Approach to the patient with eosinophilia in the era of tyrosine kinase inhibitors and biologicals.
CEL
Eosinophilia
HES
Hypereosinophilia
MLN-TK
Journal
Current hematologic malignancy reports
ISSN: 1558-822X
Titre abrégé: Curr Hematol Malig Rep
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 101262565
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
22 Jul 2024
22 Jul 2024
Historique:
accepted:
02
07
2024
medline:
22
7
2024
pubmed:
22
7
2024
entrez:
22
7
2024
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
In this review, we aim to explore the optimal approach to patients presenting with eosinophilia, considering recent advances in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Specifically, we focus on the integration of novel therapies into clinical practice to improve patient outcomes. Advanced insights into the clinical and genetic features of eosinophilic disorders have prompted revisions in diagnostic criteria by the World Health Organization classification (WHO-HAEM5) and the International Consensus Classification (ICC). These changes reflect a growing understanding of disease pathogenesis and the development of targeted treatment options. The therapeutic landscape now encompasses a range of established and novel therapies. For reactive conditions, drugs targeting the eosinophilopoiesis, such as those aimed at interleukin-5 or its receptor, have demonstrated significant potential in decreasing blood eosinophil levels and minimizing disease flare-ups and relapse. These therapies have the potential to mitigate the side effects commonly associated with prolonged use of oral corticosteroids or immunosuppressants. Myeloid and lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia and tyrosine kinase (TK) gene fusions are managed by various TK inhibitors with variable efficacy. Diagnosis and treatment rely on a multidisciplinary approach. By incorporating novel treatment options into clinical practice, physicians across different disciplines involved in the management of eosinophilic disorders can offer more personalized and effective care to patients. However, challenges remain in accurately diagnosing and risk-stratifying patients, as well as in navigating the complexities of treatment selection.
Identifiants
pubmed: 39037514
doi: 10.1007/s11899-024-00738-7
pii: 10.1007/s11899-024-00738-7
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Subventions
Organisme : Wilhelm Sander-Stiftung
ID : 2023.120.1
Organisme : Wilhelm Sander-Stiftung
ID : 2023.120.1
Organisme : Wilhelm Sander-Stiftung
ID : 2023.120.1
Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
Gotlib J. World Health Organization-defined eosinophilic disorders: 2017 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management. Am J Hematol. 2017;92(11):1243–59.
pubmed: 29044676
doi: 10.1002/ajh.24880
Wang SA, Orazi A, Gotlib J, Reiter A, Tzankov A, Hasserjian RP, et al. The international consensus classification of eosinophilic disorders and systemic mastocytosis. Am J Hematol. 2023;98(8):1286–306.
pubmed: 37283522
doi: 10.1002/ajh.26966
Khoury JD, Solary E, Abla O, Akkari Y, Alaggio R, Apperley JF, et al. The 5th edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Haematolymphoid Tumours: Myeloid and Histiocytic Dendritic Neoplasms. Leukemia. 2022;36:1703–19.
pubmed: 35732831
pmcid: 9252913
doi: 10.1038/s41375-022-01613-1
Arber DA, Orazi A, Hasserjian RP, Borowitz MJ, Calvo KR, Kvasnicka HM, et al. International Consensus Classification of Myeloid Neoplasms and Acute Leukemias: integrating morphologic, clinical, and genomic data. Blood. 2022;140(11):1200–28.
pubmed: 35767897
pmcid: 9479031
doi: 10.1182/blood.2022015850
Grayson PC, Ponte C, Suppiah R, Robson JC, Craven A, Judge A, et al. 2022 American College of Rheumatology/European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology Classification Criteria for Eosinophilic Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2022;74(3):386–92.
pubmed: 35106968
doi: 10.1002/art.41982
Emmi G, Bettiol A, Gelain E, Bajema IM, Berti A, Burns S, et al. Evidence-Based Guideline for the diagnosis and management of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2023;19(6):378–93.
pubmed: 37161084
doi: 10.1038/s41584-023-00958-w
Trivioli G, Marquez A, Martorana D, Tesi M, Kronbichler A, Lyons PA, et al. Genetics of ANCA-associated vasculitis: role in pathogenesis, classification and management. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2022;18(10):559–74.
