Outcomes in Critically Ill Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation Recipients.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (Allo-HSCT) recipients are still believed to be poor candidates for intensive care unit (ICU) management. We investigated outcomes and determinants of mortality in a large multicenter retrospective cohort of Allo-HSCT patients admitted between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2020 to 14 French ICUs. One thousand one hundred and sixty-four patients were admitted throughout the study period. At the time of ICU admission, 765 (66%) patients presented multiple organ dysfunction, including acute respiratory failure in 40% (n=461). Median SOFA was 6 (4-8). Invasive mechanical ventilation, renal replacement therapy and vasopressors were required in 438 (38%), 221 (19%) and 468 (41%) patients respectively. ICU mortality was 26% (302 deaths). Day-90, 1-year and 3-year mortality rates were 48%, 63%, and 70%, respectively. By multivariable analysis, age >56 years (OR 2·0 [1·53-2·60], p<0·001), time from Allo-HSCT to ICU admission between 30 and 90 days (OR 1·68 [1·17-2·40], p=0·005), corticosteroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease (OR 1·63 [1·38-1·93], p<0·001), need for vasopressors (OR 1·9 [1·42-2·55], p<0·001), and mechanical ventilation (OR 3·1 [2·29-4·18], p<0·001) were independently associated with day-90 mortality. In patients requiring mechanical ventilation, mortality rates ranged from 39% (no other risk factors for mortality) to 100% (4 associated risk factors for mortality). Most critically ill Allo-HSCT recipients survive their ICU stay, including those requiring mechanical ventilation, with an overall day-90 survival rate reaching 51.8%. A careful assessment of goals of care is required in patients with ≥ 2 risk factors for mortality.