Melanometry for objective evaluation of skin pigmentation in pulse oximetry studies.

Bickler, P. E., Feiner, J. R. & Severinghaus, J. W. Effects of skin pigmentation on pulse oximeter accuracy at low saturation. Anesthesiology 102, 715–719 (2005).

pubmed: 15791098 doi: 10.1097/00000542-200504000-00004

Feiner, J. R., Severinghaus, J. W. & Bickler, P. E. Dark skin decreases the accuracy of pulse oximeters at low oxygen saturation: the effects of oximeter probe type and gender. Anesthesia and analgesia 105, S18–S23 (2007).

pubmed: 18048893 doi: 10.1213/01.ane.0000285988.35174.d9

Sjoding, M. W., Dickson, R. P., Iwashyna, T. J., Gay, S. E. & Valley, T. S. Racial bias in pulse oximetry measurement (letter). N. Engl. J. Med. 383, 2477–2478 (2020).

pubmed: 33326721 pmcid: 7808260 doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2029240

Valbuena, V. S. M. et al. Racial bias in pulse oximetry measurement among patients about to undergo extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in 2019-2020: A retrospective cohort study. Chest 161, 971–978 (2022).

pubmed: 34592317 doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2021.09.025

Fawzy, A. et al. Racial and ethnic discrepancy in pulse oximetry and delayed identification of treatment eligibility among patients with COVID-19. JAMA Intern. Med. 182, 730–738 (2022).

pubmed: 35639368 pmcid: 9257583 doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.1906

FDA, Pulse oximeter accuracy and limitations: FDA safety communication. Published 2021 Feb 19, (2021).

FDA, Anesthesiology and respiratory therapy devices panel of the medical devices advisory committee meeting, (2022).

Keller, M. D., Harrison-Smith, B., Patil, C. & Arefin, M. S. Skin colour affects the accuracy of medical oxygen sensors. Nature 610, 49–451 (2022).

Fullerton, A. et al. Guidelines for measurement of skin colour and erythema. A report from the Standardization Group of the European Society of Contact Dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 35, 1–10 (1996).

pubmed: 8896947 doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1996.tb02258.x

Kanellis, V. G. A review of melanin sensor devices. Biophys. Rev. 11, 843–849 (2019).

pubmed: 31396804 pmcid: 6874939 doi: 10.1007/s12551-019-00581-8

Ly, B. C. K., Dyer, E. B., Feig, J. L., Chien, A. L. & Del Bino, S. Research techniques made simple: cutaneous colorimetry: A reliable technique for objective skin color measurement. J. Invest. Dermatol 140, 3–12.e11 (2020).

pubmed: 31864431 doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.11.003

Stamatas, G. N., Zmudzka, B. Z., Kollias, N. & Beer, J. Z. Non-invasive measurements of skin pigmentation in situ. Pigment Cell. Res. 17, 618–626 (2004).

pubmed: 15541019 doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.2004.00204.x

Langeveld, M., van de Lande, L. S., O’Sullivan, E., van der Lei, B. & van Dongen, J. A. Skin measurement devices to assess skin quality: A systematic review on reliability and validity. Skin Res. Technol. 28, 212–224 (2022).

pubmed: 34751474 doi: 10.1111/srt.13113

Lee, K. C., Dretzke, J., Grover, L., Logan, A. & Moiemen, N. A systematic review of objective burn scar measurements. Burns Trauma 4, 14 (2016).

pubmed: 27574684 pmcid: 4964074 doi: 10.1186/s41038-016-0036-x

M. Jaspers, and P. Moortgat, Objective assessment tools: Physical parameters in scar assessment, in Textbook on Scar Management(Springer, 2020), pp. 149-158.

Jacques, S. L. Optical properties of biological tissues: A review. Phys. Med. Biol. 58, R37–R61 (2013).

pubmed: 23666068 doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/58/11/R37

Jacques, S. L. Quick analysis optical spectra to quantify epidermal melanin and papillary dermal blood content of skin. J. Biophotonics 8, 309–316 (2015).

pubmed: 25491716 doi: 10.1002/jbio.201400103

Lister, T., Wright, P. A. & Chappell, P. H. Optical properties of human skin. J. Biomed. Opt 17, 090901 (2012).

doi: 10.1117/1.JBO.17.9.090901

Bickler, P. E., Feiner, J. R. & Rollins, M. D. Factors affecting the performance of 5 cerebral oximeters during hypoxia in healthy volunteers. Anesthesia Analgesia 117, 813–823 (2013).

pubmed: 24023027 doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e318297d763

Sun, X. et al. Skin pigmentation interferes with the clinical measurement of regional cerebral oxygen saturation. Br. J. Anaesth. 114, 276–280 (2015).

pubmed: 25348729 doi: 10.1093/bja/aeu335

Afshari, A. et al. Evaluation of the robustness of cerebral oximetry to variations in skin pigmentation using a tissue-simulating phantom. Biomed. Opt. Expr. 13, 2909–2928 (2022).

doi: 10.1364/BOE.454020

Ebmeier, S. et al. A two centre observational study of simultaneous pulse oximetry and arterial oxygen saturation recordings in intensive care unit patients. Anaesth. Intensive Care 46, 297–303 (2018).

pubmed: 29716488 doi: 10.1177/0310057X1804600307

Harskamp, R. E. et al. Performance of popular pulse oximeters compared with simultaneous arterial oxygen saturation or clinical-grade pulse oximetry: a cross-sectional validation study in intensive care patients. BMJ Open Respir. Res. 8, e000939 (2021).

pubmed: 34489238 doi: 10.1136/bmjresp-2021-000939

Pilcher, J. et al. A multicentre prospective observational study comparing arterial blood gas values to those obtained by pulse oximeters used in adult patients attending Australian and New Zealand hospitals. BMC Pulm. Med. 20, 1–9 (2020).

doi: 10.1186/s12890-019-1007-3

Ploen, L., Pilcher, J., Beckert, L., Swanney, M. & Beasley, R. An investigation into the bias of pulse oximeters. Respirology 21, 6–6 (2016).

Chan, M. et al. Enabling continuous wearable reflectance pulse oximetry at the sternum. Biosensors 11, 521 (2021).

pubmed: 34940278 pmcid: 8699050 doi: 10.3390/bios11120521

Adler, J. N., Hughes, L. A., Vivilecchia, R. & Camargo, C. A. Jr Effect of skin pigmentation on pulse oximetry accuracy in the emergency department. Acad. Emerg. Med. 5, 965–970 (1998).

pubmed: 9862586 doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.1998.tb02772.x

Foglia, E. et al. Accuracy and precision of pulse oximetry in hypoxemic infants. Eur. J. Pediatr 175, 1584–1585 (2016).