pubmed: 36109667
doi: 10.1038/s41584-022-00819-y
Lyons PA, Peters JE, Alberici F, Liley J, Coulson RMR, Astle W, et al. Genome-wide association study of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis reveals genomic loci stratified by ANCA status. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):5120.
pubmed: 31719529
pmcid: 6851141
doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-12515-9
Sablé-Fourtassou R, Cohen P, Mahr A, Pagnoux C, Mouthon L, Jayne D, et al. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and the Churg-Strauss syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143(9):632–8.
pubmed: 16263885
doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-143-9-200511010-00006
Sinico RA, Di Toma L, Maggiore U, Bottero P, Radice A, Tosoni C, et al. Prevalence and clinical significance of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in Churg-Strauss syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52(9):2926–35.
pubmed: 16142760
doi: 10.1002/art.21250
Sada KE, Amano K, Uehara R, Yamamura M, Arimura Y, Nakamura Y, et al. A nationwide survey on the epidemiology and clinical features of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss) in Japan. Mod Rheumatol. 2014;24(4):640–4.
pubmed: 24289197
doi: 10.3109/14397595.2013.857582
Comarmond C, Pagnoux C, Khellaf M, Cordier JF, Hamidou M, Viallard JF, et al. Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss): clinical characteristics and long-term followup of the 383 patients enrolled in the French Vasculitis Study Group cohort. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65(1):270–81.
pubmed: 23044708
doi: 10.1002/art.37721
Healy B, Bibby S, Steele R, Weatherall M, Nelson H, Beasley R. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies and myeloperoxidase autoantibodies in clinical expression of Churg-Strauss syndrome. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology. 2013;131:571-6.e1-6.
pubmed: 22920496
doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.05.058
Wechsler ME, Akuthota P, Jayne D, Khoury P, Klion A, Langford CA, et al. Mepolizumab or Placebo for Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(20):1921–32.
pubmed: 28514601
pmcid: 5548295
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1702079
Larsen RL, Savage NM. How I investigate Eosinophilia. Int J Lab Hematol. 2019;41(2):153–61.
pubmed: 30499630
doi: 10.1111/ijlh.12955
Arber DA, Orazi A, Hasserjian R, Thiele J, Borowitz MJ, Le Beau MM, et al. The 2016 revision to the World Health Organization classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia. Blood. 2016;127(20):2391–405.
pubmed: 27069254
doi: 10.1182/blood-2016-03-643544
Reiter A, Gotlib J. Myeloid neoplasms with eosinophilia. Blood. 2017;129(6):704–14.
pubmed: 28028030
doi: 10.1182/blood-2016-10-695973
Metzgeroth G, Steiner L, Naumann N, Lübke J, Kreil S, Fabarius A, et al. Myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia and tyrosine kinase gene fusions: reevaluation of the defining characteristics in a registry-based cohort. Leukemia. 2023;37(9):1860–7.
pubmed: 37454239
pmcid: 10457188
doi: 10.1038/s41375-023-01958-1
Klion AD, Noel P, Akin C, Law MA, Gilliland DG, Cools J, et al. Elevated serum tryptase levels identify a subset of patients with a myeloproliferative variant of idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome associated with tissue fibrosis, poor prognosis, and imatinib responsiveness. Blood. 2003;101(12):4660–6.
pubmed: 12676775
doi: 10.1182/blood-2003-01-0006
Tzankov A, Reichard KK, Hasserjian RP, Arber DA, Orazi A, Wang SA. Updates on eosinophilic disorders. Virchows Arch. 2023;482(1):85–97.
pubmed: 36068374
doi: 10.1007/s00428-022-03402-8
Gotlib J. Available and emerging therapies for bona fide advanced systemic mastocytosis and primary eosinophilic neoplasms. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2022;2022(1):34–46.
pubmed: 36485158
pmcid: 9821059
doi: 10.1182/hematology.2022000368
Schwaab J, Jawhar M, Naumann N, Schmitt-Graeff A, Fabarius A, Horny HP, et al. Diagnostic challenges in the work up of hypereosinophilia: pitfalls in bone marrow core biopsy interpretation. Ann Hematol. 2016;95(4):557–62.
