Red Blood Cell Distribution Width is a Biomarker of Red Cell Dysfunction Associated with High Systemic Inflammation and a Prognostic Marker in Heart Failure and Cardiovascular Disease: A Potential Predictor of Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence.
Atrial fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation recurrence
Cardiovascular disease
Heart failure
Hepcidin
Inflammation
Red blood cell distribution width
Journal
High blood pressure & cardiovascular prevention : the official journal of the Italian Society of Hypertension
ISSN: 1179-1985
Titre abrégé: High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev
Pays: New Zealand
ID NLM: 9421087
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
20 Jul 2024
20 Jul 2024
Historique:
received:
29
04
2024
accepted:
12
07
2024
medline:
20
7
2024
pubmed:
20
7
2024
entrez:
20
7
2024
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
At the beginning of the 21st century, approximately 2.3 million US adults had atrial fibrillation (AF), and there has been a 60% increase in hospital admissions for AF. Given that the expectancy is a continuous increase in incidence, it portends a severe healthcare problem. Considerable evidence supports the immune system and inflammatory response in cardiac tissue, and circulatory processes are involved in the physiopathology of AF. In this regard, finding novel inflammatory biomarkers that predict AF recurrence after catheter ablation (CA) is a prime importance global healthcare problem. Many inflammatory biomarkers and natriuretic peptides came out and were shown to have predictive capabilities for AF recurrence in patients undergoing CA. In this regard, some studies have shown that red blood cell distribution width (RDW) is associated with the risk of incident AF. This review aimed to provide an update on the evidence of the RDW as a biomarker of red cell dysfunction and its association with high systemic inflammation, and with the risk of incident AF. Through the literature review, we will highlight the most relevant studies of the RDW related to AF recurrence after CA. Many studies demonstrated that RDW is associated with all cause-mortality, heart failure, cardiovascular disease, and AF, probably because RDW is a biomarker of red blood cell dysfunction associated with high systemic inflammation, reflecting an advanced heart disease with prognostic implications in heart failure and cardiovascular disease. Thus, suggesting that could be a potential predictor for AF recurrence after CA. Moreover, the RDW is a parameter included in routine full blood count, which is low-cost, quick, and easy to obtain. We provided an update on the evidence of the most relevant studies of the RDW related to AF recurrence after CA, as well as the mechanism of the high RDW and its association with high systemic inflammation and prognostic marker in cardiovascular disease and heart failure.
Identifiants
pubmed: 39031283
doi: 10.1007/s40292-024-00662-0
pii: 10.1007/s40292-024-00662-0
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
Go AS, Hylek EM, Phillips KA, Chang Y, Henault LE, Selby JV, Singer DE. Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: national implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: the AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study. JAMA. 2001;285(18):2370–5. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.285.18.2370 .
doi: 10.1001/jama.285.18.2370
pubmed: 11343485
Friberg J, Buch P, Scharling H, Gadsbphioll N, Jensen GB. Rising rates of hospital admissions for atrial fibrillation. Epidemiology. 2003;14(6):666–72. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000091649.26364.c0 .
doi: 10.1097/01.ede.0000091649.26364.c0
pubmed: 14569181
Miyasaka Y, Barnes ME, Gersh BJ, Cha SS, Bailey KR, Abhayaratna WP, Seward JB, Tsang TS. Secular trends in incidence of atrial fibrillation in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1980–2000, and implications on the projections for future prevalence. Circulation. 2006;114(2):119–25. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.595140 . (Epub 2006 Jul 3).
doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.595140
pubmed: 16818816
Krijthe BP, Kunst A, Benjamin EJ, Lip GY, Franco OH, Hofman A, Witteman JC, Stricker BH, Heeringa J. Projections on the number of individuals with atrial fibrillation in the European Union, from 2000 to 2060. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(35):2746–51. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht280 . (Epub 2013 Jul 30).
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht280
pubmed: 23900699
pmcid: 3858024
Chiang CE, Wang KL, Lip GY. Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: an Asian perspective. Thromb Haemost. 2014;111(5):789–97. https://doi.org/10.1160/TH13-11-0948 . (Epub 2014 Feb 6).
doi: 10.1160/TH13-11-0948
pubmed: 24500243
Hu YF, Chen YJ, Lin YJ, Chen SA. Inflammation and the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2015;12(4):230–43. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2015.2 . (Epub 2015 Jan 27).
doi: 10.1038/nrcardio.2015.2
pubmed: 25622848
Boyalla V, Harling L, Snell A, Kralj-Hans I, Barradas-Pires A, Haldar S, Khan HR, Cleland JGF, Athanasiou T, Harding SE, Wong T. Biomarkers as predictors of recurrence of atrial fibrillation post ablation: an updated and expanded systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Res Cardiol. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-021-01978-w . (Online ahead of print).
