Identification of mycotoxins in yogurt samples using an optimized QuEChERS extraction and UHPLC-MS/MS detection.
Matrix effect
Mycotoxin
UHPLC-MS/MS
Validation
Yogurt
Journal
Mycotoxin research
ISSN: 1867-1632
Titre abrégé: Mycotoxin Res
Pays: Germany
ID NLM: 8807334
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
17 Jul 2024
17 Jul 2024
Historique:
received:
07
02
2024
accepted:
11
07
2024
revised:
08
07
2024
medline:
17
7
2024
pubmed:
17
7
2024
entrez:
17
7
2024
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
Yogurt, a milk-derived product, is susceptible to mycotoxin contamination. While various methods have been developed for the analysis of dairy products, only a few have been specifically validated for yogurt. In addition, these methods are primarily focus on detecting aflatoxins and zearalenone. This study aimed to conduct a preliminary investigation into the presence of regulated, emerging, and modified mycotoxins in natural and oat yogurts available in the Spanish market. For this, a QuEChERS-based extraction method was optimized and then validated to detect and quantify 32 mycotoxins using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The method was in-house validated for the analysis of natural and oat yogurt in terms of linearity, matrix effect, sensitivity, accuracy, and precision. Satisfactory performance characteristics were achieved; for most of the analytes, LOQs were lower than 2 ng/g, and recoveries ranged from 60 to 110% with a precision, expressed as the relative standard deviation of the recovery, lower than 15%. Subsequently, the validated method was applied to analyze commercial yogurt samples, revealing a notable incidence of beauvericin and enniatins, with some analogues found in up to 100% of the samples. Alternariol methyl ether was also frequently found, appearing in 50% of the samples. Additionally, the study identified regulated toxins such as fumonisins, ochratoxin A , and HT-2 toxin. These results provide new incidence data in yogurt, raising concerns about potential health risks for consumers.
Identifiants
pubmed: 39017819
doi: 10.1007/s12550-024-00547-0
pii: 10.1007/s12550-024-00547-0
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Society for Mycotoxin (Research Gesellschaft für Mykotoxinforschung e.V.) and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
Références
Ahmad I, Hao M, Li Y, Zhang J, Ding Y, Lyu F (2022) Fortification of yogurt with bioactive functional foods and ingredients and associated challenges-a review. Trends Food Sci Technol 129:558–580
doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.11.003
Akinyemi MO, Braun D, Windisch P, Warth B, Ezekiel CN (2022) Assessment of multiple mycotoxins in raw milk of three different animal species in Nigeria. Food Control 131:108258
doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108258
Battilani P, Toscano P, Van der Fels-Klerx HJ, Moretti A, Camardo Leggieri M, Brera C, Rortais A, Goumperis T, Robinson T (2016) Aflatoxin B1 contamination in maize in Europe increases due to climate change. Sci Rep 6(1):24328
doi: 10.1038/srep24328
pubmed: 27066906
pmcid: 4828719
Becker-Algeri TA, Castagnaro D, de Bortoli K, de Souza C, Drunkler DA, Badiale-Furlong E (2016) Mycotoxins in bovine milk and dairy products: a review. J Food Sci 81(3):R544–R552
doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.13204
pubmed: 26799355
Benkerroum N (2016) Mycotoxins in dairy products: a review. Int Dairy J 62:63–75
doi: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2016.07.002
Cano-Sancho G, Marin S, Ramos AJ, Peris-Vicente J, Sanchis V (2010) Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 and exposure assessment in Catalonia (Spain). Rev Iberoam Micol 27(3):130–135
doi: 10.1016/j.riam.2010.05.003
pubmed: 20601075
Castilla-Fernández D, Rocío-Bautista P, Moreno-González D, García-Reyes JF, Molina-Díaz A (2022) Dilute-and-shoot versus clean-up approaches: a comprehensive evaluation for the determination of mycotoxins in nuts by UHPLC-MS/MS. LWT 169:113976
doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113976
Chhaya RS, O’Brien J, Cummins E (2022) Feed to fork risk assessment of mycotoxins under climate change influences - recent developments. Trends Food Sci Technol 126:126–141
doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.07.040
D’Orazio G, Hernández-Borges J, Herrera-Herrera AV, Fanali S, Rodríguez-Delgado MÁ (2016) Determination of estrogenic compounds in milk and yogurt samples by hollow-fibre liquid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 408(26):7447–7459
