Comorbid ADHD and Pediatric Sickle Cell Disease: Prevalence and Risk Factors.
ADHD
Neurodevelopmental outcomes
Sickle cell disease
Social–environmental factors
Systemic inflammation
Journal
Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings
ISSN: 1573-3572
Titre abrégé: J Clin Psychol Med Settings
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 9435680
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
09 Jul 2024
09 Jul 2024
Historique:
accepted:
02
06
2024
medline:
10
7
2024
pubmed:
10
7
2024
entrez:
9
7
2024
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic blood condition that places youth at increased risk for deficits in complex attention suggestive of increased risk for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). We used systematic screening to assess the prevalence of ADHD in a clinic-based sample of youth with SCD and explored factors related to ADHD. Caregivers of 107 children with SCD (ages 7-11 years) completed routine psychosocial screening which included inattentive symptoms of ADHD. Follow-up diagnostic procedures were completed for patients with elevated inattentive symptoms to assess for ADHD diagnoses. Biomedical and social-environmental variables were examined from the screening and medical records. Twenty-six percent of patients showed elevated inattentive symptoms with 13% meeting diagnostic criteria for ADHD diagnoses. Most children (75%) who met criteria for ADHD had not been previously diagnosed. Disease severity did not predict inattentive symptoms or ADHD diagnoses, though a measure of chronic inflammation was associated with ADHD. Family functioning was related to elevated inattentive symptoms but not ADHD diagnoses. Children with SCD show relatively high rates of ADHD with many cases not detected through routine care. Screening for ADHD as part of hematology care may be a feasible strategy to improve identification and access to intervention.
Identifiants
pubmed: 38982025
doi: 10.1007/s10880-024-10027-3
pii: 10.1007/s10880-024-10027-3
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Subventions
Organisme : NIGMS NIH HHS
ID : T32- GM081740
Pays : United States
Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Références
Acquazzino, M. A., Miller, M., Myrvik, M., Newby, R., & Scott, J. P. (2017). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children with sickle cell disease referred for an evaluation. Journal of Pediatric Hematology/oncology, 39, 350–354. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPH.0000000000000847
doi: 10.1097/MPH.0000000000000847
pubmed: 28538513
Ahsen, A., Ulu, M. S., Yuksel, S., Demir, K., Uysal, M., Erdogan, M., & Acarturk, G. (2013). As a new inflammatory marker for familial Mediterranean fever: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. Inflammation, 36, 1357–1362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-013-9675-2
doi: 10.1007/s10753-013-9675-2
pubmed: 23794006
American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.) https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Andreotti, C., King, A. A., Macy, E., Compas, B. E., & DeBaun, M. R. (2015). The association of cytokine levels with cognitive function in children with sickle cell disease and normal MRI studies of the brain. Journal of Child Neurology, 30, 1349–1353.
doi: 10.1177/0883073814563140
pubmed: 25512362
Baldeweg, T., Hogan, A. M., Saunders, D. E., Telfer, P., Gadian, D. G., Vargha-Khadem, F., & Kirkham, F. J. (2006). Detecting white matter injury in sickle cell disease using voxel-based morphometry. Annals of Neurology, 59, 662–672. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.20790
doi: 10.1002/ana.20790
pubmed: 16450382
Benton, T. D., Boyd, R., Ifeagwu, J., Feldtmose, E., & Smith-Whitley, K. (2011). Psychiatric diagnosis in adolescents with sickle cell disease: A preliminary report. Current Psychiatry Reports, 13, 111–115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-011-0177-3
doi: 10.1007/s11920-011-0177-3
pubmed: 21312010
Berkelhammer, L. D., Williamson, A. L., Sanford, S. D., Dirksen, C. L., Sharp, W. G., Margulies, A. S., & Prengler, R. A. (2007). Neurocognitive sequelae of pediatric sickle cell disease: A review of the literature. Child Neuropsychology, 13, 120–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297040600800956
doi: 10.1080/09297040600800956
pubmed: 17364569
Bills, S. E., Schatz, J., Hardy, S. J., & Reinman, L. (2020). Social-environmental factors and cognitive and behavioral functioning in pediatric sickle cell disease. Child Neuropsychology, 26, 83–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2019.1577371
doi: 10.1080/09297049.2019.1577371
pubmed: 30789071
Bloom, B., Cohen, R. A., & Freeman, G. (2010). Summary health statistics for US children: National Health Interview Survey, 2009. Vital and Health Statistics. Series 10, Data from the National Health Survey, 247, 1–82.
