High silent prevalence of human herpesvirus 1 (HSV-1) infection affecting the indigenous reservation of the municipality of Dourados, Central-West Brazil.
Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Child
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Young Adult
Antibodies, Viral
/ blood
Brazil
/ epidemiology
Cross-Sectional Studies
Herpes Simplex
/ epidemiology
Herpesvirus 1, Human
/ immunology
Immunoglobulin G
/ blood
Immunoglobulin M
/ blood
Indians, South American
/ statistics & numerical data
Prevalence
Viral Load
Human alphaherpesvirus 1
Brazil
Epidemiology
Human herpes virus 1
Indigenous
Journal
BMC infectious diseases
ISSN: 1471-2334
Titre abrégé: BMC Infect Dis
Pays: England
ID NLM: 100968551
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
17 Jul 2024
17 Jul 2024
Historique:
received:
22
11
2023
accepted:
12
06
2024
medline:
18
7
2024
pubmed:
18
7
2024
entrez:
17
7
2024
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
The indigenous population located in the central region of Brazil, is the second largest in terms of population size in the country. The Indigenous Reserve of Dourados has risk factors that increase the vulnerability of the indigenous population to infectious diseases, especially Human alphaherpesvirus (HSV-1), a neglected disease with high prevalence in priority populations in developing countries. The virus can also cause many more severe diseases, including widespread neonatal infections, herpetic keratitis, and herpes encephalitis, which can be fatal if left untreated. We estimated the prevalence of anti-HSV-1 antibodies and correlated it with the demographic and behavioral characteristics of the Indigenous population of the Jaguapirú and Bororó villages (Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Brazil). Our approach was cross-sectional. From March 2017 to November 2018. Using anti-HSV-1 (Gg1) IgM and anti-HSV-1 (gG1) IgG Euroimmun and the detection and quantification of HSV-1 viral load in plasma samples, through real-time PCR. The maps were constructed using QGIS and the statistical analyses using R Studio software. A total of 1138 individuals (> 18 years old) were enrolled. The prevalence of anti-HSV-1 IgM and IgG were 20% and 97.5%, respectively. The prevalence of anti-HSV-1 antibodies for IgG was higher in both sexes. Anti-HSV-1 IgM antibodies were present in 17.1%, 21.2%, 12.5%, and 22% of the participants with urinary problems, genital wounds, genital warts, and urethral discharge, respectively. Real-time PCR was used for confirmatory testing; HSV-1 DNA was detected in 25.6% (54/211) of anti-HSV1 IgM-positive samples. Viral loads ranged from 5.99E + 02 to 3.36E + 13. The seroprevalence of HSV-1 IgM and detection of HSV-1 DNA in the Indigenous population confirmed high silent prevalence. Furthermore, the seroprevalence of HSV-1 in the Indigenous population was higher than that reported in the general adult Brazilian population. Various socioeconomic factors, drug use, and health and sexual behaviors could contribute to the facilitation of HSV-1 transmission in the Indigenous population. Our results may help develop culturally appropriate intervention programs that eliminate health access barriers and improve the implementation of public health policies aimed at promoting information regarding the prevention, treatment, and control of HSV-1 infection in Brazilian Indigenous populations.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
The indigenous population located in the central region of Brazil, is the second largest in terms of population size in the country. The Indigenous Reserve of Dourados has risk factors that increase the vulnerability of the indigenous population to infectious diseases, especially Human alphaherpesvirus (HSV-1), a neglected disease with high prevalence in priority populations in developing countries. The virus can also cause many more severe diseases, including widespread neonatal infections, herpetic keratitis, and herpes encephalitis, which can be fatal if left untreated. We estimated the prevalence of anti-HSV-1 antibodies and correlated it with the demographic and behavioral characteristics of the Indigenous population of the Jaguapirú and Bororó villages (Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Brazil).
METHODS
METHODS
Our approach was cross-sectional. From March 2017 to November 2018. Using anti-HSV-1 (Gg1) IgM and anti-HSV-1 (gG1) IgG Euroimmun and the detection and quantification of HSV-1 viral load in plasma samples, through real-time PCR. The maps were constructed using QGIS and the statistical analyses using R Studio software.
