Hyphenation of microflow chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for bioanalytical applications focusing on low molecular weight compounds: A tutorial review.
bioanalysis
electrospray
mass spectrometry
microflow chromatography
Journal
Mass spectrometry reviews
ISSN: 1098-2787
Titre abrégé: Mass Spectrom Rev
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 8219702
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
01 Jul 2024
01 Jul 2024
Historique:
revised:
10
06
2024
received:
11
03
2024
accepted:
20
06
2024
medline:
2
7
2024
pubmed:
2
7
2024
entrez:
2
7
2024
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
Benefits of miniaturized chromatography with various detection modes, such as increased sensitivity, chromatographic efficiency, and speed, were recognized nearly 50 years ago. Over the past two decades, this approach has experienced rapid growth, driven by the emergence of mass spectrometry applications serving -omics sciences and the need for analyzing minute volumes of precious samples with ever higher sensitivity. While nanoscale liquid chromatography (flow rates <1 μL/min) has gained widespread recognition in proteomics, the adoption of microscale setups (flow rates ranging from 1 to 100 μL/min) for low molecular weight compound applications, including metabolomics, has been surprisingly slow, despite the inherent advantages of the approach. Highly heterogeneous matrices and chemical structures accompanied by a relative lack of options for both selective sample preparation and user-friendly equipment are usually reported as major hindrances. To facilitate the wider implementation of microscale analyses, we present here a comprehensive tutorial encompassing important theoretical and practical considerations. We provide fundamental principles in micro-chromatography and guide the reader through the main elements of a microflow workflow, from LC pumps to ionization devices. Finally, based on both our literature overview and experience, illustrated by some in-house data, we highlight the critical importance of the ionization source design and its careful optimization to achieve significant sensitivity improvement.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Informations de copyright
© 2024 The Author(s). Mass Spectrometry Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Références
J. Abian, A. J. Oosterkamp, E. Gelpi, Comparison of conventional, narrow‐bore and capillary liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for electrospray ionization mass spectrometry: practical considerations, J. Mass Spectrom. 34 (1999) 244–254.
A.‐F. Aubry, LC–MS/MS bioanalytical challenge: ultra‐high sensitivity assays, Bioanalysis 3 (2011) 1819–1825. https://doi.org/10.4155/bio.11.166
E. Aydin, B. Drotleff, H. Noack, B. Derntl, M. Lämmerhofer, Fast accurate quantification of salivary cortisol and cortisone in a large‐scale clinical stress study by micro‐UHPLC‐ESI‐MS/MS using a surrogate calibrant approach, J. Chromatogr. B 1182 (2021) 122939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122939.
T. Baba, P. Ryumin, E. Duchoslav, K. Chen, A. Chelur, B. Loyd, I. Chernushevich, Dissociation of biomolecules by an intense low‐energy electron beam in a high sensitivity time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 32 (2021) 1964–1975. https://doi.org/10.1021/jasms.0c00425
U. Bahr, A. Pfenninger, M. Karas, B. Stahl, High‐sensitivity analysis of neutral underivatized oligosaccharides by nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry, Anal. Chem. 69 (1997) 4530–4535. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac970624w
S. Banerjee, Empowering clinical diagnostics with mass spectrometry, ACS Omega 5 (2020) 2041–2048. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b03764
J. Barricklow, J. Tweed, C.L. Holliman, R. Ramanathan, Evaluation of OptiFlowTM‐MS/MS for bioanalysis of pharmaceutical drugs and metabolites, Bioanalysis 12 (2020) 23–34. https://doi.org/10.4155/bio-2019-0250
M.S. Bello, R. Rezzonico, P.G. Righetti, Use of Taylor‐Aris dispersion for measurement of a solute diffusion coefficient in thin capillaries, Science 266 (1994) 773–776. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.266.5186.773
Y. Bian, C. Gao, B. Kuster, On the potential of micro‐flow LC‐MS/MS in proteomics, Expert Rev. Proteomics 19 (2022) 153–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789450.2022.2134780
Y. Bian, R. Zheng, F.P. Bayer, C. Wong, Y.‐C. Chang, C. Meng, D.P. Zolg, M. Reinecke, J. Zecha, S. Wiechmann, S. Heinzlmeir, J. Scherr, B. Hemmer, M. Baynham, A.‐C. Gingras, O. Boychenko, B. Kuster, Robust, reproducible and quantitative analysis of thousands of proteomes by micro‐flow LC–MS/MS, Nat. Commun. 11 (2020) 157. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13973-x
G. Bonvin, J. Schappler, S. Rudaz, Capillary electrophoresis–electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry interfaces: fundamental concepts and technical developments, J. Chromatogr. A 1267 (2012) 17–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.019