Ries, A. L., Prewitt, L. M. & Johnson, J. J. Skin color and ear oximetry. Chest 96, 287–290 (1989).

pubmed: 2752811 doi: 10.1378/chest.96.2.287

Foglia, E. E. et al. The effect of skin pigmentation on the accuracy of pulse oximetry in infants with hypoxemia. J. Pediatr. 182, 375–377.e372 (2017).

pubmed: 27939107 doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.11.043

Harris, B. U. et al. Accuracy of a portable pulse oximeter in monitoring hypoxemic infants with cyanotic heart disease. Cardiol. Young 29, 1025–1029 (2019).

pubmed: 31304897 doi: 10.1017/S1047951119001355

Harris, B. U. et al. Accuracy of pulse oximeters intended for hypoxemic pediatric patients. Pediatr. Crit. Care Med. 17, 315–320 (2016).

pubmed: 26914626 doi: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000000660

Norton, H. Variation in pulse oximetry readings: melanin, not ethnicity, is the appropriate variable to use when investigating bias. Anaesthesia 77, 354–355 (2022).

pubmed: 34766336 doi: 10.1111/anae.15620

Okunlola, O. E. et al. Pulse oximeter performance, racial inequity, and the work ahead. Respir. Care 67, 252–257 (2022).

pubmed: 34772785 doi: 10.4187/respcare.09795

Jubran, A. & Tobin, M. J. Reliability of pulse oximetry in titrating supplemental oxygen therapy in ventilator-dependent patients. Chest 97, 1420–1425 (1990).

pubmed: 2347228 doi: 10.1378/chest.97.6.1420

Wong, A.-K. I. et al. Analysis of discrepancies between pulse oximetry and arterial oxygen saturation measurements by race and ethnicity and association with organ dysfunction and mortality. JAMA Network Open 4, e2131674–e2131674 (2021).

pubmed: 34730820 pmcid: 9178439 doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.31674

Wiles, M. D. et al. The effect of patient ethnicity on the accuracy of peripheral pulse oximetry in patients with COVID-19 pneumonitis: a single-centre, retrospective analysis. Anaesthesia 77, 143–152 (2022).

pubmed: 34542168 doi: 10.1111/anae.15581

Valbuena, V. S. et al. Racial bias and reproducibility in pulse oximetry among medical and surgical inpatients in general care in the Veterans Health Administration 2013-19: multicenter, retrospective cohort study. BMJ 378, e069775 (2022).

Gottlieb, E. R., Ziegler, J., Morley, K., Rush, B. & Celi, L. A. Assessment of racial and ethnic differences in oxygen supplementation among patients in the intensive care unit. JAMA Intern. Med 182, 849–858 (2022).

pubmed: 35816344 pmcid: 9274443 doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.2587

Abrams, G. A., Sanders, M. K. & Fallon, M. B. Utility of pulse oximetry in the detection of arterial hypoxemia in liver transplant candidates. Liver Transpl 8, 391–396 (2002).

pubmed: 11965585 doi: 10.1053/jlts.2002.32252

Avant, M. G., Lowe, N. & Torres, A. Jr Comparison of accuracy and signal consistency of two reusable pulse oximeter probes in critically ill children. Respir. Care 42, 698–704 (1997).

Brooks, J. C. et al. Transcutaneous oxygen saturation accuracy in critically ill children, Research Square https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.21938/v1 (2020).

Hinkelbein, J., Koehler, H., Genzwuerker, H. V. & Fiedler, F. Artificial acrylic finger nails may alter pulse oximetry measurement. Resuscitation 74, 75–82 (2007).

pubmed: 17353079 doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2006.11.018

Hinkelbein, J., Genzwuerker, H. V., Sogl, R. & Fiedler, F. Effect of nail polish on oxygen saturation determined by pulse oximetry in critically ill patients. Resuscitation 72, 82–91 (2007).

pubmed: 17098347 doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2006.06.024

Lee, K., Hui, K., Tan, W. & Lim, T. Factors influencing pulse oximetry as compared to functional arterial saturation in multi-ethnic Singapore. Singapore Med. J. 34, 385–385 (1993).

pubmed: 8153680

McGovern, J. P., Sasse, S. A., Stansbury, D. W., Causing, L. A. & Light, R. W. Comparison of oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry and co-oximetry during exercise testing in patients with COPD. Chest 109, 1151–1155 (1996).

pubmed: 8625659 doi: 10.1378/chest.109.5.1151

Muñoz, X. et al. Accuracy and reliability of pulse oximetry at different arterial carbon dioxide pressure levels. Eur. Respir. J. 32, 1053–1059 (2008).

pubmed: 18480106 doi: 10.1183/09031936.00126507

Ross, P. A., Newth, C. J. & Khemani, R. G. Accuracy of pulse oximetry in children. Pediatrics 133, 22–29 (2014).

pubmed: 24344108 doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-1760

Schallom, M., Prentice, D., Sona, C., Arroyo, C. & Mazuski, J. Comparison of nasal and forehead oximetry accuracy and pressure injury in critically ill patients. Heart & Lung 47, 93–99 (2018).

doi: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2017.12.002

Smyth, R. J. et al. Ear oximetry during combined hypoxia and exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 60, 716–719 (1986).

pubmed: 3949671 doi: 10.1152/jappl.1986.60.2.716

Stewart, K. & Rowbottom, S. Inaccuracy of pulse oximetry in patients with severe tricuspid regurgitation. Anaesthesia 46, 668–670 (1991).

pubmed: 1887977 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1991.tb09720.x

Thrush, D. & Hodges, M. R. Accuracy of pulse oximetry during hypoxemia. South. Med. J 87, 518–521 (1994).

pubmed: 8153783 doi: 10.1097/00007611-199404000-00019

Vesoulis, Z., Tims, A., Lodhi, H., Lalos, N. & Whitehead, H. Racial discrepancy in pulse oximeter accuracy in preterm infants. J. Perinatol. 42, 79–85 (2022).

pubmed: 34642469 doi: 10.1038/s41372-021-01230-3

Zeballos, R. J. & Weisman, I. M. Reliability of noninvasive oximetry in black subjects during exercise and hypoxia. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 144, 1240–1244 (1991).

pubmed: 1741533 doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/144.6.1240

Philip, K. E. J. et al. Working accuracy of pulse oximetry in COVID-19 patients stepping down from intensive care: a clinical evaluation. BMJ Open Respir. Res 7, e000778 (2020).

pubmed: 33361436 doi: 10.1136/bmjresp-2020-000778

Cabanas, A. M., Fuentes-Guajardo, M., Latorre, K., León, D. & Martín-Escudero, P. Skin pigmentation influence on pulse oximetry accuracy: A systematic review and bibliometric analysis. Sensors 22, 3402 (2022).

pubmed: 35591092 pmcid: 9102088 doi: 10.3390/s22093402

Feldman J. APSF statement on pulse oximetry and skin tone, (2021).

ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists comments on FDA discussion paper: Approach for Improving the Performance Evaluation of Pulse Oximeter Devices Taking Into Consideration Skin Pigmentation, Race and Ethnicity, (2024).