RESULTS
RESULTS
A total of 1138 individuals (> 18 years old) were enrolled. The prevalence of anti-HSV-1 IgM and IgG were 20% and 97.5%, respectively. The prevalence of anti-HSV-1 antibodies for IgG was higher in both sexes. Anti-HSV-1 IgM antibodies were present in 17.1%, 21.2%, 12.5%, and 22% of the participants with urinary problems, genital wounds, genital warts, and urethral discharge, respectively. Real-time PCR was used for confirmatory testing; HSV-1 DNA was detected in 25.6% (54/211) of anti-HSV1 IgM-positive samples. Viral loads ranged from 5.99E + 02 to 3.36E + 13.
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS
The seroprevalence of HSV-1 IgM and detection of HSV-1 DNA in the Indigenous population confirmed high silent prevalence. Furthermore, the seroprevalence of HSV-1 in the Indigenous population was higher than that reported in the general adult Brazilian population. Various socioeconomic factors, drug use, and health and sexual behaviors could contribute to the facilitation of HSV-1 transmission in the Indigenous population. Our results may help develop culturally appropriate intervention programs that eliminate health access barriers and improve the implementation of public health policies aimed at promoting information regarding the prevention, treatment, and control of HSV-1 infection in Brazilian Indigenous populations.
Identifiants
pubmed: 39020287
doi: 10.1186/s12879-024-09497-5
pii: 10.1186/s12879-024-09497-5
doi:
Substances chimiques
Antibodies, Viral
0
Immunoglobulin G
0
Immunoglobulin M
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
700Subventions
Organisme : Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior , Brasil
ID : 001
Organisme : Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior , Brasil
ID : 001
Organisme : Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior , Brasil
ID : 001
Organisme : Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior , Brasil
ID : 001
Organisme : Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior , Brasil
ID : 001
Organisme : Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
ID : 440245/2018-4
Organisme : Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
ID : 440245/2018-4
Organisme : Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
ID : 440245/2018-4
Organisme : Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
ID : 440245/2018-4
Organisme : Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
ID : 440245/2018-4
Organisme : Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
ID : 440245/2018-4
Organisme : Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul
ID : 041/2017
Organisme : Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul
ID : 041/2017
Organisme : Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul
ID : 041/2017
Organisme : Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul
ID : 041/2017
Organisme : Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul
ID : 041/2017
Organisme : Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul
ID : 041/2017
Organisme : Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul
ID : 041/2017
Organisme : Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul
ID : 041/2017
Organisme : Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul
ID : 041/2017
Organisme : Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul
ID : 041/2017
Organisme : Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul
ID : 041/2017
Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
WHO, AAC, SEVENTY-SIXTH WORLD, HEALTH ASSEMBLY World Health Organization (WHO). The health of Indigenous PeoplesDraft resolution proposed by Australia, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, European Union and its Member States, Guatemala, Mexico, New Zealand, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, United States of America and Vanuatu. Agenda item 16.3: A/RES/61/295; 23 May 2023.
Brazilian Geographic and Statistics Institute. IBGE. Indigenous in the 2010population census. https://indigenas.ibge.gov.br/images/indigenas/estudos/indig ena_censo 2010.pdf.2010.
Cidadania. SMSEd. Governo do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul.: https://www.secid.ms.gov.br/ comunidades- indig enas-2/.
de Alcantara MLB, Moure W, Trajber Z, Machado IR. Equipe De Jovens Da Ação dos Jovens Indígenas De Dourados-MS. a percepção do suicídio como inseparável das outras formas de violência segundo os/as jovens indígenas: um estudo de caso da Reserva Indígena De Dourados. Rev Med. 2020;99(3):305–18.
Mota JGB, Cavalcante TLV. Reserva Indígena de Dourados: Histórias e Desafios Contemporâneos, 285 (Karywa, 2019). ISBN: 978-85-68730–38–6. 2019.
Kotronias D, Kapranos N. Detection of herpes simplex virus DNA in maternal breast milk by in situ hybridization with tyramide signal amplification. Vivo. 1999;13(6):463–6.