doi: 10.1007/s00392-021-01978-w
pubmed: 34999932
pmcid: 9151522
Evans TC, Jehle D. The red blood cell distribution width. J Emerg Med. 1991;9(Suppl 1):71–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/0736-4679(91)90592-4 .
doi: 10.1016/0736-4679(91)90592-4
pubmed: 1955687
Bessman JD, Gilmer PR Jr, Gardner FH. Improved classification of anemias by MCV and RDW. Am J Clin Pathol. 1983;80(3):322–6. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/80.3.322 .
doi: 10.1093/ajcp/80.3.322
pubmed: 6881096
Ford J. Red blood cell morphology. Int J Lab Hematol. 2013;35(3):351–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijlh.12082 . (Epub 2013 Mar 9).
doi: 10.1111/ijlh.12082
pubmed: 23480230
Yčas JW, Horrow JC, Horne BD. Persistent increase in red cell size distribution width after acute diseases: a biomarker of hypoxemia? Clin Chim Acta. 2015;448:107–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2015.05.021 . (Epub 2015 Jun 18).
doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.05.021
pubmed: 26096256
van Zeben D, Bieger R, van Wermeskerken RK, Castel A, Hermans J. Evaluation of microcytosis using serum ferritin and red blood cell distribution width. Eur J Haematol. 1990;44(2):106–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0609.1990.tb00359.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1990.tb00359.x
pubmed: 2318292
Weiss G, Ganz T, Goodnough LT. Anemia of inflammation. Blood. 2019;133(1):40–50. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-06-856500 . (Epub 2018 Nov 6).
doi: 10.1182/blood-2018-06-856500
pubmed: 30401705
pmcid: 6536698
Nicolas G, Chauvet C, Viatte L, Danan JL, Bigard X, Devaux I, Beaumont C, Kahn A, Vaulont S. The gene encoding the iron regulatory peptide hepcidin is regulated by anemia, hypoxia, and inflammation. J Clin Invest. 2002;110(7):1037–44. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI15686 .
doi: 10.1172/JCI15686
pubmed: 12370282
pmcid: 151151
Armitage AE, Eddowes LA, Gileadi U, Cole S, Spottiswoode N, Selvakumar TA, Ho LP, Townsend AR, Drakesmith H. Hepcidin regulation by innate immune and infectious stimuli. Blood. 2011;118(15):4129–39. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2011-04-351957 . (Epub 2011 Aug 26).
doi: 10.1182/blood-2011-04-351957
pubmed: 21873546
Nemeth E, Tuttle MS, Powelson J, Vaughn MB, Donovan A, Ward DM, Ganz T, Kaplan J. Hepcidin regulates cellular iron efflux by binding to ferroportin and inducing its internalization. Science. 2004;306(5704):2090–3. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1104742 . (Epub 2004 Oct 28).
doi: 10.1126/science.1104742
pubmed: 15514116
Sangkhae V, Nemeth E. Regulation of the iron homeostatic hormone hepcidin. Adv Nutr. 2017;8(1):126–36. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.116.013961 . (Print 2017 Jan).
doi: 10.3945/an.116.013961
pubmed: 28096133
pmcid: 5227985
Jonasson L, Holm J, Skalli O, Bondjers G, Hansson GK. Regional accumulations of T cells, macrophages, and smooth muscle cells in the human atherosclerotic plaque. Arteriosclerosis. 1986;6(2):131–8. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.atv.6.2.131 .
doi: 10.1161/01.atv.6.2.131
pubmed: 2937395
Ganz T, Olbina G, Girelli D, Nemeth E, Westerman M. Immunoassay for human serum hepcidin. Blood. 2008;112(10):4292–7. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2008-02-139915 . (Epub 2008 Aug 8).
doi: 10.1182/blood-2008-02-139915
pubmed: 18689548
Zaritsky J, Young B, Gales B, Wang HJ, Rastogi A, Westerman M, Nemeth E, Ganz T, Salusky IB. Reduction of serum hepcidin by hemodialysis in pediatric and adult patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5(6):1010–4. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.08161109 . (Epub 2010 Mar 18).
doi: 10.2215/CJN.08161109
pubmed: 20299375
pmcid: 2879302
Wrighting DM, Andrews NC. Interleukin-6 induces hepcidin expression through STAT3. Blood. 2006;108(9):3204–9. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2006-06-027631 . (Epub 2006 Jul 11).
