Definitive engineering strength and fracture toughness of graphene through on-chip nanomechanics.
Journal
Nature communications
ISSN: 2041-1723
Titre abrégé: Nat Commun
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101528555
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
12 Jul 2024
12 Jul 2024
Historique:
received:
10
06
2023
accepted:
25
04
2024
medline:
13
7
2024
pubmed:
13
7
2024
entrez:
12
7
2024
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Fail-safe design of devices requires robust integrity assessment procedures which are still absent for 2D materials, hence affecting transfer to applications. Here, a combined on-chip tension and cracking method, and associated data reduction scheme have been developed to determine the fracture toughness and strength of monolayer-monodomain-freestanding graphene. Myriads of specimens are generated providing statistical data. The crack arrest tests provide a definitive fracture toughness of 4.4 MPa
Identifiants
pubmed: 38997272
doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-49426-3
pii: 10.1038/s41467-024-49426-3
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
5863Subventions
Organisme : Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS (Belgian National Fund for Scientific Research)
ID : Grant PDR - T.0178.19
Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
Zhu, Y. et al. Graphene and graphene oxide: synthesis, properties, and applications. Adv. Mater. 22, 3906–3924 (2010).
pubmed: 20706983
doi: 10.1002/adma.201001068
Liu, F., Ming, P. & Li, J. Ab initio calculation of ideal strength and phonon instability of graphene under tension. Phys. Rev. B 76, 064120 (2007).
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.76.064120
Xiao, J. R., Staniszewski, J. & Gillespie, J. W. Jr Fracture and progressive failure of defective graphene sheets and carbon nanotubes. Compos. Struct. 88, 602–609 (2009).
doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2008.06.008
Zhao, H. & Aluru, N. R. Temperature and strain-rate dependent fracture strength of graphene. J. Appl. Phys. 108, 064321 (2010).
doi: 10.1063/1.3488620
Lee, G. H. et al. High-strength chemical-vapor-deposited graphene and grain boundaries. Science 340, 1073–1076 (2013).
pubmed: 23723231
doi: 10.1126/science.1235126
Lee, C., Wei, X., Kysar, J. W. & Hone, J. Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene. Science 321, 385–388 (2008).
pubmed: 18635798
doi: 10.1126/science.1157996
Khare, R. et al. Coupled quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical modeling of the fracture of defective carbon nanotubes and graphene sheets. Phys. Rev. B 75, 075412 (2007).
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.75.075412
Zhang, T., Li, X. & Gao, H. Fracture of graphene: a review. Int. J. Fract. 196, 1–31 (2015).
doi: 10.1007/s10704-015-0039-9
Shekhawat, A. & Ritchie, R. O. Toughness and strength of nanocrystalline graphene. Nat. Commun. 7, 1–8 (2016).
doi: 10.1038/ncomms10546
Zhao, H., Min, K. & Aluru, N. R. Size and chirality dependent elastic properties of graphene nanoribbons under uniaxial tension. Nano Lett. 9, 3012–3015 (2009).
pubmed: 19719113
doi: 10.1021/nl901448z
Terdalkar, S. et al. Nanoscale fracture in graphene. Chem. Phys. Lett. 494, 218–222 (2010).
doi: 10.1016/j.cplett.2010.05.090
Wei, Y. et al. The nature of strength enhancement and weakening by pentagon–heptagon defects in graphene. Nat. Mater. 11, 759–763 (2012).
pubmed: 22751178
doi: 10.1038/nmat3370
Dubois, S. M., Rignanese, G. M., Pardoen, T. & Charlier, J. C. Ideal strength of silicon: an ab initio study. Phys. Rev. B 74, 235203 (2006).
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.74.235203
Bhaskar, U. et al. On-chip tensile testing of nanoscale silicon free-standing beams. J. Mater. Res. 27, 571–579 (2012).
doi: 10.1557/jmr.2011.340
Weibull, W. A statistical distribution function of wide applicability. J. Appl. Mech. 18, 293–297 (1951).
doi: 10.1115/1.4010337
Rasool, H. I., Ophus, C., Klug, W. S., Zettl, A. & Gimzewski, J. K. Measurement of the intrinsic strength of crystalline and polycrystalline graphene. Nat. Commun. 4, 1–7 (2013).
doi: 10.1038/ncomms3811
Wang, L., Williams, C. M., Boutilier, M. S., Kidambi, P. R. & Karnik, R. Single-layer graphene membranes withstand ultrahigh applied pressure. Nano Lett. 17, 3081–3088 (2017).
pubmed: 28434230
doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00442
Pugno, N. M. & Ruoff, R. S. Quantized fracture mechanics. Philos. Mag. 84, 2829–2845 (2004).
doi: 10.1080/14786430412331280382
Zhang, P. et al. Fracture toughness of graphene. Nat. Commun. 5, 1–7 (2014).
