020).
doi: 10.1007/s10811-020-02044-0
Costa, M., Cardoso, C., Afonso, C., Bandarra, N. M. & Prates, J. A. M. Current knowledge and future perspectives of the use of seaweeds for livestock production and meat quality: A systematic review. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 105, 1075–1102 (2021).
doi: 10.1111/jpn.13509
Roque, B. M. et al. Red seaweed (Asparagopsis taxiformis) supplementation reduces enteric methane by over 80 percent in beef steers. PLoS ONE 16, e0247820 (2021).
pubmed: 33730064
pmcid: 7968649
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247820
Morais, T. et al. Seaweed potential in the animal feed: A review. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 8, 559 (2020).
doi: 10.3390/jmse8080559
Mukherjee, A. & Patel, J. S. Seaweed extract: Biostimulator of plant defense and plant productivity. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 17, 553–558 (2020).
doi: 10.1007/s13762-019-02442-z
Pontier, O., Rhoades, O., Twist, B., Okamoto, D. & Hessing-Lewis, M. Local variation in temperature and nutrients influence growth rates of bull kelp (Nereocystis luetkeana) on the Central Coast of British Columbia. Limnol. Oceanogr. (In Prep).
Drever, C. R. et al. Natural climate solutions for Canada. Sci. Adv. 7, eabd6034 (2021).
pubmed: 34088658
pmcid: 8177698
doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abd6034
Fargione, J. E. et al. Natural climate solutions for the United States. Sci. Adv. 4, eaat1869 (2018).
pubmed: 30443593
pmcid: 6235523
doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aat1869
Rimmer, M. A. et al. Seaweed aquaculture in Indonesia contributes to social and economic aspects of livelihoods and community wellbeing. Sustainability 13, 10946 (2021).
doi: 10.3390/su131910946
Bennett, N. J. et al. Coastal and Indigenous community access to marine resources and the ocean: A policy imperative for Canada. Marine Policy 87, 186–193 (2018).
doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2017.10.023
Townsend, J., Moola, F. & Craig, M.-K. Indigenous Peoples are critical to the success of nature-based solutions to climate change. FACETS 5, 551–556 (2020).
doi: 10.1139/facets-2019-0058
Gentry, R. R. et al. Offshore aquaculture: Spatial planning principles for sustainable development. Ecol. Evolut. 7, 733–743 (2017).
doi: 10.1002/ece3.2637
Lester, S. E. et al. Marine spatial planning makes room for offshore aquaculture in crowded coastal waters. Nat. Commun. 9, 945 (2018).
pubmed: 29507321
pmcid: 5838171
doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03249-1
Barrett, L. T. et al. Sustainable growth of non-fed aquaculture can generate valuable ecosystem benefits. Ecosyst. Serv. 53, 101396 (2022).
doi: 10.1016/j.ecoser.2021.101396
Denny, M. Wave-energy dissipation: Seaweeds and marine plants are ecosystem engineers. Fluids 6, 151 (2021).
doi: 10.3390/fluids6040151
Xiao, X. et al. Seaweed farms provide Refugia from ocean acidification. Sci. Total Environ. 776, 145192 (2021).
pubmed: 33640549
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145192
Gregr, E. J. et al. Cascading social-ecological costs and benefits triggered by a recovering keystone predator. Science 368, 1243–1247 (2020).
pubmed: 32527830
doi: 10.1126/science.aay5342
Corrigan, S., Brown, A. R., Ashton, I. G. C., Smale, D. A. & Tyler, C. R. Quantifying habitat provisioning at macroalgal cultivation sites. Rev. Aquac. 14, 1671–1694 (2022).
doi: 10.1111/raq.12669
Theuerkauf, S. J. et al. Habitat value of bivalve shellfish and seaweed aquaculture for fish and invertebrates: Pathways, synthesis and next steps. Rev. Aquac. 14, 54–72 (2022).
doi: 10.1111/raq.12584
Stephens, T. A. & Umanzor, S. Comparative nutrient drawdown capacities of farmed ribbon kelp (Alaria marginata) and sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) and implications of metabolic strategy and nutrient source. J. Phycol. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpy.13442 (2024).
doi: 10.1111/jpy.13442
pubmed: 38548387
Campbell, I. et al. The environmental risks associated with the development of seaweed farming in Europe—Prioritizing key knowledge gaps. Front. Mar. Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00107 (2019).
doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00107
Augyte, S., Kim, J. K. & Yarish, C. Seaweed aquaculture—From historic trends to current innovation. J. World Aquac. Soc. 52, 1004–1008 (2021).
doi: 10.1111/jwas.12854
Broch, O. J., Hancke, K. & Ellingsen, I. H. Dispersal and deposition of detritus from kelp cultivation. Front. Mar. Sci. 9, 840531 (2022).
doi: 10.3389/fmars.2022.840531
Boyd, P. W. et al. Potential negative effects of ocean afforestation on offshore ecosystems. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 6, 675–683 (2022).
pubmed: 35449458
doi: 10.1038/s41559-022-01722-1
Arzeno-Soltero, I. et al. Biophysical potential and uncertainties of global seaweed farming. EarthArxiv (2022).
R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing (2021).
Duarte, C. M. Nutrient concentration of aquatic plants: Patterns across species. Limnol. Oceanogr. 37, 882–889 (1992).
doi: 10.4319/lo.1992.37.4.0882
ESRI. ArcGIS. (2019).
Gregr, E. J. BC_EEZ_100m: A 100 m raster of the Canadian Pacific exclusive economic zone (2012).
Gregr, E. J., Haggarty, D. R., Davies, S. C., Fields, C. & Lessard, J. Comprehensive marine substrate classification applied to Canada’s Pacific shelf. PLoS ONE 16, e0259156 (2021).
pubmed: 34714844
pmcid: 8555849
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259156
Natural Resources Canada. Atlas of Canada National Scale Data 1:1,000,000 (2017).
Clarke Murray, C., Agbayani, S., Alidina, H. M. & Ban, N. C. Advancing marine cumulative effects mapping: An update in Canada’s Pacific waters. Mar. Policy 58, 71–77 (2015).
doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2015.04.003