Braço ILJ, de Sá KSG, Waqasi M, Queiroz MAF, da Silva ANR, Cayres-Vallinoto IMV, et al. High prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus 2 (HTLV-2) infection in villages of the Xikrin tribe (Kayapo), Brazilian Amazon region. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):459.
pubmed: 31117977
pmcid: 6532245
doi: 10.1186/s12879-019-4041-0
Graeff SV, Pícolli RP, Arantes R, Castro VOL, Cunha RVD. Epidemiological aspects of HIV infection and AIDS among indigenous populations. Rev Saude Publica. 2019;53:71.
pubmed: 31508778
pmcid: 6758848
doi: 10.11606/S1518-8787.2019053000362
Vallinoto AC, Ishak MO, Azevedo VN, Vicente AC, Otsuki K, Hall WW, et al. Molecular epidemiology of human T-lymphotropic virus type II infection in Amerindian and urban populations of the Amazon region of Brazil. Hum Biol. 2002;74(5):633–44.
pubmed: 12495078
doi: 10.1353/hub.2002.0059
SANTOS VL. Analyzing STD and aids control policies among Brazilian indigenous population. Tempus Actas de Saúde Coletiva; 2010.
Romero-Sandoval N, Cifuentes L, León G, Lecaro P, Ortiz-Rico C, Cooper P, et al. High rates of exposures to Waterborne pathogens in Indigenous communities in the Amazon Region of Ecuador. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2019;101(1):45–50.
pubmed: 31162016
pmcid: 6609175
doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0970
Gabster A, Pascale JM, Cislaghi B, Francis SC, Weiss HA, Martinez A, et al. High prevalence of sexually transmitted infections, and high-risk sexual behaviors among indigenous adolescents of the Comarca Ngäbe-Buglé, Panama. Sex Transm Dis. 2019;46(12):780–7.
pubmed: 31596737
doi: 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001070
Roberts CM, Pfister JR, Spear SJ. Increasing proportion of herpes simplex virus type 1 as a cause of genital herpes infection in college students. Sex Transm Dis. 2003;30(10):797–800.
pubmed: 14520181
doi: 10.1097/01.OLQ.0000092387.58746.C7
Placek BJ, Berger SL. Chromatin dynamics during herpes simplex virus-1 lytic infection. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010;1799(3–4):223–7.
pubmed: 20139038
doi: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2010.01.012
j CA. D I. Management of herpes simplex virus infections. Paediatr Child H2004.
Tsatsos M, MacGregor C, Athanasiadis I, Moschos MM, Jameel S, Hossain P, et al. Herpes simplex virus keratitis: an update of the pathogenesis and current treatment with oral and topical antiviral agents - comment. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2017;45(9):932.
pubmed: 28544103
doi: 10.1111/ceo.12991
Steiner I, Benninger F. Update on herpes virus infections of the nervous system. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2013;13(12):414.
pubmed: 24142852
doi: 10.1007/s11910-013-0414-8
Marcocci ME, Napoletani G, Protto V, Kolesova O, Piacentini R, Li Puma DD, et al. Herpes simplex Virus-1 in the brain: the Dark side of a sneaky infection. Trends Microbiol. 2020;28(10):808–20.
pubmed: 32386801
doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.03.003
Pinninti SG, Kimberlin DW. Neonatal herpes simplex virus infections. Semin Perinatol. 2018;42(3):168–75.
pubmed: 29544668
doi: 10.1053/j.semperi.2018.02.004
Laval K, Enquist LW. The potential role of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Neurol. 2021;12:658695.
pubmed: 33889129
pmcid: 8055853
doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.658695
Desai DV, Kulkarni SS. Herpes Simplex Virus: the interplay between HSV, Host, and HIV-1. Viral Immunol. 2015;28(10):546–55.
pubmed: 26331265
doi: 10.1089/vim.2015.0012
Johnston C, Corey L. Current concepts for genital herpes simplex virus infection: Diagnostics and Pathogenesis of Genital Tract Shedding. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2016;29(1):149–61.
pubmed: 26561565
doi: 10.1128/CMR.00043-15
Davenport DS, Johnson DR, Holmes GP, Jewett DA, Ross SC, Hilliard JK. Diagnosis and management of human B virus (Herpesvirus Simiae) infections in Michigan. Clin Infect Dis. 1994;19(1):33–41.