Boulet, S. L., Yanni, E. A., Creary, M. S., & Olney, R. S. (2010). Health status and healthcare use in a national sample of children with sickle cell disease. Blood Disorders in Public Health, 38, S528–S535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2010.01.003
doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2010.01.003
Brites, C., Salgado-Azoni, C. A., Ferreira, T. L., Lima, R. F., & Ciasca, S. M. (2015). Development and applications of the SWAN rating scale for assessment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A literature review. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 48, 965–972. https://doi.org/10.1590/1414-431x20154528
doi: 10.1590/1414-431x20154528
pubmed: 26313140
pmcid: 4671522
Celikbilek, M., Dogan, S., Ozbakır, O., Zararsız, G., Kücük, H., Gürsoy, S., Yurci, A., Güven, K., & Yücesoy, M. (2013). Neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio as a predictor of disease severity in ulcerative colitis. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis, 27, 72–76.
doi: 10.1002/jcla.21564
pubmed: 23292894
pmcid: 6807407
Chai, Y., Bush, A. M., Coloigner, J., Nederveen, A. J., Tamrazi, B., Vu, C., Choi, S., Coates, T. D., Lepore, N., & Wood, J. C. (2019). White matter has impaired resting oxygen delivery in sickle cell patients. American Journal of Hematology, 94, 467–474.
doi: 10.1002/ajh.25423
pubmed: 30697803
pmcid: 6874897
Choi, S., Bush, A. M., Borzage, M. T., Joshi, A. A., Mack, W. J., Coates, T. D., Leahy, R. M., & Wood, J. C. (2017). Hemoglobin and mean platelet volume predicts diffuse T1-MRI white matter volume decrease in sickle cell disease patients. NeuroImage: Clinical, 15, 239–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2017.04.023
doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.04.023
pubmed: 28540180
Cohen J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. New York, NY: Routledge Academic
Danielson, M. L., Holbrook, J. R., Bitsko, R. H., Newsome, K., Charania, S. N., McCord, R. F., Kogan, M. D., & Blumberg, S. J. (2022). State-level estimates of the prevalence of parent-reported ADHD diagnosis and treatment among US children and adolescents, 2016 to 2019. Journal of Attention Disorders, 26, 1685–1697. https://doi.org/10.1177/10870547221099961
doi: 10.1177/10870547221099961
pubmed: 35603751
pmcid: 9489617
Fairman, K. A., Peckham, A. M., & Sclar, D. A. (2020). Diagnosis and treatment of ADHD in the United States: Update by gender and race. Journal of Attention Disorders, 24, 10–19.
doi: 10.1177/1087054716688534
pubmed: 28152660
Flanagan, B. E., Hallisey, E. J., Adams, E., & Lavery, A. (2018). Measuring community vulnerability to natural and anthropogenic hazards: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Social Vulnerability Index. Journal of Environmental Health, 80, 34.
pubmed: 32327766
pmcid: 7179070
Haack, L. M., Villodas, M., McBurnett, K., Hinshaw, S., & Pfiffner, L. J. (2017). Parenting as a mechanism of change in psychosocial treatment for youth with ADHD, predominantly inattentive presentation. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 45, 841–855.
doi: 10.1007/s10802-016-0199-8
pubmed: 27628742
pmcid: 5352559
Hardy, K. K., Willard, V. W., Gioia, A., Sharkey, C., & Walsh, K. S. (2018). Attention-mediated neurocognitive profiles in survivors of pediatric brain tumors: Comparison to children with neurodevelopmental ADHD. Neuro-Oncology, 20, 705–715. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/nox174
doi: 10.1093/neuonc/nox174
pubmed: 29016979
Hassell, K. L. (2010). Population estimates of sickle cell disease in the US. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 38, S512–S521.
doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.12.022
pubmed: 20331952
Health Leads. (2018). Social Needs Screening Toolkit. https://healthleadsusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Screening_Toolkit_2018.pdf
Henriot, I., Launay, E., Boubaya, M., Cremet, L., Illiaquer, M., Caillon, H., Desjonquères, A., Gillet, B., Béné, M. C., & Eveillard, M. (2017). New parameters on the hematology analyzer XN-10 (Sysmex TM) allow to distinguish childhood bacterial and viral infections. International Journal of Laboratory Hematology, 39, 14–20.