pubmed: 26797429
doi: 10.1007/s00277-016-2598-x
Naumann N, Lübke J, Baumann S, Schwaab J, Hoffmann O, Kreil S, et al. Adverse Prognostic Impact of the KIT D816V Transcriptional Activity in Advanced Systemic Mastocytosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(5):2562.
pubmed: 33806359
pmcid: 7961551
doi: 10.3390/ijms22052562
Schwaab J, Cabral do OHN, Naumann N, Jawhar M, Weiß C, Metzgeroth G, et al. Importance of adequate diagnostic work-up for correct diagnosis of advanced systemic mastocytosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8:3121–7.
doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.05.005
Jawhar M, Schwaab J, Horny HP, Sotlar K, Naumann N, Fabarius A, et al. Impact of centralized evaluation of bone marrow histology in systemic mastocytosis. Eur J Clin Invest. 2016;46(5):392–7.
pubmed: 26914980
doi: 10.1111/eci.12607
Schwaab J, Umbach R, Metzgeroth G, Naumann N, Jawhar M, Sotlar K, et al. KIT D816V and JAK2 V617F mutations are seen recurrently in hypereosinophilia of unknown significance. Am J Hematol. 2015;90(9):774–7.
pubmed: 26017288
doi: 10.1002/ajh.24075
Erben P, Schwaab J, Metzgeroth G, Horny HP, Jawhar M, Sotlar K, et al. The KIT D816V expressed allele burden for diagnosis and disease monitoring of systemic mastocytosis. Ann Hematol. 2014;93(1):81–8.
pubmed: 24281161
doi: 10.1007/s00277-013-1964-1
Gerds AT, Gotlib J, Bose P, Deininger MW, Dunbar A, Elshoury A, et al. Myeloid/Lymphoid Neoplasms with Eosinophilia and TK Fusion Genes, Version 3.2021, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2020;18:1248–69.
pubmed: 32886902
doi: 10.6004/jnccn.2020.0042
Klion AD, Robyn J, Akin C, Noel P, Brown M, Law M, et al. Molecular remission and reversal of myelofibrosis in response to imatinib mesylate treatment in patients with the myeloproliferative variant of hypereosinophilic syndrome. Blood. 2004;103(2):473–8.
pubmed: 14504092
doi: 10.1182/blood-2003-08-2798
Pardanani A, Ketterling RP, Li CY, Patnaik MM, Wolanskyj AP, Elliott MA, et al. FIP1L1-PDGFRA in eosinophilic disorders: prevalence in routine clinical practice, long-term experience with imatinib therapy, and a critical review of the literature. Leuk Res. 2006;30(8):965–70.
pubmed: 16406016
doi: 10.1016/j.leukres.2005.11.011
Jovanovic JV, Score J, Waghorn K, Cilloni D, Gottardi E, Metzgeroth G, et al. Low-dose imatinib mesylate leads to rapid induction of major molecular responses and achievement of complete molecular remission in FIP1L1-PDGFRA-positive chronic eosinophilic leukemia. Blood. 2007;109(11):4635–40.
pubmed: 17299092
doi: 10.1182/blood-2006-10-050054
Baccarani M, Cilloni D, Rondoni M, Ottaviani E, Messa F, Merante S, et al. The efficacy of imatinib mesylate in patients with FIP1L1-PDGFRalpha-positive hypereosinophilic syndrome. Results of a multicenter prospective study. Haematologica. 2007;92:1173–9.
pubmed: 17666373
doi: 10.3324/haematol.11420
Klion AD, Robyn J, Maric I, Fu W, Schmid L, Lemery S, et al. Relapse following discontinuation of imatinib mesylate therapy for FIP1L1/PDGFRA-positive chronic eosinophilic leukemia: implications for optimal dosing. Blood. 2007;110(10):3552–6.