doi: 10.1182/blood-2006-06-027631
pubmed: 16835372
pmcid: 1895528
Verga Falzacappa MV, Vujic Spasic M, Kessler R, Stolte J, Hentze MW, Muckenthaler MU. STAT3 mediates hepatic hepcidin expression and its inflammatory stimulation. Blood. 2007;109(1):353–8. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2006-07-033969 . (Epub 2006 Aug 31).
doi: 10.1182/blood-2006-07-033969
pubmed: 16946298
Jones SA, Jenkins BJ. Recent insights into targeting the IL-6 cytokine family in inflammatory diseases and cancer. Nat Rev Immunol. 2018;18(12):773–89. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-018-0066-7 .
doi: 10.1038/s41577-018-0066-7
pubmed: 30254251
Bowker N, Shah RL, Sharp SJ, Luan J, Stewart ID, Wheeler E, Ferreira MAR, Baras A, Wareham NJ, Langenberg C, Lotta LA. Meta-analysis investigating the role of interleukin-6 mediated inflammation in type 2 diabetes. EBioMedicine. 2020;61: 103062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103062 . (Epub 2020 Oct 21).
doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103062
pubmed: 33096487
pmcid: 7581887
Markousis-Mavrogenis G, Tromp J, Ouwerkerk W, Devalaraja M, Anker SD, Cleland JG, Dickstein K, Filippatos GS, van der Harst P, Lang CC, Metra M, Ng LL, Ponikowski P, Samani NJ, Zannad F, Zwinderman AH, Hillege HL, van Veldhuisen DJ, Kakkar R, Voors AA, van der Meer P. The clinical significance of interleukin-6 in heart failure: results from the BIOSTAT-CHF study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2019;21(8):965–73. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1482 . (Epub 2019 May 14).
doi: 10.1002/ejhf.1482
pubmed: 31087601
Rosa M, Chignon A, Li Z, Boulanger MC, Arsenault BJ, Bossé Y, Thériault S, Mathieu P. A Mendelian randomization study of IL6 signaling in cardiovascular diseases, immune-related disorders and longevity. NPJ Genom Med. 2019;4:23. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41525-019-0097-4 . (eCollection 2019).
doi: 10.1038/s41525-019-0097-4
pubmed: 31552141
pmcid: 6754413
Peyssonnaux C, Zinkernagel AS, Datta V, Lauth X, Johnson RS, Nizet V. TLR4-dependent hepcidin expression by myeloid cells in response to bacterial pathogens. Blood. 2006;107(9):3727–32. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2005-06-2259 . (Epub 2006 Jan 3).
doi: 10.1182/blood-2005-06-2259
pubmed: 16391018
pmcid: 1895778
Schmidt PJ, Toran PT, Giannetti AM, Bjorkman PJ, Andrews NC. The transferrin receptor modulates Hfe-dependent regulation of hepcidin expression. Cell Metab. 2008;7(3):205–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2007.11.016 .
doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2007.11.016
pubmed: 18316026
pmcid: 2292811
Gao J, Chen J, Kramer M, Tsukamoto H, Zhang AS, Enns CA. Interaction of the hereditary hemochromatosis protein HFE with transferrin receptor 2 is required for transferrin-induced hepcidin expression. Cell Metab. 2009;9(3):217–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2009.01.010 .
doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2009.01.010
pubmed: 19254567
pmcid: 2673483
Chen J, Enns CA. Hereditary hemochromatosis and transferrin receptor 2. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012;1820(3):256–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.07.015 . (Epub 2011 Aug 16).
doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.07.015
pubmed: 21864651
Feder JN, Gnirke A, Thomas W, Tsuchihashi Z, Ruddy DA, Basava A, Dormishian F, Domingo R Jr, Ellis MC, Fullan A, Hinton LM, Jones NL, Kimmel BE, Kronmal GS, Lauer P, Lee VK, Loeb DB, Mapa FA, McClelland E, Meyer NC, Mintier GA, Moeller N, Moore T, Morikang E, Prass CE, Quintana L, Starnes SM, Schatzman RC, Brunke KJ, Drayna DT, Risch NJ, Bacon BR, Wolff RK. A novel MHC class I-like gene is mutated in patients with hereditary haemochromatosis. Nat Genet. 1996;13(4):399–408. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng0896-399 .
doi: 10.1038/ng0896-399
pubmed: 8696333
Babitt JL, Huang FW, Wrighting DM, Xia Y, Sidis Y, Samad TA, Campagna JA, Chung RT, Schneyer AL, Woolf CJ, Andrews NC, Lin HY. Bone morphogenetic protein signaling by hemojuvelin regulates hepcidin expression. Nat Genet. 2006;38(5):531–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1777 . (Epub 2006 Apr 9).