doi: 10.1111/ijlh.12562
pubmed: 27572612
Hijmans, C. T., Fijnvandraat, K., Grootenhuis, M. A., van Geloven, N., Heijboer, H., Peters, M., & Oosterlaan, J. (2010). Neurocognitive deficits in children with sickle cell disease: A comprehensive profile. Pediatric Blood & Cancer, 56, 783–788. https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.22879
doi: 10.1002/pbc.22879
Hinshaw, S. P. (2007). Moderators and mediators of treatment outcome for youth with ADHD: Understanding for whom and how interventions work. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32, 664–675.
doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsl055
pubmed: 17264086
Hood, A. M., Reife, I., King, A. A., & White, D. A. (2020). Brief screening measures identify risk for psychological difficulties among children with sickle cell disease. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 27, 651–661.
doi: 10.1007/s10880-019-09654-y
pubmed: 31463865
pmcid: 7047601
Iampietro, M., Giovannetti, T., & Tarazi, R. (2014). Hypoxia and inflammation in children with sickle cell disease: Implications for hippocampal functioning and episodic memory. Neuropsychology Review, 24, 252–265.
doi: 10.1007/s11065-014-9259-4
pubmed: 24744195
Jameson, N. D., Sheppard, B. K., Lateef, T. M., Vande Voort, J. L., He, J.-P., & Merikangas, K. R. (2016). Medical comorbidity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in US adolescents. Journal of Child Neurology, 31, 1282–1289. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073816653782
doi: 10.1177/0883073816653782
pubmed: 27334310
Jerrell, J. M., Tripathi, A., & McIntyre, R. S. (2011). Prevalence and treatment of depression in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease: A retrospective cohort study. The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders, 13, PCC.10m01063. https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.10m01063
doi: 10.4088/PCC.10m01063
pubmed: 21977359
pmcid: 3184596
Kaiser, N. M., McBurnett, K., & Pfiffner, L. J. (2011). Child ADHD severity and positive and negative parenting as predictors of child social functioning: Evaluation of three theoretical models. Journal of Attention Disorders, 15, 193–203. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054709356171
doi: 10.1177/1087054709356171
pubmed: 20424006
Kassim, A. A., Pruthi, S., Day, M., Rodeghier, M., Gindville, M. C., Brodsky, M. A., DeBaun, M. R., & Jordan, L. C. (2016). Silent cerebral infarcts and cerebral aneurysms are prevalent in adults with sickle cell anemia. Blood, the Journal of the American Society of Hematology, 127, 2038–2040.
Kawadler, J. M., Clayden, J. D., Kirkham, F. J., Cox, T. C., Saunders, D. E., & Clark, C. A. (2013). Subcortical and cerebellar volumetric deficits in paediatric sickle cell anaemia. British Journal of Haematology, 163, 373–376. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.12496
doi: 10.1111/bjh.12496
pubmed: 23889205
King, A. A., Strouse, J. J., Rodeghier, M. J., Compas, B. E., Casella, J. F., McKinstry, R. C., Noetzel, M. J., Quinn, C. T., Ichord, R., & Dowling, M. M. (2014). Parent education and biologic factors influence on cognition in sickle cell anemia. American Journal of Hematology, 89(2), 162–167. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.23604
doi: 10.1002/ajh.23604
pubmed: 24123128
pmcid: 4310566
Kosidło, J. W., Wolszczak-Biedrzycka, B., Matowicka-Karna, J., Dymicka-Piekarska, V., & Dorf, J. (2023). Clinical significance and diagnostic utility of NLR, LMR, PLR and SII in the course of COVID-19: A literature review. Journal of Inflammation Research, 16, 539–562. https://doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S395331
doi: 10.2147/JIR.S395331
pubmed: 36818192
pmcid: 9930576
Lance, E. I., Cannon, A. D., Shapiro, B. K., Lee, L. C., Johnston, M. V., & Casella, J. F. (2021). Co-occurrence of neurodevelopmental disorders in pediatric sickle cell disease. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 42, 463–471. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000000914
doi: 10.1097/DBP.0000000000000914
pubmed: 34397573
pmcid: 8369039
Lance, E. I., Comi, A. M., Johnston, M. V., Casella, J. F., & Shapiro, B. K. (2015). Risk factors for attention and behavioral issues in pediatric sickle cell disease. Clinical Pediatrics, 54, 1087–1093. https://doi.org/10.1177/0009922815594356
doi: 10.1177/0009922815594356
pubmed: 26149844
pmcid: 4970427
Lange, G., Sheerin, D., Carr, A., Dooley, B., Barton, V., Marshall, D., Mulligan, A., Lawlor, M., Belton, M., & Doyle, M. (2005). Family factors associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and emotional disorders in children. Journal of Family Therapy, 27, 76–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6427.2005.00300.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6427.2005.00300.x