pubmed: 7948555
doi: 10.1093/clinids/19.1.33
Fierer J, Bazely P, Braude AI. Herpes B virus encephalomyelitis presenting as ophthalmic zoster. A possible latent infection reactivated. Ann Intern Med. 1973;79(2):225–8.
pubmed: 4125441
doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-79-2-225
HOLMES AW, CALDWELL RG, DEDMON RE DEINHARDTF. ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A NEW HERPES VIRUS. J Immunol. 1964;92:602–10.
pubmed: 14139032
doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.92.4.602
Roizman B, Knipe D, Whitley R. Herpes simplex viruses. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM, editors. Fields Virology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: LippincottWilliams & Wilkins; 2007. pp. 2502–601.
Whitley R. Herpes simplex virus. In: Scheld WM, Whitley RJ, Marra CM, editors. Infections of the central nervous system. 4th ed. Philadelfia,: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014. pp. 137–56.
Freeman EE, Weiss HA, Glynn JR, Cross PL, Whitworth JA, Hayes RJ. Herpes simplex virus 2 infection increases HIV acquisition in men and women: systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. AIDS. 2006;20(1):73–83.
pubmed: 16327322
doi: 10.1097/01.aids.0000198081.09337.a7
Corey L, Wald A, Celum CL, Quinn TC. The effects of herpes simplex virus-2 on HIV-1 acquisition and transmission: a review of two overlapping epidemics. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004;35(5):435–45.
pubmed: 15021308
doi: 10.1097/00126334-200404150-00001
Cohen EM, Avital N, Shamay M, Kobiler O. Abortive herpes simplex virus infection of nonneuronal cells results in quiescent viral genomes that can reactivate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020;117(1):635–40.
pubmed: 31871148
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1910537117
James C, Harfouche M, elton NJ, Turner KME, Abu-Raddad LJ, SL G et al. Supplementary webappendix: data from 2016 HSV infection estimates (data repository). Bristol: University of Bristol; 2019. Bristol: University of Bristol; 2019.2019.
James C, Harfouche M, Welton NJ, Turner KM, Abu-Raddad LJ, Gottlieb SL, et al. Herpes simplex virus: global infection prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016. Bull World Health Organ. 2020;98(5):315–29.
pubmed: 32514197
pmcid: 7265941
doi: 10.2471/BLT.19.237149
Sukik L, Alyafei M, Harfouche M, Abu-Raddad LJ. Herpes simplex virus type 1 epidemiology in Latin America and the Caribbean: systematic review and meta-analytics. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(4):e0215487.
pubmed: 31009486
pmcid: 6476500
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215487
Clemens SA, Farhat CK. Seroprevalence of herpes simplex 1–2 antibodies in Brazil. Rev Saude Publica. 2010;44(4):726–34.
pubmed: 20676563
doi: 10.1590/S0034-89102010000400017
da Silva AS, Raposo JV, Pereira TC, Pinto MA, de Paula VS. Effects of RNA interference therapy against herpes simplex virus type 1 encephalitis. Antivir Ther. 2016;21(3):225–35.
pubmed: 26669609
doi: 10.3851/IMP3016
Zhe R, Mei-Ying Z, Kitazato K, Kobayash N, Qin-Chang Z, Pei-Zhuo Z, et al. Effect of siRNA on HSV-1 plaque formation and relative expression levels of UL39 mRNA. Arch Virol. 2008;153(7):1401–6.
pubmed: 18551244
doi: 10.1007/s00705-008-0110-1
Lima LR, Silva AP, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Paula VS. Diagnosis of human herpes virus 1 and 2 (HHV-1 and HHV-2): use of a synthetic standard curve for absolute quantification by real time polymerase chain reaction. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2017;112(3):220–3.
pubmed: 28225902
pmcid: 5319368
doi: 10.1590/0074-02760160354
Ministério de Saúde. Povos indígenas e a prevenção as DST, HIV e aids: Manual de diretrizes técnicas. ISBN 85-334-0232-5; 2000.