Karsten, A. E., Singh, A., Karsten, P. A. & Braun, M. W. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy as a tool to measure the absorption coefficient in skin: South African skin phototypes. Photochem. Photobiol. 89, 227–233 (2013).

pubmed: 22891856 doi: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01220.x

Wright, C. Y. et al. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy versus Mexameter((R)) MX18 measurements of melanin and erythema in an African population. Photochem. Photobiol. 92, 632–636 (2016).

pubmed: 27276188 doi: 10.1111/php.12607

Zonios, G., Bykowski, J. & Kollias, N. Skin melanin, hemoglobin, and light scattering properties can be quantitatively assessed in vivo using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. J. Invest. Dermatol 117, 1452–1457 (2001).

pubmed: 11886508 doi: 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01577.x

Hegyi, V., Petrovajová, M. & Novotný, M. An objective assessment of melanin in vitiligo skin treated with Balneo PUVA therapy. Skin Res. Technol. 20, 108–115 (2014).

pubmed: 23800185 doi: 10.1111/srt.12092

Park, E. S. et al. Application of a pigment measuring device-Mexameter-for the differential diagnosis of vitiligo and nevus depigmentosus. Skin Res. Technol. 12, 298–302 (2006).

pubmed: 17026663 doi: 10.1111/j.0909-752X.2006.00187.x

Draaijers, L. J. et al. Colour evaluation in scars: tristimulus colorimeter, narrow-band simple reflectance meter or subjective evaluation? Burns 30, 103–107 (2004).

pubmed: 15019115 doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2003.09.029

Kanellis, V. G. Objective quantification of melasma severity using melanometers to quantify melanin pigmentation. Biophys. Rev. 12, 1139–1140 (2020).

pubmed: 32944880 pmcid: 7575680 doi: 10.1007/s12551-020-00760-y

Pershing, L., Bakhtian, S., Wright, E. & Rallis, T. Differentiation of involved and uninvolved psoriatic skin from healthy skin using noninvasive visual, colorimeter and evaporimeter methods. Skin Res. Technol. 1, 140–144 (1995).

pubmed: 27328442 doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0846.1995.tb00034.x

Ahmad Fadzil, M., Ihtatho, D., Mohd Affandi, A. & Hussein, S. Objective assessment of psoriasis erythema for PASI scoring. J. Med. Eng. Technol 33, 516–524 (2009).

pubmed: 19639508 doi: 10.1080/07434610902744074

Shriver, M. D. & Parra, E. J. Comparison of narrow-band reflectance spectroscopy and tristimulus colorimetry for measurements of skin and hair color in persons of different biological ancestry. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 112, 17–27 (2000).

pubmed: 10766940 doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(200005)112:1<17::AID-AJPA3>3.0.CO;2-D

Swiatoniowski, A. K., Quillen, E. E., Shriver, M. D. & Jablonski, N. G. Technical note: comparing von Luschan skin color tiles and modern spectrophotometry for measuring human skin pigmentation. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 151, 325–330 (2013).

pubmed: 23633083 doi: 10.1002/ajpa.22274

Norton, H. L. et al. Quantitative assessment of skin, hair, and iris variation in a diverse sample of individuals and associated genetic variation. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 160, 570–581 (2016).

pubmed: 27435525 doi: 10.1002/ajpa.22861

Oltulu, P., Ince, B., Kokbudak, N., Findik, S. & Kilinc, F. Measurement of epidermis, dermis, and total skin thicknesses from six different body regions with a new ethical histometric technique. Turk. J. Plast. Surg. 26, 56 (2018).

doi: 10.4103/tjps.TJPS_2_17

Brenner, M. & Hearing, V. J. The protective role of melanin against UV damage in human skin. Photochem. Photobiol. 84, 539–549 (2008).

pubmed: 18435612 pmcid: 2671032 doi: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00226.x

Thong, H. Y., Jee, S. H., Sun, C. C. & Boissy, R. The patterns of melanosome distribution in keratinocytes of human skin as one determining factor of skin colour. Br. J. Dermatol. 149, 498–505 (2003).

pubmed: 14510981 doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05473.x

Tadokoro, T. et al. UV‐induced DNA damage and melanin content in human skin differing in racial/ethnic origin. FASEB J 17, 1177–1179 (2003).

pubmed: 12692083 doi: 10.1096/fj.02-0865fje

Alaluf, S. et al. Ethnic variation in melanin content and composition in photoexposed and photoprotected human skin. Pigment Cell Res 15, 112–118 (2002).

pubmed: 11936268 doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0749.2002.1o071.x

Tadokoro, T. et al. Mechanisms of skin tanning in different racial/ethnic groups in response to ultraviolet radiation. J. Invest. Dermatol 124, 1326–1332 (2005).

pubmed: 15955111 doi: 10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23760.x

Thody, A. J. et al. Pheomelanin as well as eumelanin is present in human epidermis. J. Invest. Dermatol 97, 340–344 (1991).

pubmed: 2071942 doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12480680

Garcia, R., Mitchell, R., Bloom, J. & Szabo, G. Number of epidermal melanocytes, hair follicles, and sweat ducts in skin of Solomon Islanders. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 47, 427–433 (1977).

pubmed: 931023 doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330470314

Szabó, G. in Pigment Cell Biology 99–125 (Academic, 1959).

Szabó, G., Gerald, A. B., Pathak, M. A. & Fitzpatrick, T. B. Racial differences in the fate of melanosomes in human epidermis. Nature 222, 1081–1082 (1969).

pubmed: 5787098 doi: 10.1038/2221081a0

Ito, S. & Wakamatsu, K. Quantitative analysis of eumelanin and pheomelanin in humans, mice, and other animals: a comparative review. Pigment Cell Res 16, 523–531 (2003).

pubmed: 12950732 doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0749.2003.00072.x

Coelho, S. G. et al. Non-invasive diffuse reflectance measurements of cutaneous melanin content can predict human sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation. Exp. Dermatol. 22, 266–271 (2013).

pubmed: 23528212 pmcid: 3609039 doi: 10.1111/exd.12116

Del Bino, S. & Bernerd, F. Variations in skin colour and the biological consequences of ultraviolet radiation exposure. Br. J. Dermatol. 169, 33–40 (2013).

pubmed: 24098899 doi: 10.1111/bjd.12529

Jacques, S. L. Origins of tissue optical properties in the UVA, visible and NIR regions, in OSA TOPS on Advances in Optical Imaging and Photon Migration, R. R. Alfano, Fujimoto, J. G., ed. (OSA 1996), pp. 364-371.