C.J. Broccardo, K.L. Schauer, W.M. Kohrt, R.S. Schwartz, J.P. Murphy, J.E. Prenni, Multiplexed analysis of steroid hormones in human serum using novel microflow tile technology and LC–MS/MS, J. Chromatogr. B 934 (2013) 16–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.031
K. Broeckhoven, K. Vanderlinden, D. Guillarme, G. Desmet, On‐tubing fluorescence measurements of the band broadening of contemporary injectors in ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr. A 1535 (2018) 44–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2017.12.032
N.B. Cech, C.G. Enke, Relating electrospray ionization response to nonpolar character of small peptides, Anal. Chem. 72 (2000) 2717–2723. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac9914869
N.B. Cech, C.G. Enke, Practical implications of some recent studies in electrospray ionization fundamentals, Mass Spectrom. Rev. 20 (2001) 362–387. https://doi.org/10.1002/mas.10008
Z. Chen, Y.W. Alelyunas, M.D. Wrona, J.R. Kehler, M.E. Szapacs, C.A. Evans, Microflow UPLC and high‐resolution MS as a sensitive and robust platform for quantitation of intact peptide hormones, Bioanalysis 11 (2019) 1275–1289. https://doi.org/10.4155/bio-2019-0081
A.J. Chetwynd, A. David, A review of nanoscale LC‐ESI for metabolomics and its potential to enhance the metabolome coverage, Talanta 182 (2018) 380–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2018.01.084
N.J. Clarke, Mass spectrometry in precision medicine: phenotypic measurements alongside pharmacogenomics, Clin. Chem. 62 (2016) 70–76. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2015.239475
G. Coppieters, K. Deventer, P. Van Eenoo, P. Judák, Combining direct urinary injection with automated filtration and nanoflow LC‐MS for the confirmatory analysis of doping‐relevant small peptide hormones, J. Chromatogr. B 1179 (2021) 122842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122842
N. Danne‐Rasche, C. Coman, R. Ahrends, Nano‐LC/NSI MS refines lipidomics by enhancing lipid coverage, measurement sensitivity, and linear dynamic range, Anal. Chem. 90 (2018) 8093–8101. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01275
A. David, A. Abdul‐Sada, A. Lange, C.R. Tyler, E.M. Hill, A new approach for plasma (xeno)metabolomics based on solid‐phase extraction and nanoflow liquid chromatography‐nanoelectrospray ionisation mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A 1365 (2014) 72–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2014.09.001
J. De Vos, K. Broeckhoven, S. Eeltink, Advances in ultrahigh‐pressure liquid chromatography technology and system design, Anal. Chem. 88 (2016) 262–278. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04381
S. Deridder, G. Desmet, K. Broeckhoven, Numerical investigation of band spreading generated by flow‐through needle and fixed loop sample injectors, J. Chromatogr. A 1552 (2018) 29–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2018.04.001
G. Desmet, S. Eeltink, Fundamentals for LC miniaturization, Anal. Chem. 85 (2013) 543–556. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac303317c
F. Detobel, S. De Bruyne, J. Vangelooven, W. De Malsche, T. Aerts, H. Terryn, H. Gardeniers, S. Eeltink, G. Desmet, Fabrication and chromatographic performance of porous‐shell pillar‐array columns, Anal. Chem. 82 (2010) 7208–7217. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac100971a
C.G. Enke, A predictive model for matrix and analyte effects in electrospray ionization of singly‐charged ionic analytes, Anal. Chem. 69 (1997) 4885–4893. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac970095w
P.W. Fedick, R.M. Bain, S. Miao, V. Pirro, R.G. Cooks, State‐of‐the‐art mass spectrometry for point‐of‐care and other applications: A hands‐on intensive short course for undergraduate students, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 417 (2017) 22–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijms.2017.04.008
V. Fitz, Y. El Abiead, D. Berger, G. Koellensperger, Systematic investigation of LC miniaturization to increase sensitivity in wide‐target LC‐MS‐based trace bioanalysis of small molecules, Front. Mol. Biosci. 9 (2022) 857505. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2022.857505
S. Geller, H. Lieberman, A. Kloss, A.R. Ivanov, A systematic approach to development of analytical scale and microflow‐based liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry metabolomics methods to support drug discovery and development, J. Chromatogr. A 2021 (1642) 462047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462047
S. Geller, H. Lieberman, A.J. Belanger, N.S. Yew, A. Kloss, A.R. Ivanov, Comparison of microflow and analytical flow liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry global metabolomics methods using a urea cycle disorder Mouse Model, J. Proteome Res. 21 (2022) 151–163. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00628.