doi: 10.1038/ng1777
pubmed: 16604073
Kautz L, Meynard D, Monnier A, Darnaud V, Bouvet R, Wang RH, Deng C, Vaulont S, Mosser J, Coppin H, Roth MP. Iron regulates phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8 and gene expression of Bmp6, Smad 7, Id1, and Atoh8 in the mouse liver. Blood. 2008;112(4):1503–9. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2008-03-143354 . (Epub 2008 Jun 6).
doi: 10.1182/blood-2008-03-143354
pubmed: 18539898
Wang RH, Li C, Xu X, Zheng Y, Xiao C, Zerfas P, Cooperman S, Eckhaus M, Rouault T, Mishra L, Deng CX. A role of SMAD4 in iron metabolism through the positive regulation of hepcidin expression. Cell Metab. 2005;2(6):399–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2005.10.010 .
doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2005.10.010
pubmed: 16330325
Truksa J, Lee P, Beutler E. Two BMP responsive elements, STAT, and bZIP/HNF4/COUP motifs of the hepcidin promoter are critical for BMP, SMAD1, and HJV responsiveness. Blood. 2009;113(3):688–95. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2008-05-160184 . (Epub 2008 Nov 7).
doi: 10.1182/blood-2008-05-160184
pubmed: 18997172
pmcid: 2628375
Camaschella C. BMP6 orchestrates iron metabolism. Nat Genet. 2009;41(4):386–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng0409-386 .
doi: 10.1038/ng0409-386
pubmed: 19338078
Wang CY, Xu Y, Traeger L, Dogan DY, Xiao X, Steinbicker AU, Babitt JL. Erythroferrone lowers hepcidin by sequestering BMP2/6 heterodimer from binding to the BMP type I receptor ALK3. Blood. 2020;135(6):453–6. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2019002620 .
doi: 10.1182/blood.2019002620
pubmed: 31800957
pmcid: 7005366
Enns CA, Jue S, Zhang AS. The ectodomain of matriptase-2 plays an important nonproteolytic role in suppressing hepcidin expression in mice. Blood. 2020;136(8):989–1001. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2020005222 .
doi: 10.1182/blood.2020005222
pubmed: 32384154
pmcid: 7441170
Lakhal S, Schödel J, Townsend AR, Pugh CW, Ratcliffe PJ, Mole DR. Regulation of type II transmembrane serine proteinase TMPRSS6 by hypoxia-inducible factors: new link between hypoxia signaling and iron homeostasis. J Biol Chem. 2011;286(6):4090–7. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M110.173096 . (Epub 2010 Oct 21).
doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.173096
pubmed: 20966077
Pilling LC, Atkins JL, Kuchel GA, Ferrucci L, Melzer D. Red cell distribution width and common disease onsets in 240,477 healthy volunteers followed for up to 9 years. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(9): e0203504. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203504 . (eCollection 2018).
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203504
pubmed: 30212481
pmcid: 6136726
Patel KV, Ferrucci L, Ershler WB, Longo DL, Guralnik JM. Red blood cell distribution width and the risk of death in middle-aged and older adults. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(5):515–23. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2009.11 .
doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.11
pubmed: 19273783
pmcid: 2765040
Aydınlı B, Demir A, Güçlü ÇY, Bölükbaşı D, Ünal EU, Koçulu R, Selçuk G. Hematological predictors and clinical outcomes in cardiac surgery. J Anesth. 2016;30(5):770–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00540-016-2197-y . (Epub 2016 Jun 9).
doi: 10.1007/s00540-016-2197-y
pubmed: 27282623
Abdullah HR, Sim YE, Sim YT, Ang AL, Chan YH, Richards T, Ong BC. Preoperative Red Cell Distribution Width and 30-day mortality in older patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery: a retrospective cohort observational study. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):6226. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-24556-z./ .
doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-24556-z./
pubmed: 29670189
pmcid: 5906451
Horne BD, Anderson JL, Muhlestein JB, Ridker PM, Paynter NP. Complete blood count risk score and its components, including RDW, are associated with mortality in the JUPITER trial. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2015;22(4):519–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487313519347 . (Epub 2014 Jan 8).
doi: 10.1177/2047487313519347
pubmed: 24403296
Sánchez-Chaparro MA, Calvo-Bonacho E, González-Quintela A, Cabrera M, Sáinz JC, Fernández-Labandera C, Aguado LQ, Meseguer AF, Valdivielso P, Román-García J, Ibermutuamur CArdiovascular RIsk Assessment Study Group. Higher red blood cell distribution width is associated with the metabolic syndrome: results of the Ibermutuamur CArdiovascular RIsk assessment study. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(3): e40. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-1707 .