doi: 10.1007/s00216-016-9833-0
pubmed: 27526090
De Colli L, De Ruyck K, Abdallah MF, Finnan J, Mullins E, Kildea S, Spink J, Elliott C, Danaher M (2021) Natural co-occurrence of multiple mycotoxins in unprocessed oats grown in Ireland with various production systems. Toxins 13(3):188
doi: 10.3390/toxins13030188
pubmed: 33806558
pmcid: 7998419
EC_2023/2782. Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2023/2782 of 14 December 2023 laying down the methods of sampling and analysis for the control of the levels of mycotoxins in food and repealing Regulation (EC) No 401/2006. Official Journal of the European Union 1–44
EC_2023, 915. Commission Regulation (EU) 2023 915 of 25, April 2023 on maximum levels for certain contaminants in food and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 Off J Eur Union 119:103–157
Fisberg M, Machado R (2015) History of yogurt and current patterns of consumption. Nut Rev 73(1):4–7
Flores-Flores ME, Lizarraga E, López de Cerain A, González-Peñas E (2015) Presence of mycotoxins in animal milk: a review. Food Control 53:163–176
doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.01.020
Gazzotti T, Lugoboni B, Zironi E, Barbarossa A, Serraino A, Pagliuca G (2009) Determination of fumonisin B1 in bovine milk by LC–MS/MS. Food Control 20(12):1171–1174
doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.02.009
Gonzalez-Jartin JM, Rodriguez-Canas I, Alfonso A, Sainz MJ, Vieytes MR, Gomes A, Ramos I, Botana LM (2021) Multianalyte method for the determination of regulated, emerging and modified mycotoxins in milk: QuEChERS extraction followed by UHPLC–MS/MS analysis. Food Chem 356:129647
doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129647
pubmed: 33813202
González-Jartín JM, Ferreiroa V, Rodríguez-Cañás I, Alfonso A, Sainz MJ, Aguín O, Vieytes MR, Gomes A, Ramos I, Botana LM (2022) Occurrence of mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi in silage from the north of Portugal at feed-out. Int J Food Microbiol 365:109556
doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109556
pubmed: 35124380
González-Sálamo J, Socas-Rodríguez B, Hernández-Borges J, Rodríguez-Delgado MÁ (2017) Core-shell poly(dopamine) magnetic nanoparticles for the extraction of estrogenic mycotoxins from milk and yogurt prior to LC–MS analysis. Food Chem 215:362–368
doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.154
pubmed: 27542487
Hamed AM, Moreno-González D, García-Campaña AM, Gámiz-Gracia L (2017) Determination of aflatoxins in yogurt by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and HPLC with photo-induced fluorescence detection. Food Anal Methods 10(2):516–521
doi: 10.1007/s12161-016-0611-6
IARC (2002) Some traditional herbal medicines, some mycotoxins, naphthalene and styrene. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 82:1–556
Iqbal SZ (2021) Mycotoxins in food, recent development in food analysis and future challenges; a review. Curr Opin Food Sci 42:237–247
doi: 10.1016/j.cofs.2021.07.003
Jia W, Chu X, Ling Y, Huang J, Chang J (2014) Multi-mycotoxin analysis in dairy products by liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1345:107–114
doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.04.021
pubmed: 24794937
Keevil BG (2013) Novel liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods for measuring steroids. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 27(5):663–674
doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2013.05.015
pubmed: 24094637
Keyvan E, Yurdakul O, Kocasarı F, Tutun H, Demirtaş A, Kahraman HA, Şen E (2018) Detection of ochratoxin A in bulk tank milk. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 11(3):255–259
Leite M, Freitas A, Barbosa J Ramos F (2023) Mycotoxins in raw bovine milk: UHPLC-QTrap-MS/MS method as a biosafety control tool. In Toxins 15
Mason S, Arjmandtalab S, Hajimohammadi B, Khosravi Arsanjani A, Karami S, Sayadi M, Oryan A (2015) Aflatoxin M1 contamination in industrial and traditional yogurts produced in Iran. Journal of Food Quality and Hazards Control 2(1):11–14
Matabaro E, Ishimwe N, Uwimbabazi E, Lee BH (2017) Current immunoassay methods for the rapid detection of aflatoxin in milk and dairy products. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 16(5):808–820
doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12287
pubmed: 33371606
Perestrelo R, Silva P, Porto-Figueira P, Pereira JAM, Silva C, Medina S, Câmara JS (2019) QuEChERS - fundamentals, relevant improvements, applications and future trends. Anal Chim Acta 1070:1–28
doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.02.036
pubmed: 31103162
Pettersson H, Brown C, Hauk J, Hoth S, Meyer J, Wessels D (2011) Survey of T-2 and HT-2 toxins by LC–MS/MS in oats and oat products from European oat mills in 2005–2009. Food Add Contamin Part B 4(2):110–115
doi: 10.1080/19393210.2011.561933
Pietruszka K, Panasiuk Ł, Jedziniak P (2023) Survey of the enniatins and beauvericin in raw and UHT cow’s milk in Poland. J Vet Res
Prelusky DB, Scott PM, Trenholm HL, Lawrence GA (1990) Minimal transmission of zearalenone to milk of dairy cows 1. J Environ Sci Health B 25(1):87–103
doi: 10.1080/03601239009372678
pubmed: 2140383
Rodríguez-Blanco M, Marín S, Sanchis V, Ramos AJ (2020) Fusarium mycotoxins in total mixed rations for dairy cows. Mycotoxin Res 36(3):277–286
doi: 10.1007/s12550-020-00390-z
pubmed: 32048206
Rodríguez-Cañás I, González-Jartín JM, Alvariño R, Alfonso A, Vieytes MR, Botana LM (2023) Detection of mycotoxins in cheese using an optimized analytical method based on a QuEChERS extraction and UHPLC-MS/MS quantification. Food Chem 408:135182
doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135182
pubmed: 36535186
Rodríguez-Cañás I, González-Jartín JM, Alfonso A, Alvariño R, Vieytes MR, Botana LM (2024) Application of a multi-toxin detect method to analyze mycotoxins occurrence in plant-based beverages. Food Chem 434:137427
doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137427
pubmed: 37708575
Sakin F, Tekeli İO, Yipel M, Kürekci C (2018) Occurrence and health risk assessment of aflatoxins and ochratoxin a in Sürk, a Turkish dairy food, as studied by HPLC. Food Control 90:317–323
doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.03.012
Santana-Mayor Á, Socas-Rodríguez B, Herrera-Herrera AV, Rodríguez-Delgado MÁ (2019) Current trends in QuEChERS method. A versatile procedure for food, environmental and biological analysis. TrAC, Trends Anal Chem 116:214–235
doi: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.04.018
Scott PM, Zhao W, Feng S, Lau BPY (2012) Alternaria toxins alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether in grain foods in Canada. Mycotoxin Res 28(4):261–266
doi: 10.1007/s12550-012-0141-z
pubmed: 23087499
pmcid: 3475969
Shanakhat H, Sorrentino A, Raiola A, Romano A, Masi P, Cavella S (2018) Current methods for mycotoxins analysis and innovative strategies for their reduction in cereals: an overview. J Sci Food Agric 98(11):4003–4013
doi: 10.1002/jsfa.8933
pubmed: 29412472
Tarazona A, Gómez JV, Mateo F, Jiménez M, Mateo EM (2021) Potential health risk associated with mycotoxins in oat grains consumed in Spain. Toxins 13(6):421
doi: 10.3390/toxins13060421
pubmed: 34199242
pmcid: 8232004
Ulusoy HB, Hamed SN, Yildirim KF (2022) Heat-resistant moulds: assessment, prevention and their consequences for food safety and public health. Czech Journal of Food Sciences 40(4):273–280
doi: 10.17221/26/2022-CJFS
Weerathilake W, Rasika D, Ruwanmali J, Munasinghe M (2014) The evolution, processing, varieties and health benefits of yogurt. Int J Sci Res Publ 4(4):1–10
Wenzl T, Haedrich J, Schaechtele A, Piotr R, Stroka J, Eppe G, Scholl G (2016) Guidance document on the estimation of LOD and LOQ for measurements in the field of contaminants in food and feed. EUR 28099, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg
Xie J, Peng T, Zhu A, He J, Chang Q, Hu X, Chen H, Fan C, Jiang W, Chen M, Li J, Ding S, Jiang H (2015) Multi-residue analysis of veterinary drugs, pesticides and mycotoxins in dairy products by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry using low-temperature cleanup and solid phase extraction. J Chromatogr B 1002:19–29
doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.08.005
Yang S, Luo Y, Mu L, Yang Y, Yang Y (2021) Risk screening of mycotoxins and their derivatives in dairy products using a stable isotope dilution assay and LC–MS/MS. J Sep Sci 44(4):782–792
doi: 10.1002/jssc.202000822
pubmed: 33275836
Zhang K, Wong JW, Hayward DG, Vaclavikova M, Liao C-D, Trucksess MW (2013) Determination of mycotoxins in milk-based products and infant formula using stable isotope dilution assay and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 61(26):6265–6273
doi: 10.1021/jf4018838
pubmed: 23746324
Zhang Z, Song Y, Ma L, Huang K, Liang Z (2022) Co-occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus and ochratoxin A in pasteurized milk. Toxins 14(10):718
doi: 10.3390/toxins14100718
pubmed: 36287986
pmcid: 9612031