pubmed: 17709602
pmcid: 2077306
doi: 10.1182/blood-2007-07-100164
David M, Cross NC, Burgstaller S, Chase A, Curtis C, Dang R, et al. Durable responses to imatinib in patients with PDGFRB fusion gene-positive and BCR-ABL-negative chronic myeloproliferative disorders. Blood. 2007;109(1):61–4.
pubmed: 16960151
doi: 10.1182/blood-2006-05-024828
Pardanani A, D’Souza A, Knudson RA, Hanson CA, Ketterling RP, Tefferi A. Long-term follow-up of FIP1L1-PDGFRA-mutated patients with eosinophilia: survival and clinical outcome. Leukemia. 2012;26(11):2439–41.
pubmed: 22705991
doi: 10.1038/leu.2012.162
Cheah CY, Burbury K, Apperley JF, Huguet F, Pitini V, Gardembas M, et al. Patients with myeloid malignancies bearing PDGFRB fusion genes achieve durable long-term remissions with imatinib. Blood. 2014;123(23):3574–7.
pubmed: 24687085
pmcid: 4047496
doi: 10.1182/blood-2014-02-555607
Naumann N, Schwaab J, Metzgeroth G, Jawhar M, Haferlach C, Gohring G, et al. Fusion of PDGFRB to MPRIP, CPSF6, and GOLGB1 in three patients with eosinophilia-associated myeloproliferative neoplasms. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2015;54(12):762–70.
pubmed: 26355392
doi: 10.1002/gcc.22287
Jawhar M, Naumann N, Schwaab J, Baurmann H, Casper J, Dang TA, et al. Imatinib in myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia and rearrangement of PDGFRB in chronic or blast phase. Ann Hematol. 2017;96(9):1463–70.
pubmed: 28725989
doi: 10.1007/s00277-017-3067-x
Rohmer J, Couteau-Chardon A, Trichereau J, Panel K, Gesquiere C, Ben Abdelali R, et al. Epidemiology, clinical picture and long-term outcomes of FIP1L1-PDGFRA-positive myeloid neoplasm with eosinophilia: Data from 151 patients. Am J Hematol. 2020;95(11):1314-23.
Metzgeroth G, Schwaab J, Naumann N, Jawhar M, Haferlach T, Fabarius A, et al. Treatment-free remission in FIP1L1-PDGFRA-positive myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia after imatinib discontinuation. Blood Adv. 2020;4(3):440–3.
pubmed: 31995156
pmcid: 7013256
doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019001111
Metzgeroth G, Erben P, Martin H, Mousset S, Teichmann M, Walz C, et al. Limited clinical activity of nilotinib and sorafenib in FIP1L1-PDGFRA positive chronic eosinophilic leukemia with imatinib-resistant T674I mutation. Leukemia. 2012;26(1):162–4.
pubmed: 21818111
doi: 10.1038/leu.2011.181
Jones RL, Serrano C, von Mehren M, George S, Heinrich MC, Kang YK, et al. Avapritinib in unresectable or metastatic PDGFRA D842V-mutant gastrointestinal stromal tumours: Long-term efficacy and safety data from the NAVIGATOR phase I trial. Eur J Cancer. 2021;145:132–42.
pubmed: 33465704
pmcid: 9518931
doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.12.008
Heinrich MC, Jones RL, von Mehren M, Schöffski P, Serrano C, Kang YK, et al. Avapritinib in advanced PDGFRA D842V-mutant gastrointestinal stromal tumour (NAVIGATOR): a multicentre, open-label, phase 1 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(7):935–46.
pubmed: 32615108
doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30269-2
Baer C, Muehlbacher V, Kern W, Haferlach C, Haferlach T. Molecular genetic characterization of myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms associated with eosinophilia and rearrangement of PDGFRA, PDGFRB, FGFR1 or PCM1-JAK2. Haematologica. 2018;103(8):e348–50.
pubmed: 29567772
pmcid: 6068021
doi: 10.3324/haematol.2017.187302
Umino K, Fujiwara SI, Ikeda T, Toda Y, Ito S, Mashima K, et al. Clinical outcomes of myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (FGFR1) rearrangement. Hematology (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2018;23(8):470–7.