Zonios, G. et al. Melanin absorption spectroscopy: new method for noninvasive skin investigation and melanoma detection. J. Biomed. Opt 13, 014017 (2008).

pubmed: 18315375 doi: 10.1117/1.2844710

Jacques, S. L. & McAuliffe, D. J. The melanosome: threshold temperature for explosive vaporization and internal absorption coefficient during pulsed laser irradiation. Photochem. Photobiol. 53, 769–775 (1991).

pubmed: 1886936 doi: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1991.tb09891.x

Meglinski, I. V. & Matcher, S. J. Quantitative assessment of skin layers absorption and skin reflectance spectra simulation in the visible and near-infrared spectral regions. Physiol. Meas. 23, 741 (2002).

pubmed: 12450273 doi: 10.1088/0967-3334/23/4/312

Saidi, I. S. Transcutaneous optical measurement of hyperbilirubinemia in neonates (Rice University, 1992).

Zhang, X. U. et al. Multidiameter single-fiber reflectance spectroscopy of heavily pigmented skin: modeling the inhomogeneous distribution of melanin. J. Biomed. Opt 24, 127001 (2019).

pubmed: 31820596 pmcid: 7006040 doi: 10.1117/1.JBO.24.12.127001

Bashkatov, A. N. et al. Optical properties of melanin in the skin and skinlike phantoms, in Controlling tissue optical properties: applications in clinical study (SPIE 2000), pp. 219-226.

Prahl, S. Optical absorption of hemoglobin, http://omlc.ogi.edu/spectra/hemoglobin (1999).

Wray, S., Cope, M., Delpy, D. T., Wyatt, J. S. & Reynolds, E. O. R. Characterization of the near infrared absorption spectra of cytochrome aa3 and haemoglobin for the non-invasive monitoring of cerebral oxygenation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Bioenergetics 933, 184–192 (1988).

pubmed: 2831976 doi: 10.1016/0005-2728(88)90069-2

Matts, P. J., Dykes, P. J. & Marks, R. The distribution of melanin in skin determined in vivo. Br. J. Dermatol. 156, 620–628 (2007).

pubmed: 17493065 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07706.x

Mendenhall, M. J., Nunez, A. S. & Martin, R. K. Human skin detection in the visible and near infrared. Appl. Opt. 54, 10559–10570 (2015).

pubmed: 26836885 doi: 10.1364/AO.54.010559

Stamatas, G. N., Zmudzka, B. Z., Kollias, N. & Beer, J. Z. In vivo measurement of skin erythema and pigmentation: new means of implementation of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy with a commercial instrument. Br. J. Dermatol 159, 683–690 (2008).

pubmed: 18510669 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08642.x

Halder, R. M. & Bridgeman‐Shah, S. Skin cancer in African Americans. Cancer 75, 667–673 (1995).

pubmed: 7804993 doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19950115)75:2+<667::AID-CNCR2820751409>3.0.CO;2-I

Grandinétti, Vd. S. et al. The thermal impact of phototherapy with concurrent super-pulsed lasers and red and infrared LEDs on human skin. Lasers Med. Sci. 30, 1575–1581 (2015).

pubmed: 25987340 doi: 10.1007/s10103-015-1755-0

Fitzpatrick, T. B. The validity and practicality of sun-reactive skin types I through VI. Arch. Dermatol. 124, 869–871 (1988).

pubmed: 3377516 doi: 10.1001/archderm.1988.01670060015008

Bae, S. H. & Bae, Y. C. Analysis of frequency of use of different scar assessment scales based on the scar condition and treatment method. Arch. Plast. Surg. 41, 111–115 (2014).

pubmed: 24665417 pmcid: 3961606 doi: 10.5999/aps.2014.41.2.111

Fitzpatrick, T. B. Soleil et peau. J. Med. Esthet. 2, 33–34 (1975).

Pathak M. A., Jimbow K., Szabo G., & Fitzpatrick T. B. Sunlight and melanin pigmentation, in Photochemical and photobiological reviews(Springer, 1976), pp. 211-239.

Fitzpatrick, T. B. Ultraviolet-induced pigmentary changes: benefits and hazards. Therapeutic Photomed. 15, 25–38 (1986).

Ware, O. R., Dawson, J. E., Shinohara, M. M. & Taylor, S. C. Racial limitations of Fitzpatrick skin type. Cutis 105, 77–80 (2020).

pubmed: 32186531

Lin, F. R. et al. Association of skin color, race/ethnicity, and hearing loss among adults in the USA. JARO 13, 109–117 (2012).

pubmed: 22124888 doi: 10.1007/s10162-011-0298-8

Isa, Z. M. et al. The reliability of Fitzpatrick skin type chart comparing to Mexameter (Mx 18) in measuring skin color among first trimester pregnant mothers in Petaling District, Malaysia, Malays. J. Public Health Med 16, 59–65 (2016).

Varughese, P. M. & Krishnan, L. Does color really matter? Reliability of transcutaneous bilirubinometry in different skin-colored babies. Indian J. Pediatr. Dermatol 19, 315 (2018).

doi: 10.4103/ijpd.IJPD_3_18

Sachdeva, S. Fitzpatrick skin typing: Applications in dermatology. Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol 75, 93 (2009).

pubmed: 19172048 doi: 10.4103/0378-6323.45238

E. Department of Health, and U. F. Welfare, Sunscreen drug products for over‐the‐counter human drugs; proposed safety, effective and labeling conditions, Federal Register 43, 38206-38269 (1978).

U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, MelaFind Approval Letter, (2011).

Thomas, N. Hautfarbentafel. by von Luschan. Man 5, 160 (1905).

Smith J. D. WEB Du Bois, Felix von Luschan, and racial reform at the fin de siècle, Amerikastudien/American Studies, 23–38 (2002).

Beatty J. S. On the logic, method and scientific diversity of technical systems: An inquiry into the diagnostic measurement of human skin, (Michigan Technological University, 2017).

Foreman D. WEB Du Bois’s quest to challenge scientific racism, 1906–1932: educating the “City Negro” At the 135th street branch library, (Rutgers University-Graduate School-Newark, 2017).

Reeder, A. I., Hammond, V. A. & Gray, A. R. Questionnaire items to assess skin color and erythemal sensitivity: reliability, validity, and “the dark shift”. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 19, 1167–1173 (2010).

pubmed: 20447914 doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-1300

Harrison, S. L. & Büttner, P. G. Do all fair-skinned Caucasians consider themselves fair? Prev. Med. 29, 349–354 (1999).

pubmed: 10564626 doi: 10.1006/pmed.1999.0555

Daniel, L. C., Heckman, C. J., Kloss, J. D. & Manne, S. L. Comparing alternative methods of measuring skin color and damage. Cancer Causes Control 20, 313–321 (2009).

pubmed: 18931926 doi: 10.1007/s10552-008-9245-3

Taylor, S. C., Arsonnaud, S. & Czernielewski, J. The Taylor hyperpigmentation scale: a new visual assessment tool for the evaluation of skin color and pigmentation. Cutis 76, 270 (2005).

pubmed: 16315565

Draaijers, L. J. et al. The patient and observer scar assessment scale: A reliable and feasible tool for scar evaluation. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 113, 1960–1965 (2004).

pubmed: 15253184 doi: 10.1097/01.PRS.0000122207.28773.56

Monk, Monk skin tone scale, https://skintone.google/get-started .