Leffa, D. T., Caye, A., Santos, I., Matijasevich, A., Menezes, A., Wehrmeister, F. C., Oliveira, I., Vitola, E., Bau, C. H. D., Grevet, E. H., Tovo-Rodrigues, L., & Rohde, L. A. (2021). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder has a state-dependent association with asthma: The role of systemic inflammation in a population-based birth cohort followed from childhood to adulthood. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 97, 239–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2021.08.004
doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.08.004
pubmed: 34371132
Leffa, D. T., Torres, I. L., & Rohde, L. A. (2019). A review on the role of inflammation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. NeuroImmunoModulation, 25, 328–333. https://doi.org/10.1159/000489635
doi: 10.1159/000489635
Levin, H., Hanten, G., Max, J., Li, X., Swank, P., Ewing-Cobbs, L., Dennis, M., Menefee, D. S., & Schachar, R. (2007). Symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder following traumatic brain injury in children. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 28, 108–118. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.DBP.0000267559.26576.cd
doi: 10.1097/01.DBP.0000267559.26576.cd
Macey, M., Hagi-Pavli, E., Stewart, J., Wallace, G. R., Stanford, M., Shirlaw, P., & Fortune, F. (2011). Age, gender and disease-related platelet and neutrophil activation ex vivo in whole blood samples from patients with Behcet’s disease. Rheumatology, 50, 1849–1859. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/ker177
doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/ker177
pubmed: 21719422
Mansfield, A. K., Keitner, G. I., & Sheeran, T. (2019). The brief assessment of family functioning scale (BAFFS): A three-item version of the general functioning scale of the family assessment device. Psychotherapy Research, 29, 824–831. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2017.1422213
doi: 10.1080/10503307.2017.1422213
pubmed: 29351729
Max, J. E., Lansing, A. E., Koele, S. L., Castillo, C. S., Bokura, H., Schachar, R., Collings, N., & Williams, K. E. (2004). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents following traumatic brain injury. Developmental Neuropsychology, 25, 159–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565641.2004.9651926
doi: 10.1080/87565641.2004.9651926
pubmed: 14984333
Merikangas, K. R., He, J. P., Burstein, M., Swanson, S. A., Avenevoli, S., Cui, L., Benjet, C., Georgiades, K., & Swendsen, J. (2010). Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in US adolescents: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication-Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 980–989.
doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017
Nicholls, E., Hildenbrand, A. K., Aggarwal, R., McCarthy, L., & Daly, B. (2012). The use of stimulant medication to treat neurocognitive deficits in patients with pediatric cancer, traumatic brain injury, and sickle cell disease: A review. Postgraduate Medicine, 124, 78–90. https://doi.org/10.3810/pgm.2012.09.2596
doi: 10.3810/pgm.2012.09.2596
pubmed: 23095428
Pegelow, C. H., Macklin, E. A., Moser, F. G., Wang, W. C., Bello, J. A., Miller, S. T., Vichinsky, E. P., DeBaun, M. R., Guarini, L., & Zimmerman, R. A. (2002). Longitudinal changes in brain magnetic resonance imaging findings in children with sickle cell disease. Blood, the Journal of the American Society of Hematology, 99, 3014–3018. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.V99.8.3014
doi: 10.1182/blood.V99.8.3014
Prussien, K. V., Jordan, L. C., DeBaun, M. R., & Compas, B. E. (2019). Cognitive function in sickle cell disease across domains, cerebral infarct status, and the lifespan: A meta-analysis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 44, 948–958. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsz031
doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsz031
pubmed: 31050352
pmcid: 6706005
Prussien, K. V., Siciliano, R. E., Ciriegio, A. E., Anderson, A. S., Sathanayagam, R., DeBaun, M. R., Jordan, L. C., & Compas, B. E. (2020). Correlates of cognitive function in sickle cell disease: A meta-analysis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 45(2), 145–155. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsz100
doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsz100
pubmed: 31968106
pmcid: 7029698
Ramtekkar, U. P., Reiersen, A. M., Todorov, A. A., & Todd, R. D. (2010). Sex and age differences in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and diagnoses: Implications for DSM-V and ICD-11. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 217–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2009.11.011
doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2009.11.011
pubmed: 20410711
pmcid: 3101894
Russell, A. E., Ford, T., Williams, R., & Russell, G. (2016). The association between socioeconomic disadvantage and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a systematic review. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 47, 440–458.