pubmed: 29486661
Gotlib J, Kiladjian J-J, Vannucchi AM, Rambaldi A, Reiter A, Shomali W, et al. A Phase 2 Study of Pemigatinib (FIGHT-203; INCB054828) in Patients with Myeloid/Lymphoid Neoplasms (MLNs) with Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 (FGFR1) Rearrangement (MLN FGFR1) [Abstract]. Blood. 2021;138:385.
doi: 10.1182/blood-2021-148103
Reiter A, Kiladjian J-J, Patel JM, Shomali W, Rambaldi A, Verstovsek S, et al. Deep and Durable Cytogenetic and Molecular Responses with Pemigatinib in Myeloid/Lymphoid Neoplasms with Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 Rearrangement: The Fight-203 Study [Abstract]. Blood. 2023.
Hernández-Boluda JC, Pereira A, Zinger N, Gras L, Martino R, Nikolousis E, et al. Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in patients with myeloid/lymphoid neoplasm with FGFR1-rearrangement: a study of the Chronic Malignancies Working Party of EBMT. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2022;57(3):416–22.
pubmed: 35066569
doi: 10.1038/s41409-021-01553-x
Kasbekar M, Nardi V, Dal Cin P, Brunner AM, Burke M, Chen YB, et al. Targeted FGFR inhibition results in a durable remission in an FGFR1-driven myeloid neoplasm with eosinophilia. Blood Adv. 2020;4(13):3136–40.
pubmed: 32649766
pmcid: 7362377
doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002308
Kiladjian J-J, Shitara K, Rosen LS, Rha SY, He A, Oh D-Y, et al. A Phase 2 Study of Futibatinib (TAS-120) in Patients with Myeloid or Lymphoid Neoplasms Harboring Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) 1 Rearrangements. Blood. 2021;138:3656.
doi: 10.1182/blood-2021-150630
Kaplan HG, Jin R, Bifulco CB, Scanlan JM, Corwin DR. PCM1-JAK2 Fusion Tyrosine Kinase Gene-Related Neoplasia: A Systematic Review of the Clinical Literature. Oncologist. 2022;27(8):e661–70.
pubmed: 35472244
pmcid: 9355817
doi: 10.1093/oncolo/oyac072
Jawhar M, Naumann N, Knut M, Score J, Ghazzawi M, Schneider B, et al. Cytogenetically cryptic ZMYM2-FLT3 and DIAPH1-PDGFRB gene fusions in myeloid neoplasms with eosinophilia. Leukemia. 2017;31(10):2271–3.
pubmed: 28751768
pmcid: 5630086
doi: 10.1038/leu.2017.240
Tang G, Tam W, Short NJ, Bose P, Wu D, Hurwitz SN, et al. Myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with FLT3 rearrangement. Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. 2021;34(9):1673–85.
Walz C, Erben P, Ritter M, Bloor A, Metzgeroth G, Telford N, et al. Response of ETV6-FLT3-positive myeloid/lymphoid neoplasm with eosinophilia to inhibitors of FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3. Blood. 2011;118(8):2239–42.
pubmed: 21705501
doi: 10.1182/blood-2011-03-343426
Chao AK, Meyer JA, Lee AG, Hecht A, Tarver T, Van Ziffle J, et al. Fusion driven JMML: a novel CCDC88C-FLT3 fusion responsive to sorafenib identified by RNA sequencing. Leukemia. 2020;34(2):662–6.
pubmed: 31511612
doi: 10.1038/s41375-019-0549-y
Falchi L, Mehrotra M, Newberry KJ, Lyle LM, Lu G, Patel KP, et al. ETV6-FLT3 fusion gene-positive, eosinophilia-associated myeloproliferative neoplasm successfully treated with sorafenib and allogeneic stem cell transplant. Leukemia. 2014;28(10):2090–2.
pubmed: 24854988
pmcid: 4824944
doi: 10.1038/leu.2014.168
Munthe-Kaas MC, Forthun RB, Brendehaug A, Eek AK, Høysæter T, Osnes LTN, et al. Partial Response to Sorafenib in a Child With a Myeloid/Lymphoid Neoplasm, Eosinophilia, and a ZMYM2-FLT3 Fusion. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2021;43(4):e508–11.