Schumann, C. et al. Consensus and subjectivity of skin tone annotation for ML fairness. In Proc. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 36 (NIPS, 2023).

Colvonen, P. J. Response to: Investigating sources of inaccuracy in wearable optical heart rate sensors. NPJ Digit. Med. 4, 38 (2021).

pubmed: 33637822 pmcid: 7910598 doi: 10.1038/s41746-021-00408-5

Bent, B., Enache, O. M., Goldstein, B., Kibbe, W. & Dunn, J. P. Reply: Matters arising ‘Investigating sources of inaccuracy in wearable optical heart rate sensors’. NPJ Digit. Med 4, 39 (2021).

pubmed: 33637842 pmcid: 7910441 doi: 10.1038/s41746-021-00409-4

Fider, N. A. & Komarova, N. L. Differences in color categorization manifested by males and females: A quantitative World Color Survey study. Palgrave Commun 5, 1–10 (2019).

doi: 10.1057/s41599-019-0341-7

Okoji, U. K., Taylor, S. C. & Lipoff, J. B. Equity in skin typing: why it is time to replace the Fitzpatrick scale. Br. J. Dermatol. 185, 198–199 (2021).

pubmed: 33666245 doi: 10.1111/bjd.19932

Ash, C., Town, G., Bjerring, P. & Webster, S. Evaluation of a novel skin tone meter and the correlation between Fitzpatrick skin type and skin color. Photonics Lasers Med 4, 177–186 (2015).

doi: 10.1515/plm-2013-0056

He, S. Y. et al. Self-reported pigmentary phenotypes and race are significant but incomplete predictors of Fitzpatrick skin phototype in an ethnically diverse population. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol 71, 731–737 (2014).

pubmed: 24928709 pmcid: 4165764 doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2014.05.023

Halder, R. M. & Nootheti, P. K. Ethnic skin disorders overview. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol 48, S143–S148 (2003).

pubmed: 12789168 doi: 10.1067/mjd.2003.274

Taylor, S. C. Skin of color: biology, structure, function, and implications for dermatologic disease. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol 46, S41–S62 (2002).

pubmed: 11807469 doi: 10.1067/mjd.2002.120790

Pichon, L. C. et al. Measuring skin cancer risk in African Americans: is the Fitzpatrick skin type classification scale culturally sensitive. Ethn. Dis. 20, 174–179 (2010).

pubmed: 20503899

Yaroslavsky, I., Childs, J., Altshuler, G. B., Zenzie, H. H. & Cohen, R. Objective measurement device for melanin optical density: dosimetry for laser and IPLs in aesthetic treatments. https://www.bramptonlaserclinic.com/pdf/skintel_technical.pdf (2017).

Matias, A. R., Ferreira, M., Costa, P. & Neto, P. Skin colour, skin redness and melanin biometric measurements: comparison study between Antera((R)) 3D,Mexameter((R)) and Colorimeter((R). Skin Res. Technol 21, 346–362 (2015).

pubmed: 25645051 doi: 10.1111/srt.12199

Matsunaka, H., Yamamoto, Y. & Furukawa, F. Non‐invasive quantification of melanin in the stratum corneum: a novel indicator of skin lesions in pigmentation diseases. Skin Res. Technol. 23, 104–111 (2017).

pubmed: 27426874 doi: 10.1111/srt.12309

Yun, I. S., Lee, W. J., Rah, D. K., Kim, Y. O. & Park, B. Y. Skin color analysis using a spectrophotometer in Asians. Skin Res. Technol 16, 311–315 (2010).

pubmed: 20637000

Mahmoud, B. H. et al. Impact of long-wavelength UVA and visible light on melanocompetent skin. J. Invest. Dermatol 130, 2092–2097 (2010).

pubmed: 20410914 doi: 10.1038/jid.2010.95

Roth, S. Mineralogy, sedimentology and physical properties of two sediment cores from the Southern Tasman Sea (SW Pacific Sector), (1999).

Sun, Y. et al. Deciphering key coloured compounds from sunless tanning reactions. Dyes Pigm 204, 110448 (2022).

doi: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2022.110448

Clydesdale, F. M. & Ahmed, E. Colorimetry—methodology and applications. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 10, 243–301 (1978).

doi: 10.1080/10408397809527252

Butts, K. Measurement techniques in colorimetry. Quality 54, 18 (2015).

BUCKLEY, W. R. & GRUM, F. Reflection spectrophotometry: use in evaluation of skin pigmentary disturbances. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 83, 249–261 (1961).

doi: 10.1001/archderm.1961.01580080079009

Dawson, J. B. et al. A theoretical and experimental study of light absorption and scattering by in vivo skin. Phys. Med. Biol. 25, 695–709 (1980).

pubmed: 7454759 doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/25/4/008

Kollias, N. & Baqer, A. Spectroscopic characteristics of human melanin in vivo. J. Invest. Dermatol 85, 38–42 (1985).

pubmed: 4008975 doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12275011

Kollias, N. & Baqer, A. On the assessment of melanin in human skin in vivo*,†. Photochem. Photobiol. 43, 49–54 (1986).

pubmed: 3952161 doi: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1986.tb05590.x

Dolotov, L. et al. Design and evaluation of a novel portable erythema‐melanin‐meter. Lasers Surg. Med. 34, 127–135 (2004).

pubmed: 15004824 doi: 10.1002/lsm.10233

Fajuyigbe, D., Coleman, A., Sarkany, R. P., Young, A. R. & Schmalwieser, A. W. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy as a reliable means of comparing ultraviolet radiation‐induced erythema in extreme skin colors. Photochem. Photobiol. 94, 1066–1070 (2018).

pubmed: 29869793 doi: 10.1111/php.12947

Eilers, S. et al. Accuracy of self-report in assessing Fitzpatrick skin phototypes I through VI. JAMA Dermatol 149, 1289–1294 (2013).

pubmed: 24048361 doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.6101

Pershing, L. K. et al. Reflectance spectrophotometer: The dermatologists’ sphygmomanometer for skin phototyping? J. Invest. Dermatol 128, 1633–1640 (2008).

pubmed: 18200057 doi: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701238

Dwyer, T., Muller, H. K., Blizzard, L., Ashbolt, R. & Phillips, G. The use of spectrophotometry to estimate melanin density in Caucasians. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev 7, 203–206 (1998).

pubmed: 9521433

Wright, C. Y., Lucas, R. M., Kapwata, T., Kunene, Z. & Du Plessis, J. L. Towards a reliable, non-invasive melanin assessment for pigmented skin. Skin. Res. Technol. 25, 100–102 (2019).

pubmed: 29790599 doi: 10.1111/srt.12592

Dwyer, T. et al. Cutaneous melanin density of caucasians measured by spectrophotometry and risk of malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Am. J. Epidemiol 155, 614–621 (2002).