C BR, I BD. Treatment of herpes simplex virus infections. Antiviral Res2004.
Anderson BJ. The effectiveness of valacyclovir in preventing reactivation of herpes gladiatorum in wrestlers. Clin J Sport Med. 1999;9(2):86–90.
pubmed: 10442623
doi: 10.1097/00042752-199904000-00008
Yard EE, Collins CL, Dick RW, Comstock RD. An epidemiologic comparison of high school and college wrestling injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36(1):57–64.
pubmed: 17932400
doi: 10.1177/0363546507307507
Amudha VP, Rashetha, Sucilathangam G, Cinthujah B, Revathy C. Serological Profile of HSV-2 in STD patients: evaluation of Diagnostic Utility of HSV-2 IgM and IgG detection. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014;8(12):DC16–9.
pubmed: 25653947
pmcid: 4316253
Carvalho M, de Carvalho S, Pannuti CS, Sumita LM, de Souza VA. Prevalence of herpes simplex type 2 antibodies and a clinical history of herpes in three different populations in Campinas City, Brazil. Int J Infect Dis. 1998;3(2):94–8.
pubmed: 10225987
doi: 10.1016/S1201-9712(99)90016-4
Agabi YA, Banwat EB, Mawak JD, Lar PM, Dashe N, Dashen MM, et al. Seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type-2 among patients attending the Sexually Transmitted Infections Clinic in Jos, Nigeria. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2010;4(9):572–5.
pubmed: 21045370
doi: 10.3855/jidc.567
Looker KJ, Magaret AS, May MT, Turner KM, Vickerman P, Gottlieb SL, et al. Global and Regional estimates of prevalent and incident herpes simplex virus type 1 infections in 2012. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(10):e0140765.
pubmed: 26510007
pmcid: 4624804
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140765
Fatahzadeh M, Schwartz RA. Human herpes simplex virus infections: epidemiology, pathogenesis, symptomatology, diagnosis, and management. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;57(5):737–63. quiz 64 – 6.
pubmed: 17939933
doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2007.06.027
Bernstein DI, Bellamy AR, Hook EW, Levin MJ, Wald A, Ewell MG, et al. Epidemiology, clinical presentation, and antibody response to primary infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in young women. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56(3):344–51.
pubmed: 23087395
doi: 10.1093/cid/cis891
Ayoub HH, Chemaitelly H, Abu-Raddad LJ. Characterizing the transitioning epidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 1 in the USA: model-based predictions. BMC Med. 2019;17(1):57.
pubmed: 30853029
pmcid: 6410528
doi: 10.1186/s12916-019-1285-x
Löwhagen GB, Tunbäck P, Andersson K, Bergström T, Johannisson G. First episodes of genital herpes in a Swedish STD population: a study of epidemiology and transmission by the use of herpes simplex virus (HSV) typing and specific serology. Sex Transm Infect. 2000;76(3):179–82.
pubmed: 10961194
pmcid: 1744160
doi: 10.1136/sti.76.3.179
Khadr L, Harfouche M, Omori R, Schwarzer G, Chemaitelly H, Abu-Raddad LJ. The epidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 1 in Asia: systematic review, Meta-analyses, and Meta-regressions. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68(5):757–72.
pubmed: 30020453
doi: 10.1093/cid/ciy562
Xu F, Sternberg MR, Kottiri BJ, McQuillan GM, Lee FK, Nahmias AJ, et al. Trends in herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 seroprevalence in the United States. JAMA. 2006;296(8):964–73.
pubmed: 16926356
doi: 10.1001/jama.296.8.964
Harfouche M, Chemaitelly H, Abu-Raddad LJ. Herpes simplex virus type 1 epidemiology in Africa: systematic review, meta-analyses, and meta-regressions. J Infect. 2019;79(4):289–99.
pubmed: 31376458
doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2019.07.012
Nilsen A, Myrmel H. Changing trends in genital herpes simplex virus infection in Bergen, Norway. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2000;79(8):693–6.
pubmed: 10949236
doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0412.2000.079008693.x
Samra Z, Scherf E, Dan M. Herpes simplex virus type 1 is the prevailing cause of genital herpes in the Tel Aviv area, Israel. Sex Transm Dis. 2003;30(10):794–6.