pubmed: 32852395
doi: 10.1097/MPH.0000000000001890
Schwaab J, Naumann N, Luebke J, Jawhar M, Somervaille TCP, Williams MS, et al. Response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in myeloid neoplasms associated with PCM1-JAK2, BCR-JAK2 and ETV6-ABL1 fusion genes. Am J Hematol. 2020;95(7):824–33.
pubmed: 32279331
doi: 10.1002/ajh.25825
Wang SA, Hasserjian RP, Tam W, Tsai AG, Geyer JT, George TI, et al. Bone marrow morphology is a strong discriminator between chronic eosinophilic leukemia, not otherwise specified and reactive idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome. Haematologica. 2017;102(8):1352–60.
pubmed: 28495918
pmcid: 5541870
doi: 10.3324/haematol.2017.165340
Morsia E, Reichard K, Pardanani A, Tefferi A, Gangat N. WHO defined chronic eosinophilic leukemia, not otherwise specified (CEL, NOS): A contemporary series from the Mayo Clinic. Am J Hematol. 2020;95(7):E172–4.
pubmed: 32243620
doi: 10.1002/ajh.25811
Wang SA, Tam W, Tsai AG, Arber DA, Hasserjian RP, Geyer JT, et al. Targeted next-generation sequencing identifies a subset of idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome with features similar to chronic eosinophilic leukemia, not otherwise specified. Mod Pathol. 2016;29(8):854–64.
pubmed: 27174585
doi: 10.1038/modpathol.2016.75
Cross NCP, Hoade Y, Tapper WJ, Carreno-Tarragona G, Fanelli T, Jawhar M, et al. Recurrent activating STAT5B N642H mutation in myeloid neoplasms with eosinophilia. Leukemia. 2019;33(2):415–25.
pubmed: 30573779
doi: 10.1038/s41375-018-0342-3
Groh M, Fenwarth L, Labro M, Boudry A, Fournier E, Wemeau M, et al. Involvement of the JAK-STAT pathway in the molecular landscape of tyrosine kinase fusion-negative hypereosinophilic syndromes: A nationwide CEREO study. Am J Hematol. 2024.
Helbig G, Soja A, Bartkowska-Chrobok A, Kyrcz-Krzemien S. Chronic eosinophilic leukemia-not otherwise specified has a poor prognosis with unresponsiveness to conventional treatment and high risk of acute transformation. Am J Hematol. 2012;87(6):643–5.
pubmed: 22473587
doi: 10.1002/ajh.23193
Quiquandon I, Claisse JF, Capiod JC, Delobel J, Prin L. alpha-Interferon and hypereosinophilic syndrome with trisomy 8: karyotypic remission. Blood. 1995;85(8):2284–5.
pubmed: 7718904
doi: 10.1182/blood.V85.8.2284.bloodjournal8582284
Yamada O, Kitahara K, Imamura K, Ozasa H, Okada M, Mizoguchi H. Clinical and cytogenetic remission induced by interferon-alpha in a patient with chronic eosinophilic leukemia associated with a unique t(3;9;5) translocation. Am J Hematol. 1998;58(2):137–41.
pubmed: 9625582
doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8652(199806)58:2<137::AID-AJH9>3.0.CO;2-T
Helbig G, Stella-Holowiecka B, Majewski M, Lewandowska M, Holowiecki J. Interferon α induces a good molecular response in a patient with chronic eosinophilic leukemia (CEL) carrying the JAK2V617F point mutation. Haematologica. 2007;92(11):e118–9.
pubmed: 18024388
doi: 10.3324/haematol.11841
Kelemen K, Saft L, Craig FE, Orazi A, Nakashima M, Wertheim GB, et al. Eosinophilia/Hypereosinophilia in the Setting of Reactive and Idiopathic Causes, Well-Defined Myeloid or Lymphoid Leukemias, or Germline Disorders. Am J Clin Pathol. 2021;155(2):179–210.
pubmed: 33367563
doi: 10.1093/ajcp/aqaa244
Anselmino M, Novara M, Bellone A, Minelli M. Cardiac involvement in hypereosinophilic syndrome. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2011;12(12):919–21.