pubmed: 11914188 doi: 10.1093/aje/155.7.614

Pezic, A. et al. Constitutive and relative facultative skin pigmentation among Victorian children including comparison of two visual skin charts for determining constitutive melanin density. Photochem. Photobiol. 89, 714–723 (2013).

pubmed: 23311462 doi: 10.1111/php.12043

Verkruysse, W., Svaasand, L. O., Franco, W. & Nelson, J. S. Remittance at a single wavelength of 390 nm to quantify epidermal melanin concentration. J. Biomed. Opt 14, 014005 (2009).

pubmed: 19256693 doi: 10.1117/1.3065542

Hayashi, M. et al. Spectrophotometer is useful for assessing vitiligo and chemical leukoderma severity by quantifying color difference with surrounding normally pigmented skin. Skin Res. Technol. 24, 175–179 (2018).

pubmed: 29057565 doi: 10.1111/srt.12410

Masuda, Y., Yamashita, T., Hirao, T. & Takahashi, M. An innovative method to measure skin pigmentation. Skin Res. Technol. 15, 224–229 (2009).

pubmed: 19416468 doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0846.2009.00359.x

Nishidate, I., Maeda, T., Niizeki, K. & Aizu, Y. Estimation of melanin and hemoglobin using spectral reflectance images reconstructed from a digital RGB image by the Wiener estimation method. Sensors 13, 7902–7915 (2013).

pubmed: 23783740 pmcid: 3715247 doi: 10.3390/s130607902

Zonios, G. & Dimou, A. Modeling diffuse reflectance from semi-infinite turbid media: application to the study of skin optical properties. Optics express 14, 8661–8674 (2006).

pubmed: 19529247 doi: 10.1364/OE.14.008661

Z. ISO/CIE 11664-4:, Colorimetry—Part 4: CIE 1976 L* a* b* colour space, (International Organization for Standardization Geneva, Switzerland, 2019).

Hennessy, A. et al. Eumelanin and pheomelanin concentrations in human epidermis before and after UVB irradiation. Pigment Cell Res 18, 220–223 (2005).

pubmed: 15892719 doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.2005.00233.x

Huang, W. S. et al. High correlation between skin color based on CIELAB color space, epidermal melanocyte ratio, and melanocyte melanin content. PeerJ 6, e4815 (2018).

pubmed: 29844968 pmcid: 5971097 doi: 10.7717/peerj.4815

Alaluf, S. et al. The impact of epidermal melanin on objective measurements of human skin colour. Pigment Cell Res 15, 119–126 (2002).

pubmed: 11936269 doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0749.2002.1o072.x

Chardon, A., Cretois, I. & Hourseau, C. Skin colour typology and suntanning pathways. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 13, 191–208 (1991).

pubmed: 19291061 doi: 10.1111/j.1467-2494.1991.tb00561.x

Del Bino, S. et al. Chemical analysis of constitutive pigmentation of human epidermis reveals constant eumelanin to pheomelanin ratio. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 28, 707–717 (2015).

pubmed: 26285058 doi: 10.1111/pcmr.12410

Del Bino, S., Duval, C. & Bernerd, F. Clinical and biological characterization of skin pigmentation diversity and its consequences on UV impact. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 19, 2668 (2018).

pubmed: 30205563 pmcid: 6163216 doi: 10.3390/ijms19092668

Del Bino, S., Sok, J., Bessac, E. & Bernerd, F. Relationship between skin response to ultraviolet exposure and skin color type. Pigment Cell Res 19, 606–614 (2006).

pubmed: 17083487 doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.2006.00338.x

ISO, ISO 24444: 2019. Cosmetics—Sun protection test methods—In vivo determination of the sun protection factor (SPF).”

Ito, S., Del Bino, S., Hirobe, T. & Wakamatsu, K. Improved HPLC conditions to determine eumelanin and pheomelanin contents in biological samples using an ion pair reagent. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21, 5134 (2020).

pubmed: 32698502 pmcid: 7404343 doi: 10.3390/ijms21145134

Del Bino, S., Ito, S., Sok, J. & Wakamatsu, K. 5, 6‐Dihydroxyindole eumelanin content in human skin with varying degrees of constitutive pigmentation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 35, 622–626 (2022).

pubmed: 35933709 pmcid: 9804219 doi: 10.1111/pcmr.13062

van der Wal, M. et al. Objective color measurements: clinimetric performance of three devices on normal skin and scar tissue. J. Burn. Care. Res 34, e187–e194 (2013).

pubmed: 23237819 doi: 10.1097/BCR.0b013e318264bf7d

Sharma, V. K., Gupta, V., Jangid, B. L. & Pathak, M. Modification of the Fitzpatrick system of skin phototype classification for the Indian population, and its correlation with narrowband diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 43, 274–280 (2018).

pubmed: 29318654 doi: 10.1111/ced.13365

Khalid, A. T. et al. Utility of sun-reactive skin typing and melanin index for discerning vitamin D deficiency. Pediatr. Res. 82, 444–451 (2017).

pubmed: 28467404 pmcid: 5570640 doi: 10.1038/pr.2017.114

Sommers, M. S. et al. Are the Fitzpatrick skin phototypes valid for cancer risk assessment in a racially and ethnically diverse sample of women? Ethn. Dis. 29, 505 (2019).

pubmed: 31367171 pmcid: 6645720 doi: 10.18865/ed.29.3.505

Robinson, J. K., Penedo, F. J., Hay, J. L. & Jablonski, N. G. Recognizing Latinos’ range of skin pigment and phototypes to enhance skin cancer prevention. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 30, 488–492 (2017).

pubmed: 28504868 pmcid: 5568937 doi: 10.1111/pcmr.12598

Richard, A., Rohrmann, S. & Quack Lötscher, K. C. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its associations with skin color in pregnant women in the first trimester in a sample from Switzerland. Nutrients 9, 260 (2017).

pubmed: 28287422 pmcid: 5372923 doi: 10.3390/nu9030260

Young, A. R. et al. Melanin has a small inhibitory effect on cutaneous vitamin D synthesis: A comparison of extreme phenotypes. J. Invest. Dermatol 140, 1418–1426.e1411 (2020).

pubmed: 31883961 doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.11.019

Linde, K., Wright, C. Y. & Du Plessis, J. L. Subjective and objective skin colour of a farmworker group in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. Skin Res. Technol. 26, 923–931 (2020).

pubmed: 32621354 doi: 10.1111/srt.12895

Bailey, S. H. et al. The use of non‐invasive instruments in characterizing human facial and abdominal skin. Lasers Surg. Med. 44, 131–142 (2012).

pubmed: 22180289 doi: 10.1002/lsm.21147

Treesirichod, A., Chansakulporn, S. & Wattanapan, P. Correlation between skin color evaluation by skin color scale chart and narrowband reflectance spectrophotometer. Indian J. Dermatol. 59, 339–342 (2014).