pubmed: 14520180
doi: 10.1097/01.OLQ.0000079517.04451.79
Gilbert C, Bestman-Smith J, Boivin G. Resistance of herpesviruses to antiviral drugs: clinical impacts and molecular mechanisms. Drug Resist Updat. 2002;5(2):88–114.
pubmed: 12135584
doi: 10.1016/S1368-7646(02)00021-3
Haddow LJ, Sullivan EA, Taylor J, Abel M, Cunningham AL, Tabrizi S, et al. Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection in women attending an antenatal clinic in the South Pacific island nation of Vanuatu. Sex Transm Dis. 2007;34(5):258–61.
pubmed: 16940899
doi: 10.1097/01.olq.0000237774.29010.30
Smith JS, Robinson NJ. Age-specific prevalence of infection with herpes simplex virus types 2 and 1: a global review. J Infect Dis. 2002;186(Suppl 1):S3–28.
pubmed: 12353183
doi: 10.1086/343739
Hashido M, Lee FK, Nahmias AJ, Kawana T. Prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1- and 2- specific antibodies among the acute, recurrent, and provoked types of female genital herpes. Microbiol Immunol. 1997;41(10):823–7.
pubmed: 9403510
doi: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1997.tb01935.x
Vyse AJ, Gay NJ, Slomka MJ, Gopal R, Gibbs T, Morgan-Capner P, et al. The burden of infection with HSV-1 and HSV-2 in England and Wales: implications for the changing epidemiology of genital herpes. Sex Transm Infect. 2000;76(3):183–7.
pubmed: 10961195
pmcid: 1744133
doi: 10.1136/sti.76.3.183
Fleming DT, McQuillan GM, Johnson RE, Nahmias AJ, Aral SO, Lee FK, et al. Herpes simplex virus type 2 in the United States, 1976 to 1994. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(16):1105–11.
pubmed: 9329932
doi: 10.1056/NEJM199710163371601
Tunbäck P, Bergström T, Andersson AS, Nordin P, Krantz I, Löwhagen GB. Prevalence of herpes simplex virus antibodies in childhood and adolescence: a cross-sectional study. Scand J Infect Dis. 2003;35(8):498–502.
pubmed: 14514152
doi: 10.1080/00365540310013018
Ades AE, Peckham CS, Dale GE, Best JM, Jeansson S. Prevalence of antibodies to herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in pregnant women, and estimated rates of infection. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1989;43(1):53–60.
pubmed: 2556492
pmcid: 1052791
doi: 10.1136/jech.43.1.53
Nahmias AJ, Lee FK, Beckman-Nahmias S. Sero-epidemiological and -sociological patterns of herpes simplex virus infection in the world. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl. 1990;69:19–36.
pubmed: 2175939
BRASIL. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (Cidades e Estados Dourados, 2022). https://www.ibge.gov.br/cidades-e-estados/ms/dourados.html.2022 .
Coelho RA. Composição da População Segundo a Cor no Brasil e Nas Diversas Regiões Fisiográficas e Unidades da Federação.In ONTRIBUIÇÕES Para o Estudo da Demografia do Brasil. (Estudos de Estatística Teórica e Aplicada). 1970.
Weiss H. Epidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in the developing world. Herpes. 2004;11(Suppl 1):A24–35.
Obasi A, Mosha F, Quigley M, Sekirassa Z, Gibbs T, Munguti K, et al. Antibody to herpes simplex virus type 2 as a marker of sexual risk behavior in rural Tanzania. J Infect Dis. 1999;179(1):16–24.
pubmed: 9841817
doi: 10.1086/314555
Miskulin M, Miskulin I, Milas J, Antolović-Pozgain A, Rudan S, Vuksić M. Prevalence and risk factors for herpes simplex virus type 2 infections in East Croatia. Coll Antropol. 2011;35(1):9–14.
pubmed: 21661348
Stanberry LR, Rosenthal SL, Mills L, Succop PA, Biro FM, Morrow RA, et al. Longitudinal risk of herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1, HSV type 2, and cytomegalovirus infections among young adolescent girls. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39(10):1433–8.