doi: 10.2337/dc09-1707
pubmed: 20190288
Mainous AG 3rd, Wells B, Carek PJ, Gill JM, Geesey ME. The mortality risk of elevated serum transferrin saturation and consumption of dietary iron. Ann Fam Med. 2004;2(2):139–44. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.82 .
doi: 10.1370/afm.82
pubmed: 15083854
pmcid: 1466638
Senn JJ, Klover PJ, Nowak IA, Mooney RA. Interleukin-6 induces cellular insulin resistance in hepatocytes. Diabetes. 2002;51(12):3391–9. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.51.12.3391 .
doi: 10.2337/diabetes.51.12.3391
pubmed: 12453891
Tonelli M, Sacks F, Arnold M, Moye L, Davis B, Pfeffer M, for the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) Trial Investigators. Relation between red blood cell distribution width and cardiovascular event rate in people with coronary disease. Circulation. 2008;117(2):163–8. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.727545 . (Epub 2008 Jan 2).
doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.727545
pubmed: 18172029
Skjelbakken T, Lappegård J, Ellingsen TS, Barrett-Connor E, Brox J, Løchen ML, Njølstad I, Wilsgaard T, Mathiesen EB, Brækkan SK, Hansen JB. Red cell distribution width is associated with incident myocardial infarction in a general population: the Tromsø Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014;3(4): e001109. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.114.001109 .
doi: 10.1161/JAHA.114.001109
pubmed: 25134681
pmcid: 4310408
Dabbah S, Hammerman H, Markiewicz W, Aronson D. Relation between red cell distribution width and clinical outcomes after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2010;105(3):312–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.09.027 . (Epub 2009 Dec 21).
doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.09.027
pubmed: 20102941
Felker GM, Allen LA, Pocock SJ, Shaw LK, McMurray JJ, Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, Wang D, Yusuf S, Michelson EL, Granger CB, CHARM Investigators. Red cell distribution width as a novel prognostic marker in heart failure: data from the CHARM Program and the Duke Databank. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50(1):40–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2007.02.067 . (Epub 2007 Jun 18).
doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.02.067
pubmed: 17601544
Adams KF Jr, Mehra MR, Oren RM, O’Connor CM, Chiong JR, Ghali JK, Lenihan DJ, Dunlap SH, Patterson JH, Schwartz TA, Felker GM. Prospective evaluation of the association between cardiac troponin T and markers of disturbed erythropoiesis in patients with heart failure. Am Heart J. 2010;160(6):1142–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2010.07.033 .
doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2010.07.033
pubmed: 21146670
van Kimmenade RR, Mohammed AA, Uthamalingam S, van der Meer P, Felker GM, Januzzi JL Jr. Red blood cell distribution width and 1-year mortality in acute heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2010;12(2):129–36. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hfp179 . (Epub 2009 Dec 20).
doi: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfp179
pubmed: 20026456
Sotiropoulos K, Yerly P, Monney P, Garnier A, Regamey J, Hugli O, Martin D, Metrich M, Antonietti JP, Hullin R. Red cell distribution width and mortality in acute heart failure patients with preserved and reduced ejection fraction. ESC Heart Fail. 2016;3(3):198–204. https://doi.org/10.1002/ehf2.12091 . (Epub 2016 Apr 8).
doi: 10.1002/ehf2.12091
pubmed: 27818784
pmcid: 5074265
Pascual-Figal DA, Bonaque JC, Redondo B, Caro C, Manzano-Fernandez S, Sánchez-Mas J, Garrido IP, Valdes M. Red blood cell distribution width predicts long-term outcome regardless of anaemia status in acute heart failure patients. Eur J Heart Fail. 2009;11(9):840–6. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hfp109 .
doi: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfp109
pubmed: 19696056
Förhécz Z, Gombos T, Borgulya G, Pozsonyi Z, Prohászka Z, Jánoskuti L. Red cell distribution width in heart failure: prediction of clinical events and relationship with markers of ineffective erythropoiesis, inflammation, renal function, and nutritional state. Am Heart J. 2009;158(4):659–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2009.07.024 . (Epub 2009 Aug 26).
doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2009.07.024
pubmed: 19781428
Fatemi O, Torguson R, Chen F, Ahmad S, Badr S, Satler LF, Pichard AD, Kleiman NS, Waksman R. Red cell distribution width as a bleeding predictor after percutaneous coronary intervention. Am Heart J. 2013;166(1):104–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2013.04.006 . (Epub 2013 May 16).
doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2013.04.006
pubmed: 23816028
Salisbury AC, Amin AP, Reid KJ, Wang TY, Alexander KP, Chan PS, Masoudi FA, Spertus JA, Kosiborod M. Red blood cell indices and development of hospital-acquired anemia during acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2012;109(8):1104–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.11.045 . (Epub 2012 Jan 19).
doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.11.045
pubmed: 22264598
Allen LA, Felker GM, Mehra MR, Chiong JR, Dunlap SH, Ghali JK, Lenihan DJ, Oren RM, Wagoner LE, Schwartz TA, Adams KF Jr. Validation and potential mechanisms of red cell distribution width as a prognostic marker in heart failure. J Card Fail. 2010;16(3):230–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2009.11.003 . (Epub 2009 Dec 29).
doi: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2009.11.003
pubmed: 20206898
Foy BH, Carlson JCT, Reinertsen E, Padros I Valls R, Pallares Lopez R, Palanques-Tost E, Mow C, Westover MB, Aguirre AD, Higgins JM. Association of red blood cell distribution width with mortality risk in hospitalized adults with SARS-CoV-2 infection. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(9): e2022058. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.22058 .
doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.22058
pubmed: 32965501
pmcid: 7512057
García-Escobar A, Vera-Vera S, Tébar-Márquez D, Rivero-Santana B, Jurado-Román A, Jiménez-Valero S, Galeote G, Cabrera JÁ, Moreno R. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio an inflammatory biomarker, and prognostic marker in heart failure, cardiovascular disease and chronic inflammatory diseases: new insights for a potential predictor of anti-cytokine therapy responsiveness. Microvasc Res. 2023;150: 104598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mvr.2023.104598 . (Epub 2023 Aug 24).
doi: 10.1016/j.mvr.2023.104598
pubmed: 37633337
Anker SD, Comin Colet J, Filippatos G, Willenheimer R, Dickstein K, Drexler H, Lüscher TF, Bart B, Banasiak W, Niegowska J, Kirwan BA, Mori C, von Eisenhart RB, Pocock SJ, Poole-Wilson PA, Ponikowski P. Ferric carboxymaltose in patients with heart failure and iron deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(25):2436–48. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0908355 . (Epub 2009 Nov 17).
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0908355
pubmed: 19920054
Ponikowski P, van Veldhuisen DJ, Comin-Colet J, Ertl G, Komajda M, Mareev V, McDonagh T, Parkhomenko A, Tavazzi L, Levesque V, Mori C, Roubert B, Filippatos G, Ruschitzka F, Anker SD, CONFIRM-HF Investigators. Beneficial effects of long-term intravenous iron therapy with ferric carboxymaltose in patients with symptomatic heart failure and iron deficiency†. Eur Heart J. 2015;36(11):657–68. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehu385 . (Epub 2014 Aug 31).
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu385
pubmed: 25176939
van Veldhuisen DJ, Ponikowski P, van der Meer P, Metra M, Böhm M, Doletsky A, Voors AA, Macdougall IC, Anker SD, Roubert B, Zakin L, Cohen-Solal A, EFFECT-HF Investigators. Effect of ferric carboxymaltose on exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure and iron deficiency. Circulation. 2017;136(15):1374–83. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.027497 . (Epub 2017 Jul 12).
doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.027497
pubmed: 28701470
pmcid: 5642327
Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JGF, Coats AJS, Falk V, González-Juanatey JR, Harjola VP, Jankowska EA, Jessup M, Linde C, Nihoyannopoulos P, Parissis JT, Pieske B, Riley JP, Rosano GMC, Ruilope LM, Ruschitzka F, Rutten FH, van der Meer P, ESC Scientific Document Group. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(27):2129–200. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128 . (Epub 2016 May 20).
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128
pubmed: 27206819
Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE Jr, Colvin MM, Drazner MH, Filippatos GS, Fonarow GC, Givertz MM, Hollenberg SM, Lindenfeld J, Masoudi FA, McBride PE, Peterson PN, Stevenson LW, Westlake C. 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA focused update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(6):776–803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.04.025 . (Epub 2017 Apr 28).
doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.04.025
pubmed: 28461007
Van Craenenbroeck EM, Conraads VM, Greenlaw N, Gaudesius G, Mori C, Ponikowski P, Anker SD. The effect of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose on red cell distribution width: a subanalysis of the FAIR-HF study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2013;15(7):756–62. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hft068 . (Epub 2013 May 2).
doi: 10.1093/eurjhf/hft068
pubmed: 23639779
Jankowska EA, Rozentryt P, Witkowska A, Nowak J, Hartmann O, Ponikowska B, Borodulin-Nadzieja L, Banasiak W, Polonski L, Filippatos G, McMurray JJ, Anker SD, Ponikowski P. Iron deficiency: an ominous sign in patients with systolic chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(15):1872–80. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehq158 . (Epub 2010 Jun 21).