pubmed: 20733510
doi: 10.2459/JCM.0b013e32833e57e1
Ogbogu PU, Bochner BS, Butterfield JH, Gleich GJ, Huss-Marp J, Kahn JE, et al. Hypereosinophilic syndrome: a multicenter, retrospective analysis of clinical characteristics and response to therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;124(6):1319-25.e3.
pubmed: 19910029
pmcid: 2829669
doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.09.022
Ogbogu PU, Rosing DR, Horne MK 3rd. Cardiovascular manifestations of hypereosinophilic syndromes. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2007;27(3):457–75.
pubmed: 17868859
pmcid: 2048688
doi: 10.1016/j.iac.2007.07.001
Cereda AF, Pedrotti P, De Capitani L, Giannattasio C, Roghi A. Comprehensive evaluation of cardiac involvement in eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) with cardiac magnetic resonance. Eur J Intern Med. 2017;39:51–6.
pubmed: 27727077
doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2016.09.014
Kleinfeldt T, Nienaber CA, Kische S, Akin I, Turan RG, Körber T, et al. Cardiac manifestation of the hypereosinophilic syndrome: new insights. Clin Res Cardiol. 2010;99(7):419–27.
pubmed: 20333409
doi: 10.1007/s00392-010-0144-8
Mankad R, Bonnichsen C, Mankad S. Hypereosinophilic syndrome: cardiac diagnosis and management. Heart. 2016;102(2):100–6.
pubmed: 26567231
doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2015-307959
Srichai MB, Junor C, Rodriguez LL, Stillman AE, Grimm RA, Lieber ML, et al. Clinical, imaging, and pathological characteristics of left ventricular thrombus: a comparison of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, transthoracic echocardiography, and transesophageal echocardiography with surgical or pathological validation. Am Heart J. 2006;152(1):75–84.
pubmed: 16824834
doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2005.08.021
Dennert RM, van Paassen P, Schalla S, Kuznetsova T, Alzand BS, Staessen JA, et al. Cardiac involvement in Churg-Strauss syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(2):627–34.
pubmed: 20112390
doi: 10.1002/art.27263
Lübke J, Hohneck A, Leipe J, Naumann N, Fabarius A, Hofmann W, et al. Diagnosis and Outcome of Patients with Idiopathic Hypereosinophilic Syndrome and Cardiac Involvement. ASH. 2023.
Pardanani A, Lasho T, Wassie E, Finke C, Zblewski D, Hanson CA, et al. Predictors of survival in WHO-defined hypereosinophilic syndrome and idiopathic hypereosinophilia and the role of next-generation sequencing. Leukemia. 2016;30(9):1924–6.
pubmed: 27125206
doi: 10.1038/leu.2016.73
Podjasek JC, Butterfield JH. Mortality in hypereosinophilic syndrome: 19 years of experience at Mayo Clinic with a review of the literature. Leuk Res. 2013;37(4):392–5.
pubmed: 23332454
doi: 10.1016/j.leukres.2012.12.016
Xue J, Jiang J, Liu Y. The Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio is an Independent Predictor of All-Cause Mortality in Patients with Idiopathic Hypereosinophilic Syndrome. J Inflamm Res. 2022;15:1899–906.
pubmed: 35313675
pmcid: 8934163
doi: 10.2147/JIR.S357758
Barnes PJ. How corticosteroids control inflammation: Quintiles Prize Lecture 2005. Br J Pharmacol. 2006;148(3):245–54.
pubmed: 16604091
pmcid: 1751559
doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706736
Roufosse F, Kahn JE, Rothenberg ME, Wardlaw AJ, Klion AD, Kirby SY, et al. Efficacy and safety of mepolizumab in hypereosinophilic syndrome: A phase III, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;146(6):1397–405.
pubmed: 32956756
pmcid: 9579892
doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.08.037
Gleich GJ, Roufosse F, Chupp G, Faguer S, Walz B, Reiter A, et al. Safety and Efficacy of Mepolizumab in Hypereosinophilic Syndrome: An Open-Label Extension Study. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021;9(12):4431-40.e1.