pubmed: 15546077
doi: 10.1086/425307
Engels D, Zhou XN. Neglected tropical diseases: an effective global response to local poverty-related disease priorities. Infect Dis Poverty. 2020;9(1):10.
pubmed: 31987053
pmcid: 6986060
doi: 10.1186/s40249-020-0630-9
van Zyl Smit RN, Pai M, Yew WW, Leung CC, Zumla A, Bateman ED, et al. Global lung health: the colliding epidemics of tuberculosis, tobacco smoking, HIV and COPD. Eur Respir J. 2010;35(1):27–33.
pubmed: 20044459
pmcid: 5454527
doi: 10.1183/09031936.00072909
Halsey NA, Coberly JS, Holt E, Coreil J, Kissinger P, Moulton LH, et al. Sexual behavior, smoking, and HIV-1 infection in Haitian Women. JAMA. 1992;267(15):2062–6.
pubmed: 1485894
doi: 10.1001/jama.1992.03480150068039
Penkower L, Dew MA, Kingsley L, Becker JT, Satz P, Schaerf FW, et al. Behavioral, health and psychosocial factors and risk for HIV infection among sexually active homosexual men: the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Am J Public Health. 1991;81(2):194–6.
pubmed: 1990857
pmcid: 1404964
doi: 10.2105/AJPH.81.2.194
Gupta R, Warren T, Wald A. Genital herpes. Lancet. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61908-4 .
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61908-4
pubmed: 18156035
Garland SM, Steben M. Genital herpes. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2014;28(7):1098–110.
pubmed: 25153069
doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2014.07.015
Hollier LM. H. S. Genital herpes. BMJ Clin Evid2011.
Shangase N, Kharsany ABM, Ntombela NP, Pettifor A, McKinnon LR. A systematic review of Randomized controlled trials of School based interventions on sexual risk behaviors and sexually transmitted infections among Young adolescents in Sub-saharan Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25(11):3669–86.
pubmed: 33772695
pmcid: 8985547
doi: 10.1007/s10461-021-03242-8
Magaret AS, Mujugira A, Hughes JP, Lingappa J, Bukusi EA, DeBruyn G, et al. Effect of Condom Use on per-act HSV-2 transmission risk in HIV-1, HSV-2-discordant couples. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62(4):456–61.
pubmed: 26578538
Sarmati L, Babudieri S, Longo B, Starnini G, Carbonara S, Monarca R, et al. Human herpesvirus 8 and human herpesvirus 2 infections in prison population. J Med Virol. 2007;79(2):167–73.
pubmed: 17177300
doi: 10.1002/jmv.20774
Caballero-Hoyos JR, Monárrez-Espino J. Concurrence and selection of sexual partners as predictors of condom use among Mexican indigenous migrant workers. Rev Salud Publica (Bogota). 2018;20(3):293–300.
pubmed: 30844000
doi: 10.15446/rsap.v20n3.65986
Monsell E, McLuskey J. Factors influencing STI transmission in middle-aged heterosexual individuals. Br J Nurs. 2016;25(12):676–80.
pubmed: 27345071
doi: 10.12968/bjon.2016.25.12.676
Carey C, O’Donnell K, Davoren M, Quinlan M, Igoe D, Barrett P. Factors associated with lower knowledge of HIV and STI transmission, testing and treatment among MSM in Ireland: findings from the MSM Internet Survey Ireland (MISI) 2015. Sex Transm Infect. 2021;97(5):351–6.
pubmed: 33106440
doi: 10.1136/sextrans-2020-054469
Bozicević I, Stulhofer A, Ajduković D, Kufrin K. Patterns of sexual behaviour and reported symptoms of STI/RTIs among young people in Croatia–implications for interventions’ planning. Coll Antropol. 2006;30(Suppl 2):63–70.
pubmed: 17508477
Brazzale AG, Russell DB, Cunningham AL, Taylor J, McBride WJ. Seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 among the indigenous population of Cape York, Far North Queensland, Australia. Sex Health. 2010;7(4):453–9.
pubmed: 21062586
doi: 10.1071/SH09098