H.G. Gika, G.A. Theodoridis, R.S. Plumb, I.D. Wilson, Current practice of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry in metabolomics and metabonomics, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 87 (2014) 12–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2013.06.032
M. Gilar, Y.‐Q. Yu, J. Ahn, J. Fournier, J.C. Gebler, Mixed‐mode chromatography for fractionation of peptides, phosphopeptides, and sialylated glycopeptides, J. Chromatogr. A 1191 (2008) 162–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.061
M.F.C. Girard, P. Knight, R. Giles, G. Hopfgartner, Effects of the LC mobile phase in vacuum differential mobility spectrometry‐mass spectrometry for the selective analysis of antidepressant drugs in human plasma, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 414 (2022) 7243–7252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-022-04276-0
A. Gomez, K. Tang, Charge and fission of droplets in electrostatic sprays, Phys. Fluids 6 (1994) 404–414. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.868037
V. González‐Ruiz, A.I. Olives, M.A. Martín, Core‐shell particles lead the way to renewing high‐performance liquid chromatography, Trends Anal. Chem. 64 (2015) 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2014.08.008
F. Gritti, M. F. Wahab, Understanding the science behind packing high‐efficiency columns and capillaries: facts, fundamentals, challenges, and future directions, LCGC North Am. 36 (2018) 82–98.
F. Gritti, T. McDonald, M. Gilar, Intrinsic advantages of packed capillaries over narrow‐bore columns in very high‐pressure gradient liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr. A 1451 (2016) 107–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.035
G.J. Guimaraes, M.G. Bartlett, Managing nonspecific adsorption to liquid chromatography hardware: a review, Anal. Chim. Acta 1250 (2023) 340994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2023.340994
E.‐M. Harrieder, F. Kretschmer, S. Böcker, M. Witting, Current state‐of‐the‐art of separation methods used in LC‐MS based metabolomics and lipidomics, J. Chromatogr.y B 1188 (2022) 123069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.123069
B. He, F. Regnier, Microfabricated liquid chromatography columns based on collocated monolith support structures, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 17 (1998) 925–932. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-7085(98)00060-0
B. He, X. Di, F. Guled, A.V.E. Harder, A.M.J.M. Van Den Maagdenberg, G.M. Terwindt, E.H.J. Krekels, I. Kohler, A. Harms, R. Ramautar, T. Hankemeier, Quantification of endocannabinoids in human cerebrospinal fluid using a novel micro‐flow liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry method, Anal. Chim. Acta 1210 (2022) 339888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2022.339888
M. Hilhorst, C. Briscoe, N. Van De Merbel, Sense and nonsense of miniaturized LC–MS/MS for bioanalysis, Bioanalysis 6 (2014) 3263–3265. https://doi.org/10.4155/bio.14.263
Y.M. Ibrahim, M.E. Belov, A.V. Liyu, R.D. Smith, Automated gain control ion funnel trap for orthogonal time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry, Anal. Chem. 80 (2008) 5367–5376. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac8003488
Y. Ishihama, Proteomic LC–MS systems using nanoscale liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A 1067 (2005) 73–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2004.10.107
N. Ishizuka, H. Minakuchi, K. Nakanishi, N. Soga, H. Nagayama, K. Hosoya, N. Tanaka, Performance of a monolithic silica column in a capillary under pressure‐driven and electrodriven conditions, Anal. Chem. 72 (2000) 1275–1280. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac990942q
C. Jacquet, G. Hopfgartner, Microflow liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (μLC–MS) workflow for O‐glycopeptides isomers analysis combining differential mobility spectrometry and collision induced and electron capture dissociation, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 33 (2022) 688–694. https://doi.org/10.1021/jasms.1c00381
H. Kafeenah, C.‐M. Kuo, T.‐Y. Chang, H.‐H. Jen, J.‐H. Yang, Y.‐S. Shen, C.‐H. Wu, S.‐H. Chen, Label‐free and de‐conjugation‐free workflow to simultaneously quantify trace amount of free/conjugated and protein‐bound estrogen metabolites in human serum, Anal. Chim. Acta 1232 (2022) 340457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2022.340457
K.W. Kahl, J.Z. Seither, L.J. Reidy, LC‐MS‐MS vs ELISA: validation of a comprehensive urine toxicology screen by LC‐MS‐MS and a comparison of 100 forensic specimens, J. Anal. Toxicol. 43 (2019) 734–745. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkz066