pubmed: 25071249 pmcid: 4103266 doi: 10.4103/0019-5154.135476

Damian, D., Halliday, G. & Barnetson, R. S. Prediction of minimal erythema dose with a reflectance melanin meter. Br. J. Dermatol 136, 714–718 (1997).

pubmed: 9205504 doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1997.6611646.x

Wilkes, M., Wright, C. Y., du Plessis, J. L. & Reeder, A. Fitzpatrick skin type, individual typology angle, and melanin index in an African population: steps toward universally applicable skin photosensitivity assessments. JAMA Dermatol 151, 902–903 (2015).

pubmed: 25923982 doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.0351

Takiwaki, H., Overgaard, L. & Serup, J. Comparison of narrow-band reflectance spectrophotometric and tristimulus colorimetric measurements of skin color. Skin Pharmacol. Physiol. 7, 217–225 (1994).

doi: 10.1159/000211297

Wagner, J. K., Jovel, C., Norton, H. L., Parra, E. J. & Shriver, M. D. Comparing quantitative measures of erythema, pigmentation and skin response using reflectometry. Pigment Cell Res 15, 379–384 (2002).

pubmed: 12213095 doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0749.2002.02042.x

Clarys, P., Alewaeters, K., Lambrecht, R. & Barel, A. Skin color measurements: comparison between three instruments: the Chromameter®, the DermaSpectrometer® and the Mexameter®. Skin Res. Technol. 6, 230–238 (2000).

pubmed: 11428962 doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0846.2000.006004230.x

Baquie, M. & Kasraee, B. Discrimination between cutaneous pigmentation and erythema: comparison of the skin colorimeters Dermacatch and Mexameter. Skin Res. Technol. 20, 218–227 (2014).

pubmed: 24033842 doi: 10.1111/srt.12109

Barel, A. O. et al. The Visi‐Chroma VC‐100®: A new imaging colorimeter for dermatocosmetic research. Skin Res. Technol. 7, 24–31 (2001).

pubmed: 11301637 doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0846.2001.007001024.x

Hua, W., Xie, H., Chen, T. & Li, L. Comparison of two series of non‐invasive instruments used for the skin physiological properties measurements: the ‘Soft Plus’ from Callegari SpA vs. the series of detectors from Courage & Khazaka. Skin Res. Technol. 20, 74–80 (2014).

pubmed: 23772826 doi: 10.1111/srt.12086

Uter, W., Benz, M., Mayr, A., Gefeller, O. & Pfahlberg, A. Assessing skin pigmentation in epidemiological studies: The reliability of measurements under different conditions. Skin Res. Technol. 19, 100–106 (2013).

pubmed: 23279071 doi: 10.1111/srt.12013

Kerckhove, E., Staes, F., Flour, M., Stappaerts, K. & Boeckx, W. Reproducibility of repeated measurements on healthy skin with Minolta Chromameter CR‐300. Skin Res. Technol. 7, 56–59 (2001).

pubmed: 11301642 doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0846.2001.007001056.x

Lee, K. C. et al. Investigating the intra-and inter-rater reliability of a panel of subjective and objective burn scar measurement tools. Burns 45, 1311–1324 (2019).

pubmed: 31327551 pmcid: 6731390 doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2019.02.002

Giorgis, A. T. et al. The relationship between melanin and glaucoma: A case-control study. J. Glaucoma 29, 1143–1146 (2020).

pubmed: 32890103 doi: 10.1097/IJG.0000000000001652

Wilhelm, K.-P., Surber, C. & Maibach, H. Quantification of sodium lauryl sulfate irritant dermatitis in man: comparison of four techniques: skin color reflectance, transepidermal water loss, laser Doppler flow measurement and visual scores. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 281, 293–295 (1989).

pubmed: 2774663 doi: 10.1007/BF00431067

Nedelec, B., Correa, J. A., Rachelska, G., Armour, A. & LaSalle, L. Quantitative measurement of hypertrophic scar: interrater reliability and concurrent validity. J. Burn Care Res 29, 501–511 (2008).

pubmed: 18388576 doi: 10.1097/BCR.0b013e3181710881

Gankande, T. et al. Reliability of scar assessments performed with an integrated skin testing device–the DermaLab Combo®. Burns 40, 1521–1529 (2014).

pubmed: 24630817 doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2014.01.025

Koo, T. K. & Li, M. Y. A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. J. Chiropr. Med 15, 155–163 (2016).

pubmed: 27330520 pmcid: 4913118 doi: 10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012

Stamatas, G. N. & Kollias, N. Blood stasis contributions to the perception of skin pigmentation. J. Biomed. Opt 9, 315–322 (2004).

pubmed: 15065897 doi: 10.1117/1.1647545

Takiwaki, H. & Serup, J. Variation in color and blood flow of the forearm skin during orthostatic maneuver. Skin Pharmacol. Physiol. 7, 226–230 (1994).

doi: 10.1159/000211298

Yoshimura, K. et al. Usefulness of a narrow-band reflectance spectrophotometer in evaluating effects of depigmenting treatment. Aesthetic Plast. Surg. 25, 129–133 (2001).

pubmed: 11349303 doi: 10.1007/s002660010109

Nedelec, B. et al. Skin characteristics: normative data for elasticity, erythema, melanin, and thickness at 16 different anatomical locations. Skin Res. Technol. 22, 263–275 (2016).

pubmed: 26333046 doi: 10.1111/srt.12256

Carriel, V. S. et al. A novel histochemical method for a simultaneous staining of melanin and collagen fibers. J. Histochem. Cytochem 59, 270–277 (2011).

pubmed: 21378281 pmcid: 3201150 doi: 10.1369/0022155410398001

Joly‐Tonetti, N., Wibawa, J. I., Bell, M. & Tobin, D. Melanin fate in the human epidermis: a reassessment of how best to detect and analyse histologically. Exp. Dermatol. 25, 501–504 (2016).

pubmed: 26998907 doi: 10.1111/exd.13016

Pena, A.-M. et al. In vivo melanin 3D quantification and z-epidermal distribution by multiphoton FLIM, phasor and Pseudo-FLIM analyses. Sci. Rep. 12, 1–18 (2022).

doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-03114-0

Alaluf, S. et al. Variation in melanin content and composition in type V and VI photoexposed and photoprotected human skin: the dominant role of DHI. Pigment Cell Res 14, 337–347 (2001).

pubmed: 11601655 doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0749.2001.140505.x

Wakamatsu, K. & Ito, S. Advanced chemical methods in melanin determination. Pigment Cell Res. 15, 174–183 (2002).

pubmed: 12028581 doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0749.2002.02017.x

Kongshoj, B., Thorleifsson, A. & Wulf, H. C. Pheomelanin and eumelanin in human skin determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography and its relation to in vivo reflectance measurements. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. 22, 141–147 (2006).

pubmed: 16719868 doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2006.00215.x

Cox, B. T., Laufer, J. G., Beard, P. C. & Arridge, S. R. Quantitative spectroscopic photoacoustic imaging: A review. J. Biomed. Opt 17, 061202 (2012).