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq158
pubmed: 20570952
Klip IT, Comin-Colet J, Voors AA, Ponikowski P, Enjuanes C, Banasiak W, Lok DJ, Rosentryt P, Torrens A, Polonski L, van Veldhuisen DJ, van der Meer P, Jankowska EA. Iron deficiency in chronic heart failure: an international pooled analysis. Am Heart J. 2013;165(4):575-582.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2013.01.017 . (Epub 2013 Feb 22).
doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2013.01.017
pubmed: 23537975
García-Escobar A, Grande-Ingelmo JM. Red cell volume distribution width as another biomarker. Card Fail Rev. 2019;5(3):176–9. https://doi.org/10.15420/cfr.2019.13.1 .
doi: 10.15420/cfr.2019.13.1
pubmed: 31777664
pmcid: 6848947
Güngör B, Özcan KS, Erdinler İ, Ekmekçi A, Alper AT, Osmonov D, Çalık N, Akyuz S, Toprak E, Yılmaz H, Yıldırım A, Bolca O. Elevated levels of RDW is associated with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2014;37(4):404–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11239-013-0957-1 .
doi: 10.1007/s11239-013-0957-1
pubmed: 23821044
Zheng LH, Liu SY, Hu F, Hu ZC, Shen LS, Wu LM, Yao Y. Relationship between red blood cell distribution width levels and atrial fibrillation in hypertensive patients. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2020;17(8):486–94. https://doi.org/10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2020.08.006 .
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2020.08.006
pubmed: 32952523
pmcid: 7475217
Li H, Gu Y, Liu M, Wang X, Chi VTQ, Zhang Q, Liu L, Meng G, Yao Z, Wu H, Bao X, Zhang S, Kumari S, Sun S, Zhou M, Jia Q, Song K, Wu Y, Liu T, Niu K. The relationship between red blood cell distribution width and atrial fibrillation in Asian population: a cross-sectional study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2019;42(9):1197–203. https://doi.org/10.1111/pace.13776 . (Epub 2019 Aug 20).
doi: 10.1111/pace.13776
pubmed: 31397913
Adamsson Eryd S, Borné Y, Melander O, Persson M, Smith JG, Hedblad B, Engström G. Red blood cell distribution width is associated with incidence of atrial fibrillation. J Intern Med. 2014;275(1):84–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.12143 . (Epub 2013 Oct 25).
doi: 10.1111/joim.12143
pubmed: 24112470
Kyrlas K, Liu T, Bazoukis G, Plakoutsi S, Liberopoulos E, Milionis H, Korantzopoulos P. Association between routine biomarkers and atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing implantation of a dual-chamber pacemaker. J Arrhythm. 2020;37(1):219–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/joa3.12479 . (eCollection 2021 Feb).
doi: 10.1002/joa3.12479
pubmed: 33664906
pmcid: 7896455
Korantzopoulos P, Kyrlas K, Liu T, Li G, Goudevenos JA. Red blood cell distribution width and atrial fibrillation in patients with sick sinus syndrome. J Cardiol. 2016;67(6):551–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjcc.2015.07.013 . (Epub 2015 Aug 25).
doi: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2015.07.013
pubmed: 26321105
Korantzopoulos P, Sontis N, Liu T, Chlapoutakis S, Sismanidis S, Siminelakis S, Apostolakis E. Association between red blood cell distribution width and postoperative atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a pilot observational study. Int J Cardiol. 2015;185:19–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.03.080 . (Epub 2015 Mar 10).
doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.03.080
pubmed: 25777283
Kılıcgedik A, Naser A, Gurbuz AS, Kulahcioglu S, Bakal RB, Unkun T, Yilmaz F, Kahveci G, Kirma C. Red cell distribution width with CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc score is associated with post-operative atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting. Heart Surg Forum. 2018;21(3):E170–4. https://doi.org/10.1532/hsf.1886 .
doi: 10.1532/hsf.1886
pubmed: 29893674
Kurt M, Tanboga IH, Buyukkaya E, Karakas MF, Akçay AB, Sen N. Relation of red cell distribution width with CHA2DS2-VASc score in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2014;20(7):687–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/1076029613478157 . (Epub 2013 Feb 21).
doi: 10.1177/1076029613478157
pubmed: 23430929
Liu T, Shao Q, Korantzopoulos P, Miao S, Zhang Z, Xu G, Yuan R, Li G. Relation of red blood cell distribution width with CHADS 2 and CHA 2 DS 2-VASc score in Chinese patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol. 2017;228:861–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.255 . (Epub 2016 Nov 14).
doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.255
pubmed: 27889552
Zhao Z, Liu T, Li J, Yang W, Liu E, Li G. Elevated red cell distribution width level is associated with oxidative stress and inflammation in a canine model of rapid atrial pacing. Int J Cardiol. 2014;174(1):174–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.03.189 . (Epub 2014 Apr 6).
doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.03.189
pubmed: 24750719
Zhao J, Liu T, Korantzopoulos P, Fu H, Shao Q, Suo Y, Zheng C, Xu G, Liu E, Xu Y, Zhou C, Li G. Red blood cell distribution width and left atrial thrombus or spontaneous echo contrast in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol. 2015;180:63–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.11.145 . (Epub 2014 Nov 26).
doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.11.145
pubmed: 25438214
Zhan XZ, Lin WD, Liu FZ, Xue YM, Liao HT, Li X, Fang XH, Deng H, Huang J, Li YQ, Hai JJ, Tse HF, Wu SL. Predictive value of red cell distribution width on left atrial thrombus or left atrial spontaneous echo contrast in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2018;15(6):408–12. https://doi.org/10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2018.06.007 .
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2018.06.007
pubmed: 30108612
pmcid: 6087520
Katamreddy A, Kokkinidis DG, Miles JA, Faillace RT. Elevated red cell distribution width is associated with negative P wave amplitude in lead V1: national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES III). Am J Cardiovasc Dis. 2020;10(4):356–61 (eCollection 2020).
pubmed: 33224583
pmcid: 7675171
Lee KH, Park HW, Cho JG, Yoon NS, Kim SS, Kim MR, Kim MC, Cho KH, Kim HK, Kim CH, Kim KH, Jun SJ, Kim WJ, Lee KJ, Jeong HC, Cho JY, Park KH, Sim DS, Yoon HJ, Kim KH, Hong YJ, Kim JH, Ahn Y, Jeong MH, Park JC. Red cell distribution width as a novel predictor for clinical outcomes in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Europace. 2015;17(Suppl 2):i83–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euv210 .
doi: 10.1093/europace/euv210
Saliba W, Barnett-Griness O, Elias M, Rennert G. The association between red cell distribution width and stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Med. 2015;128(2):192.e11-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.09.020 . (Epub 2014 Oct 15).
doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.09.020
pubmed: 25447618
Malavasi VL, Proietti M, Spagni S, Valenti AC, Battista A, Pettorelli D, Colella J, Vitolo M, Lip GY, Boriani G. Usefulness of red cells distribution width to predict worse outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2019;124(10):1561–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.08.008 . (Epub 2019 Aug 22).
doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.08.008
pubmed: 31521256
Gurses KM, Yalcin MU, Kocyigit D, Evranos B, Ates AH, Yorgun H, Sahiner ML, Kaya EB, Ozer N, Oto MA, Aytemir K. Red blood cell distribution width predicts outcome of cryoballoon-based atrial fibrillation ablation. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2015;42(1):51–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10840-014-9959-y . (Epub 2014 Dec 16).
doi: 10.1007/s10840-014-9959-y
pubmed: 25510648
Li H, Liu T, Xu G, Liu E, Jiao Z, Li G. Red blood cell distribution width and the recurrence of atrial fibrillation after ablation in patients with paroxysmal non-valvular symptomatic atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol. 2016;203:834–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.11.077 . (Epub 2015 Nov 10).
doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.11.077
pubmed: 26599745
Yanagisawa S, Inden Y, Kato H, Miyoshi A, Mizutani Y, Ito T, Kamikubo Y, Kanzaki Y, Hirai M, Murohara T. Elevated red blood cell distribution width predicts recurrence after catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure—comparison with non-heart failure patients. Circ J. 2016;80(3):627–38. https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-15-1152 . (Epub 2016 Jan 26).
doi: 10.1253/circj.CJ-15-1152
pubmed: 26823143
Zhang L, Ono Y, Qiao Q, Nagai T. Trends in heart failure prevalence in Japan 2014–2019: a report from healthcare administration databases. ESC Heart Fail. 2023;10(3):1996–2009. https://doi.org/10.1002/ehf2.14321 . (Epub 2023 Apr 5).
doi: 10.1002/ehf2.14321
pubmed: 37016908
pmcid: 10192231
Fujimoto W, Toh R, Takegami M, Hayashi T, Kuroda K, Hatani Y, Yamashita S, Imanishi J, Iwasaki M, Inoue T, Okamoto H, Okuda M, Konishi A, Shinohara M, Murata S, Ogata S, Nishimura K, Hirata KI. Estimating incidence of acute heart failure syndromes in Japan—an analysis from the KUNIUMI registry. Circ J. 2021;85(10):1860–8. https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-20-1154 . (Epub 2021 Mar 5).
doi: 10.1253/circj.CJ-20-1154
pubmed: 33678754