M. Karas, U. Bahr, T. Dülcks, Nano‐electrospray ionization mass spectrometry: addressing analytical problems beyond routine, Fresenius' J Anal Chem366 (2000) 669–676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002160051561
W. Kim, M. Guo, P. Yang, D. Wang, Microfabricated monolithic multinozzle emitters for nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry, Anal. Chem. 79 (2007) 3703–3707. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac070010j
L. Konermann, E. Ahadi, A.D. Rodriguez, S. Vahidi, Unraveling the mechanism of electrospray ionization, Anal. Chem. 85 (2013) 2–9. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac302789c
N.L. Kuehnbaum, P. Britz‐McKibbin, New advances in separation science for metabolomics: resolving chemical diversity in a post‐genomic era, Chem. Rev. 113 (2013) 2437–2468. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr300484s
S.C. Lam, E. Sanz Rodriguez, P.R. Haddad, B. Paull, Recent advances in open tubular capillary liquid chromatography, Analyst 144 (2019) 3464–3482. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9AN00329K
J. Lenčo, S. Jadeja, D.K. Naplekov, O.V. Krokhin, M.A. Khalikova, P. Chocholouš, J. Urban, K. Broeckhoven, L. Nováková, F. Švec, Reversed‐phase liquid chromatography of peptides for bottom‐up proteomics: a tutorial, J. Proteome Res. 21 (2022) 2846–2892. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00407
N. Li, T. Zhang, G. Chen, J. Xu, G. Ouyang, F. Zhu, Recent advances in sample preparation techniques for quantitative detection of pharmaceuticals in biological samples, Trends Anal. Chem. 142 (2021) 116318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2021.116318
T. Liang, P. Kebarle, Dependence of ion intensity in electrospray mass spectrometry on the concentration of the analytes in the electrosprayed solution, Anal. Chem. 65 (1993) 3654–3668. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00072a020
B.L. Ling, W. Baeyens, C. Dewaele, Comparative study of “on‐column focusing” applied to micro‐LC and conventional LC, J. Microcolumn Sep. 4 (1992) 17–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/mcs.1220040105
D. Liu, X. Han, X. Liu, M. Cheng, M. He, G. Rainer, H. Gao, X. Zhang, Measurement of ultra‐trace level of intact oxytocin in plasma using SALLE combined with nano‐LC–MS, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 173 (2019) 62–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2019.04.023
R. Liu, Q. Li, L.M. Smith, Detection of large ions in time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry: effects of ion mass and acceleration voltage on microchannel plate detector response, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 25 (2014) 1374–1383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13361-014-0903-2
A. Lubin, S. Sheng, D. Cabooter, P. Augustijns, F. Cuyckens, Flexible nano‐ and microliter injections on a single liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry system: minimizing sample preparation and maximizing linear dynamic range, J. Chromatogr. A 1524 (2017) 101–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2017.09.053
M. Majewsky, D. Castel, L. Le Dret, P. Johann, D.T. Jones, S.M. Pfister, W.E. Haefeli, J. Burhenne, Systematic identification of suspected anthelmintic benzimidazole metabolites using LC–MS/MS, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 151 (2018) 151–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2017.12.056
S.N. Majuta, A. DeBastiani, P. Li, S.J. Valentine, Combining field‐enabled capillary vibrating sharp‐edge spray ionization with microflow liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to enhance ‘omics analyses, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 32 (2021) 473–485. https://doi.org/10.1021/jasms.0c00376
P. Mao, H.‐T. Wang, P. Yang, D. Wang, Multinozzle emitter arrays for nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry, Anal. Chem. 83 (2011) 6082–6089. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac2011813
I. Marginean, R.T. Kelly, D.C. Prior, B.L. LaMarche, K. Tang, R.D. Smith, Analytical characterization of the electrospray ion source in the nanoflow regime, Anal. Chem. 80 (2008) 6573–6579. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac800683s
E.J. Maxwell, X. Zhong, D.D.Y. Chen, Asymmetrical emitter geometries for increased range of stable electrospray flow rates, Anal. Chem. 82 (2010) 8377–8381. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac1017953.