doi: 10.1007/s10578-015-0578-3
Schatz, J., & McClellan, C. B. (2006). Sickle cell disease as a neurodevelopmental disorder. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 12, 200–207. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrdd.20115
doi: 10.1002/mrdd.20115
pubmed: 17061284
Schlenz, A. M., & Schatz, J. (2023). Implementation of two developmental screening programs in sickle cell disease specialty care. Clinical Practice in Pediatric Psychology, 11, 157–167. https://doi.org/10.1037/cpp0000458
doi: 10.1037/cpp0000458
pubmed: 37456989
Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, K. H., Amorim, P., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., Hergueta, T., Baker, R., & Dunbar, G. C. (1998). The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59, 22–33.
pubmed: 9881538
Steen, R. G., Emudianughe, T., Hunte, M., Glass, J., Wu, S., Xiong, X., & Reddick, W. E. (2005). Brain volume in pediatric patients with sickle cell disease: Evidence of volumetric growth delay? American Journal of Neuroradiology, 26, 455–462.
pubmed: 15760849
pmcid: 7976457
Swanson, J. M., Schuck, S., Porter, M. M., Carlson, C., Hartman, C. A., Sergeant, J. A., Clevenger, W., Wasdell, M., McCleary, R., Lakes, K., & Wigal, T. (2012). Categorical and dimensional definitions and evaluations of symptoms of ADHD: History of the SNAP and the SWAN rating scales. The International Journal of Educational and Psychological Assessment, 10, 51.
pubmed: 26504617
pmcid: 4618695
Verduzco, L. A., & Nathan, D. G. (2009). Sickle cell disease and stroke. Blood, 114, 5117–5125. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2009-05-220921
doi: 10.1182/blood-2009-05-220921
pubmed: 19797523
Walzik, D., Joisten, N., Zacher, J., & Zimmer, P. (2021). Transferring clinically established immune inflammation markers into exercise physiology: Focus on neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio and systemic immune-inflammation index. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 121, 1803–1814.
doi: 10.1007/s00421-021-04668-7
pubmed: 33787989
pmcid: 8192383
Weitzman, C., & Wegner, L. (2015). Promoting optimal development: Screening for behavioral and emotional problems. Pediatrics, 135, 384–395. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-3716
doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-3716
pubmed: 25624375
Wexler, D., Salgado, R., Gornik, A., Peterson, R., & Pritchard, A. (2022). What’s race got to do with it? Informant rating discrepancies in neuropsychological evaluations for children with ADHD. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 36, 264–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2021.1944671
doi: 10.1080/13854046.2021.1944671
pubmed: 34238112
Willcutt, E. G. (2012). The prevalence of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review. Neurotherapeutics, 9, 490–499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-012-0135-8
doi: 10.1007/s13311-012-0135-8
pubmed: 22976615
pmcid: 3441936
Wilms Floet, A. M., Scheiner, C., & Grossman, L. (2010). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics in Review, 31, 56. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.31-2-56
doi: 10.1542/pir.31-2-56
Yarboi, J., Compas, B. E., Brody, G. H., White, D., Rees Patterson, J., Ziara, K., & King, A. (2017). Association of social-environmental factors with cognitive function in children with sickle cell disease. Child Neuropsychology, 23(3), 343–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2015.1111318
doi: 10.1080/09297049.2015.1111318
pubmed: 26568287
Young, D. J., Levy, F., Martin, N. C., & Hay, D. A. (2009). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A rasch analysis of the SWAN rating scale. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 40, 543–559. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-009-0143-z
doi: 10.1007/s10578-009-0143-z
pubmed: 19455417