Treatment of greywater and presence of microplastics in on-site systems.

Eight on-site greywater treatment facilities of four different types (A, B, C and D) were investigated. Three were commercially available package plants (A-C) and one was a conventional sand filter (D). The treatment unit of Type A consisted of a geotextile-fitted trickling filter and a sand filter bottom layer, the Type B consisted of packs of fibrous mineral wool filter materials, and the Type C consisted of a fine-meshed plastic filter. The treatment systems were assessed in terms of their removal efficiency for organic matter (e.g. BOD, COD, TOC), nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), surfactants, indicator bacteria (E. coli and enterococci) as well as microplastics. Systems A and D effectively reduced organic matter by >96% BOD, >94% COD and >90% TOC. Their effluent BOD was <29 mg/l. The BOD reduction in the treatment facilities of types B and C was in the range of 70-95%. Removal of anionic surfactants was >90% with effluent concentration <1 mg/l in all facilities. In general, the treatment systems were ineffective in removing E. coli and enterococci; the most efficient was the sand filter (type D), achieving 1.4-3.8 log

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Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.