P.J. McClory, K. Håkansson, Corona discharge suppression in negative ion mode nanoelectrospray ionization via trifluoroethanol addition, Anal. Chem. 89 (2017) 10188–10193. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01225
K. Mejía‐Carmona, J. Soares Da Silva Burato, J.V.B. Borsatto, A.L. De Toffoli, F.M. Lanças, Miniaturization of liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, Trends Anal. Chem. 122 (2020) 115735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2019.115735
M.K. Midha, C. Kapil, M. Maes, D.H. Baxter, S.R. Morrone, T.J. Prokop, R.L. Moritz, Vacuum insulated probe heated electrospray ionization source enhances microflow rate chromatography signals in the Bruker timsTOF mass spectrometer, J. Proteome Res. 22 (2023) 2525–2537. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00305
H. Minakuchi, K. Nakanishi, N. Soga, N. Ishizuka, N. Tanaka, Octadecylsilylated porous silica rods as separation media for reversed‐phase liquid chromatography, Anal. Chem. 68 (1996) 3498–3501. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac960281m
D. Moravcová, P. Jandera, J. Urban, J. Planeta, Characterization of polymer monolithic stationary phases for capillary HPLC, J. Sep. Sci. 26 (2003) 1005–1016. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200301498
J.C. Nadal, F. Borrull, R.M. Marcé, N. Fontanals, Novel in‐house mixed‐mode ion‐exchange materials for sorptive phase extraction techniques, Adv. Sample Preparation 1 (2022) 100008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sampre.2022.100008
C.E.D. Nazario, M.R. Silva, M.S. Franco, F.M. Lanças, Evolution in miniaturized column liquid chromatography instrumentation and applications: an overview, J. Chromatogr. A 1421 (2015) 18–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.051
S.K. Neef, U. Hofmann, T.E. Mürdter, M. Schwab, M. Haag, Performance comparison of narrow‐bore and capillary liquid‐chromatography for non‐targeted metabolomics profiling by HILIC‐QTOF‐MS, Talanta 260 (2023) 124578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124578
E. Olesti, V. González‐Ruiz, M.F. Wilks, J. Boccard, S. Rudaz, Approaches in metabolomics for regulatory toxicology applications, Analyst 146 (2021) 1820–1834. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0AN02212H
C. Orlandi, C. Jacques, H. Duplan, L. Debrauwer, E.L. Jamin, Miniaturized two‐dimensional heart cutting for LC–MS‐based metabolomics, Anal. Chem. 95 (2023) 2822–2831. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04196
S. Perchepied, H. Ritchie, G. Desmet, S. Eeltink, Insights in column packing processes of narrow bore and capillary‐scale columns: Methodologies, driving forces, and separation performance—a tutorial review, Anal. Chim. Acta 1235 (2022) 340563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2022.340563
R. S. Plumb, G. J. Dear, D. Mallett, I. J. Fraser, J. Ayrton, C. Ioannou, The application of fast gradient capillary liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry to the analysis of pharmaceuticals in biofluids, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 13 (1999) 865–872.