pubmed: 22734732 doi: 10.1117/1.JBO.17.6.061202

Phan, T. et al. Quantifying the confounding effect of pigmentation on measured skin tissue optical properties: A comparison of colorimetry with spatial frequency domain imaging. J. Biomed. Opt 27, 036002–036002 (2022).

pubmed: 35324096 pmcid: 8942554 doi: 10.1117/1.JBO.27.3.036002

Li, X. et al. Optoacoustic mesoscopy analysis and quantitative estimation of specific imaging metrics in Fitzpatrick skin phototypes II to V. J. Biophotonics 12, e201800442 (2019).

pubmed: 31012286 doi: 10.1002/jbio.201800442

Attia, A. B. E. et al. A review of clinical photoacoustic imaging: Current and future trends. Photoacoustics 16, 100144 (2019).

pubmed: 31871888 pmcid: 6911900 doi: 10.1016/j.pacs.2019.100144

Shu, X., Li, H., Dong, B., Sun, C. & Zhang, H. F. Quantifying melanin concentration in retinal pigment epithelium using broadband photoacoustic microscopy. Biomed. Opt. Express 8, 2851–2865 (2017).

pubmed: 28663911 pmcid: 5480434 doi: 10.1364/BOE.8.002851

Cuccia, D. J., Bevilacqua, F., Durkin, A. J. & Tromberg, B. J. Modulated imaging: Quantitative analysis and tomography of turbid media in the spatial-frequency domain. Opt. Lett. 30, 1354–1356 (2005).

pubmed: 15981531 doi: 10.1364/OL.30.001354

Saager, R. B. et al. In vivo measurements of cutaneous melanin across spatial scales: using multiphoton microscopy and spatial frequency domain spectroscopy. J. Biomed. Opt 20, 066005–066005 (2015).

pubmed: 26065839 pmcid: 4463032 doi: 10.1117/1.JBO.20.6.066005

Majdzadeh, A. et al. Real‐time visualization of melanin granules in normal human skin using combined multiphoton and reflectance confocal microscopy. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. 31, 141–148 (2015).

pubmed: 25650100 doi: 10.1111/phpp.12161

Rajadhyaksha, M., Grossman, M., Esterowitz, D., Webb, R. H. & Anderson, R. R. In vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy of human skin: melanin provides strong contrast. J. Invest. Dermatol 104, 946–952 (1995).

pubmed: 7769264 doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12606215

Godechal, Q., Ghanem, G. E., Cook, M. G. & Gallez, B. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry and imaging in melanomas: comparison between pigmented and nonpigmented human malignant melanomas. Mol. Imaging 12, 7290–2012 (2013).

doi: 10.2310/7290.2012.00037

Kalia, S. et al. Melanin quantification by in vitro and in vivo analysis of near‐infrared fluorescence. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 31, 31–38 (2018).

pubmed: 28805346 doi: 10.1111/pcmr.12624

Boone, M. A., Norrenberg, S., Jemec, G. B. & Del Marmol, V. High-definition optical coherence tomography imaging of melanocytic lesions: a pilot study. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 306, 11–26 (2014).

pubmed: 23832144 doi: 10.1007/s00403-013-1387-9

ISO, ISO 24442: 2022. Cosmetics — Sun protection test methods — In vivo determination of sunscreen UVA protection.

Open Oximetry protocol for “skin color quantification for pulse oximeter human study protocol, https://openoximetry.org/study-protocols/ .

Howard, J. J., Sirotin, Y. B., Tipton, J. L. & Vemury, A. R. Reliability and validity of image-based and self-reported skin phenotype metrics. IEEE Trans. Biom. Behav Identity Sci 3, 550–560 (2021).

doi: 10.1109/TBIOM.2021.3123550

Coelho, S. G., Miller, S. A., Zmudzka, B. Z. & Beer, J. Z. Quantification of UV-induced erythema and pigmentation using computer-assisted digital image evaluation. Photochem. Photobiol. 82, 651–655 (2006).

pubmed: 16522135 doi: 10.1562/2005-08-02-TSN-635

Gunes, P. & Goktay, F. Melanocytic Lesions of the Nail Unit. Dermatopathology (Basel) 5, 98–107 (2018).

pubmed: 30197884 doi: 10.1159/000490557

Monk, E. P. Jr Colorism and physical health: evidence from a national survey. J. Health Soc. Behav 62, 37–52 (2021).

pubmed: 33426926 doi: 10.1177/0022146520979645

Crooks, C. J. et al. Inverse association between blood pressure and pulse oximetry accuracy: an observational study in patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection. Emerg. Med. J. 40, 216–220 (2023).

pubmed: 36600468 doi: 10.1136/emermed-2022-212443

Drew, R. C., Charkoudian, N. & Park, J. Neural control of cardiovascular function in black adults: implications for racial differences in autonomic regulation. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 318, R234–R244 (2020).

pubmed: 31823675 doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00091.2019

Patterson, S., Sandercock, N. & Verhovsek, M. Understanding pulse oximetry in hematology patients: Hemoglobinopathies, racial differences, and beyond. Am. J. Hematol. 97, 1659–1663 (2022).

pubmed: 36074079 doi: 10.1002/ajh.26721

Choi, H., Choi, K., & Suk, H.-J. Performance of the 14 skin-colored patches in accurately estimating human skin color, in Electronic Imaging, Computational Imaging XV 2017 (Society for Imaging Sciences and Technology 2017), pp. 62-65.

Chroma-Meter CR-300/CR-310/CR-321/CR-331/CR-331C, Minolta Camera Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan, 1991, https://www.konicaminolta.com.cn/instruments/download/manual/pdf/CR-300.pdf .

C. CIE, Technical report: colorimetry, Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage Central Bureau. Vienna, Austria. (2004).

Kyriacou, P. A., & Allen, J. Photoplethysmography: technology, signal analysis and applications (Academic Press, 2021).

Cios, A. et al. Effect of different wavelengths of laser irradiation on the skin cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22, 2437 (2021).

pubmed: 33670977 pmcid: 7957604 doi: 10.3390/ijms22052437

Sarna, T., & Swartz, H. The physical properties of melanins, The pigmentary system: physiology and pathophysiology, 311-341 (1988).

Osto, M., Hamzavi, I. H., Lim, H. W. & Kohli, I. Individual typology angle and Fitzpatrick skin phototypes are not equivalent in photodermatology. Photochem. Photobiol. 98, 127–129 (2022).

pubmed: 34796498 doi: 10.1111/php.13562

Melanometry for objective evaluation of skin pigmentation in pulse oximetry studies.

Journal

Informations de publication

Résumé

Identifiants

Types de publication

Langues

Pagination

Informations de copyright

Références

Auteurs

Sandhya Vasudevan (S)

William C Vogt (WC)

Sandy Weininger (S)

T Joshua Pfefer (TJ)

Classifications MeSH