Wei, X. et al. Comparative fracture toughness of multilayer graphenes and boronitrenes. Nano Lett. 15, 689–694 (2015).
pubmed: 25555238
doi: 10.1021/nl5042066
Cao, K. et al. Elastic straining of free-standing monolayer graphene. Nat. Commun. 11, 1–7 (2020).
Jang, B. et al. Uniaxial fracture test of freestanding pristine graphene using in situ tensile tester under scanning electron microscope. Extrem. Mech. Lett. 14, 10–15 (2007).
doi: 10.1016/j.eml.2016.11.001
Jang, B. et al. Asynchronous cracking with dissimilar paths in multilayer graphene. Nanoscale 9, 17325–17333 (2017).
pubmed: 29094137
doi: 10.1039/C7NR04443G
Hwangbo, Y. et al. Fracture characteristics of monolayer CVD-graphene. Sci. Rep. 4, 1–9 (2014).
doi: 10.1038/srep04439
Jung, G., Qin, Z. & Buehler, M. J. Molecular mechanics of polycrystalline graphene with enhanced fracture toughness. Extrem. Mech. Lett. 2, 52–59 (2015).
doi: 10.1016/j.eml.2015.01.007
Meyer, J. C. et al. The structure of suspended graphene sheets. Nature 446, 60–63 (2007).
pubmed: 17330039
doi: 10.1038/nature05545
Kim, K. et al. Ripping graphene: preferred directions. Nano Lett. 12, 293–297 (2012).
pubmed: 22149252
doi: 10.1021/nl203547z
de Boer, M. P., DelRio, F. W. & Baker, M. S. On-chip test structure suite for free-standing metal film mechanical property testing, Part I—Analysis. Acta Mater. 56, 3344–3352 (2008).
doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2008.03.033
de Boer, M. P. et al. On-chip laboratory suite for testing of free-standing metal film mechanical properties, Part II–Experiments. Acta Mater. 56, 3313–3326 (2008).
doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2008.03.034
Gravier, S. New on-chip nanomechanical testing laboratory—applications to aluminium and polysilicon thin films. J. Microelectromech. Syst. 18, 555–569 (2009).
doi: 10.1109/JMEMS.2009.2020380
Coulombier, M., Boe, A., Brugger, C., Raskin, J. P. & Pardoen, T. Imperfection-sensitive ductility of aluminium thin films. Scr. Mater. 62, 742–745 (2010).
doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2010.01.048
Coulombier, M. et al. On-chip stress relaxation testing method for freestanding thin film materials. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 105004 (2012).
pubmed: 23126797
doi: 10.1063/1.4758288
Ghidelli, M. et al. Homogeneous flow and size-dependent mechanical behavior in highly ductile Zr65Ni35 metallic glass films. Acta Mater. 131, 246–259 (2017).
doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2017.03.072
Boe, A., Safi, A., Coulombier, M., Pardoen, T. & Raskin, J. P. Internal stress relaxation-based method for elastic stiffness characterization of very thin films. Thin Solid Films 518, 260–264 (2009).
doi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2009.06.062
Gallacher, B. J., O’Neill, A. G., Bull, S. J., Wilson, C. J. & Horsfall, A. B. Analysis of a passive sensor for predicting process-induced stress in advanced integrated circuit interconnect. IEEE Trans. Device Mater. Reliab. 8, 174–181 (2008).
doi: 10.1109/TDMR.2007.912272
Lapouge, P. et al. A novel on-chip test method to characterize the creep behavior of metallic layers under heavy ion irradiation. J. Nucl. Mater. 476, 20–29 (2016).
doi: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2016.04.014
Lapouge, P. et al. Creep behavior of submicron copper films under irradiation. Acta Mater. 131, 77–87 (2017).
doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2017.03.056
Hatty, V., Kahn, H. & Heuer, A. H. Fracture toughness, fracture strength, and stress corrosion cracking of silicon dioxide thin films. J. Microelectromech. Syst. 17, 943–947 (2008).
doi: 10.1109/JMEMS.2008.927069
Jaddi, S., Coulombier, M., Raskin, J. P. & Pardoen, T. Crack on a chip test method for thin freestanding films. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 123, 267–291 (2019).
doi: 10.1016/j.jmps.2018.10.005
Jaddi, S., Raskin, J. P. & Pardoen, T. On-chip environmentally assisted cracking in thin freestanding SiO
doi: 10.1557/s43578-021-00189-3
Wei, X., Fragneaud, B., Marianetti, C. A. & Kysar, J. W. Nonlinear elastic behavior of graphene: ab initio calculations to continuum description. Phys. Rev. B 80, 205407 (2009).
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.80.205407
Pugno, N., Peng, B. & Espinosa, H. D. Predictions of strength in MEMS components with defects––a novel experimental–theoretical approach. Int. J. Solids Struct. 42, 647–661 (2005).
doi: 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2004.06.026
Shafikov, A., van de Kruijs, R., Benschop, J., Houweling, S. & Bijkerk, F. Fracture toughness of freestanding ZrSi
doi: 10.1109/JMEMS.2021.3128760
Timoshenko, S. & Woinowsky-Krieger, S. Theory of Plates and Shells Vol. 2, 240–246 (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1959).
Lambin, P. Elastic properties and stability of physisorbed graphene. Appl. Sci. 4, 282–304 (2014).
doi: 10.3390/app4020282
Cranford, S., Sen, D. & Buehler, M. J. Meso-origami: folding multilayer graphene sheets. Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 123121 (2009).
doi: 10.1063/1.3223783
López-Polín, G. et al. Increasing the elastic modulus of graphene by controlled defect creation. Nat. Phys. 11, 26–31 (2015).
doi: 10.1038/nphys3183
López-Polín, G. et al. Tailoring the thermal expansion of graphene via controlled defect creation. Carbon 116, 670–677 (2017).
doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2017.02.021
Shen, X., Lin, X., Yousefi, N., Jia, J. & Kim, J. K. Wrinkling in graphene sheets and graphene oxide papers. Carbon 66, 84–92 (2014).
doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2013.08.046
Qin, H., Sun, Y., Liu, J. Z., Li, M. & Liu, Y. Negative Poisson’s ratio in rippled graphene. Nanoscale 9, 4135–4142 (2017).
pubmed: 28281710
doi: 10.1039/C6NR07911C
Akhunova, A. K., Galiakhmetova, L. K. & Baimova, J. A. The effects of dislocation dipoles on the failure strength of wrinkled graphene from atomistic simulation. Appl. Sci. 13, 9 (2022).
doi: 10.3390/app13010009
Bernal, R. A. On the application of Weibull statistics for describing strength of micro and nanostructures. Mech. Mater. 162, 104057 (2021).
doi: 10.1016/j.mechmat.2021.104057
Pugno, N. M. & Ruoff, R. S. Nanoscale Weibull statistics. J. Appl. Phys. 99, 024301 (2006).
doi: 10.1063/1.2158491
Cui, T. et al. Fatigue of graphene. Nat. Mater. 19, 405–411 (2020).
pubmed: 31959950
doi: 10.1038/s41563-019-0586-y
Pugno, N. M. Space elevator: out of order? Nano Today 2, 44–47 (2007).
doi: 10.1016/S1748-0132(07)70173-1
Wang, M. C., Yan, C., Ma, L., Hu, N. & Chen, M. W. Effect of defects on fracture strength of graphene sheets. Comput. Mater. Sci. 54, 236–239 (2012).
doi: 10.1016/j.commatsci.2011.10.032
Jiang, J. W. Strain engineering for mechanical properties in graphene nanoribbons revisited: the warping edge effect. J. Appl. Phys. 119, 234301 (2016).
doi: 10.1063/1.4954019
He, L., Guo, S., Lei, J., Sha, Z. & Liu, Z. The effect of Stone–Thrower–Wales defects on mechanical properties of graphene sheets—a molecular dynamics study. Carbon 75, 124–132 (2014).
doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2014.03.044