H. Poppe, Some reflections on speed and efficiency of modern chromatographic methods, J. Chromatogr. A 778 (1997) 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00376-2
G.R.D. Prabhu, V.K. Ponnusamy, H.A. Witek, P.L. Urban, Sample flow rate scan in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry reveals alterations in protein charge state distribution, Anal. Chem. 92 (2020) 13042–13049. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01945
A. Premstaller, H. Oberacher, W. Walcher, A.M. Timperio, L. Zolla, J.‐P. Chervet, N. Cavusoglu, A. Van Dorsselaer, C.G. Huber, High‐performance liquid chromatography−electrospray ionization mass spectrometry using monolithic capillary columns for proteomic studies, Anal. Chem. 73 (2001) 2390–2396. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac010046q
A. Prüß, C. Kempter, J. Gysler, T. Jira, Extracolumn band broadening in capillary liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr. A 1016 (2003) 129–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(03)01290-1
B.R. Reschke, A.T. Timperman, A study of electrospray ionization emitters with differing geometries with respect to flow rate and electrospray voltage, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 22 (2011) 2115–2124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13361-011-0251-4
B. Rochat, P. Waridel, J. Barblan, P.‐E. Sottas, M. Quadroni, Robust and sensitive peptidomics workflow for plasma based on specific extraction, lipid removal, capillary LC setup and multinozzle ESI emitter, Talanta 223 (2021) 121617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121617
M. Rogeberg, H. Malerod, H. Roberg‐Larsen, C. Aass, S.R. Wilson, On‐line solid phase extraction–liquid chromatography, with emphasis on modern bioanalysis and miniaturized systems, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 87 (2014) 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2013.05.006
G. Rozing, Micropillar array columns for advancing nanoflow HPLC, Microchem. J. 170 (2021) 106629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2021.106629
Y. Saito, K. Jinno, T. Greibrokk, Capillary columns in liquid chromatography: between conventional columns and microchips, J. Sep. Sci. 27 (2004) 1379–1390. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200401902
B.B. Schneider, H. Javaheri, L. Bedford, T.R. Covey, Sampling efficiency improvement to an electrospray ionization mass spectrometer and its implications for liquid chromatography based inlet systems in the nanoliter to milliliter per minute flow range, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 32 (2021) 1441–1447. https://doi.org/10.1021/jasms.1c00053
S. Seidi, M. Tajik, M. Baharfar, M. Rezazadeh, Micro solid‐phase extraction (pipette tip and spin column) and thin film solid‐phase microextraction: miniaturized concepts for chromatographic analysis, Trends Anal. Chem. 118 (2019) 810–827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2019.06.036
J. Šesták, D. Moravcová, V. Kahle, Instrument platforms for nano liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr. A 1421 (2015) 2–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.090
Y. Shen, T.A. Van Beek, H. Zuilhof, B. Chen, Hyphenation of optimized microfluidic sample preparation with nano liquid chromatography for faster and greener alkaloid analysis, Anal. Chim. Acta 797 (2013) 50–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2013.08.034
M. Shipkova, D. Svinarov, LC–MS/MS as a tool for TDM services: where are we?, Clin. Biochem. 49 (2016) 1009–1023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.05.001
S. Souverain, S. Rudaz, J. Veuthey, Matrix effect in LC‐ESI‐MS and LC‐APCI‐MS with off‐line and on‐line extraction procedures, J. Chromatogr. A 1058 (2004) 61–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(04)01477-3
D. Spaggiari, S. Fekete, P.J. Eugster, J.‐L. Veuthey, L. Geiser, S. Rudaz, D. Guillarme, Contribution of various types of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry instruments to band broadening in fast analysis, J. Chromatogr. A 1310 (2013) 45–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.001
T. Strmeň, V. Vrkoslav, O. Pačes, J. Cvačka, Evaluation of an ion source with a tubular nebulizer for microflow atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, Monatsh Chem. 149 (2018) 987–994. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00706-018-2172-4
F. Svec, Monolithic columns: a historical overview, Electrophoresis 38 (2017) 2810–2820. https://doi.org/10.1002/elps.201700181
F. Svec, Y. Lv, Advances and recent trends in the field of monolithic columns for chromatography, Anal. Chem. 87 (2015) 250–273. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac504059c
J.E.P. Syka, J.A. Marto, D.L. Bai, S. Horning, M.W. Senko, J.C. Schwartz, B. Ueberheide, B. Garcia, S. Busby, T. Muratore, J. Shabanowitz, D.F. Hunt, Novel linear quadrupole ion trap/FT mass spectrometer: performance characterization and use in the comparative analysis of histone h3 post‐translational modifications, J. Proteome Res. 3 (2004) 621–626. https://doi.org/10.1021/pr0499794
N. Tanaka, D.V. McCalley, Core–shell, ultrasmall particles, monoliths, and other support materials in high‐performance liquid chromatography, Anal. Chem. 88 (2016) 279–298. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04093
D. Thomas, M. Eberle, S. Schiffmann, D.D. Zhang, G. Geisslinger, N. Ferreirós, Nano‐LC–MS/MS for the quantitation of ceramides in mice cerebrospinal fluid using minimal sample volume, Talanta 116 (2013) 912–918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2013.07.057
S. Thurmann, C. Lotter, J.J. Heiland, B. Chankvetadze, D. Belder, Chip‐based high‐performance liquid chromatography for high‐speed enantioseparations, Anal. Chem. 87 (2015) 5568–5576. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00210
K.K. Unger, R. Skudas, M.M. Schulte, Particle packed columns and monolithic columns in high‐performance liquid chromatography‐comparison and critical appraisal, J. Chromatogr. A 1184 (2008) 393–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.118
J. Urban, P. Jandera, Polymethacrylate monolithic columns for capillary liquid chromatography, J. Sep. Sci. 31 (2008) 2521–2540. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200800182
W.D. Van Dongen, W.M. Niessen, LC–MS systems for quantitative bioanalysis, Bioanalysis 4 (2012) 2391–2399. https://doi.org/10.4155/bio.12.221
K. Vanderlinden, K. Broeckhoven, Y. Vanderheyden, G. Desmet, Effect of pre‐ and post‐column band broadening on the performance of high‐speed chromatography columns under isocratic and gradient conditions, J. Chromatogr. A 1442 (2016) 73–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2016.03.016
B. Vankeerberghen, J. Op De Beeck, G. Desmet, On‐chip comparison of the performance of first‐ and second‐generation micropillar array columns, Anal. Chem. 95 (2023) 13822–13828. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01829
J.P.C. Vissers, H.A. Claessens, C.A. Cramers, Microcolumn liquid chromatography: instrumentation, detection and applications, J. Chromatogr. A 779 (1997) 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00422-6.
J.P.C. Vissers, A.H. De Ru, M. Ursem, J.‐P. Chervet, Optimised injection techniques for micro and capillary liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr. A 746 (1996) 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(96)00322-6
E.J. Want, P. Masson, F. Michopoulos, I.D. Wilson, G. Theodoridis, R.S. Plumb, J. Shockcor, N. Loftus, E. Holmes, J.K. Nicholson, Global metabolic profiling of animal and human tissues via UPLC‐MS, Nat. Protoc. 8 (2013) 17–32. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2012.135
T. Werres, T.C. Schmidt, T. Teutenberg, The influence of injection volume on efficiency of microbore liquid chromatography columns for gradient and isocratic elution, J. Chromatogr. A 2021 (1641) 461965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461965
A. Westman, G. Brinkmalm, D.F. Barofsky, MALDI induced saturation effects in chevron microchannel plate detectors, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes 1169–170 (1997) 79–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1176(97)00205-X
J. Xiao, J. Shi, R. Li, L. Her, X. Wang, J. Li, M.J. Sorensen, V. Bhatt‐Mehta, H.‐J. Zhu, Developing a SWATH capillary LC‐MS/MS method for simultaneous therapeutic drug monitoring and untargeted metabolomics analysis of neonatal plasma, J. Chromatogr. B 1179 (2021) 122865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122865
H. Yin, K. Killeen, The fundamental aspects and applications of Agilent HPLC‐Chip, J. Sep. Sci. 30 (2007) 1427–1434. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200600454
E.M. Yuill, N. Sa, S.J. Ray, G.M. Hieftje, L.A. Baker, Electrospray ionization from nanopipette emitters with tip diameters of less than 100 nm, Anal. Chem. 85 (2013) 8498–8502. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac402214g
A. Zardini Buzatto, B.K. Kwon, L. Li, Development of a NanoLC‐MS workflow for high‐sensitivity global lipidomic analysis, Anal. Chim. Acta 1139 (2020) 88–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2020.09.001