pubmed: 34389506
doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.07.050
Pane F, Lefevre G, Kwon N, Bentley JH, Yancey SW, Steinfeld J. Characterization of disease flares and impact of mepolizumab in patients with hypereosinophilic syndrome. Front Immunol. 2022;13: 935996.
pubmed: 36091012
pmcid: 9462399
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.935996
Roufosse F, Butterfield J, Steinfeld J, Bentley JH, von Maltzahn R, Kwon N, et al. Mepolizumab therapy improves the most bothersome symptoms in patients with hypereosinophilic syndrome. Front Med. 2023;10:1035250.
doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1035250
Rothenberg ME, Roufosse F, Faguer S, Gleich GJ, Steinfeld J, Yancey SW, et al. Mepolizumab Reduces Hypereosinophilic Syndrome Flares Irrespective of Blood Eosinophil Count and Interleukin-5. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2022;10(9):2367-74.e3.
pubmed: 35568330
doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.04.037
Reiter A, Lefevre G, Cid MC, Kwon N, Mavropolou E, Yancey SW, et al. Association Between Baseline Therapy and Flare Reduction in Mepolizumab-Treated Patients With Hypereosinophilic Syndrome. Front Immunol. 2022;13: 840974.
pubmed: 35493455
pmcid: 9044076
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.840974
Kuang FL, Legrand F, Makiya M, Ware J, Wetzler L, Brown T, et al. Benralizumab for PDGFRA-Negative Hypereosinophilic Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(14):1336–46.
pubmed: 30943337
pmcid: 6557265
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1812185
Laviolette M, Gossage DL, Gauvreau G, Leigh R, Olivenstein R, Katial R, et al. Effects of benralizumab on airway eosinophils in asthmatic patients with sputum eosinophilia. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;132(5):1086-96.e5.
pubmed: 23866823
pmcid: 4172321
doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.05.020
Busse WW, Katial R, Gossage D, Sari S, Wang B, Kolbeck R, et al. Safety profile, pharmacokinetics, and biologic activity of MEDI-563, an anti-IL-5 receptor alpha antibody, in a phase I study of subjects with mild asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125(6):1237-44.e2.
pubmed: 20513521
doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.04.005
Singh D, Fuhr R, Bird NP, Mole S, Hardes K, Man YL, et al. A Phase 1 study of the long-acting anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibody GSK3511294 in patients with asthma. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2022;88(2):702–12.
pubmed: 34292606
doi: 10.1111/bcp.15002
Klion AD, Law MA, Noel P, Kim YJ, Haverty TP, Nutman TB. Safety and efficacy of the monoclonal anti-interleukin-5 antibody SCH55700 in the treatment of patients with hypereosinophilic syndrome. Blood. 2004;103(8):2939–41.
pubmed: 15070668
doi: 10.1182/blood-2003-10-3620
Kim YJ, Prussin C, Martin B, Law MA, Haverty TP, Nutman TB, et al. Rebound eosinophilia after treatment of hypereosinophilic syndrome and eosinophilic gastroenteritis with monoclonal anti-IL-5 antibody SCH55700. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;114(6):1449–55.
pubmed: 15577851
doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2004.08.027
Manka LA, Guntur VP, Denson JL, Dunn RM, Dollin YT, Strand MJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of reslizumab in the treatment of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2021;126(6):696-701.e1.
pubmed: 33548468
doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2021.01.035
Castro M, Zangrilli J, Wechsler ME, Bateman ED, Brusselle GG, Bardin P, et al. Reslizumab for inadequately controlled asthma with elevated blood eosinophil counts: results from two multicentre, parallel, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials. Lancet Respir Med. 2015;3(5):355–66.
pubmed: 25736990
doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00042-9
Panch SR, Bozik ME, Brown T, Makiya M, Prussin C, Archibald DG, et al. Dexpramipexole as an oral steroid-sparing agent in hypereosinophilic syndromes. Blood. 2018;132(5):501–9.
pubmed: 29739754
pmcid: 6073324
doi: 10.1182/blood-2018-02-835330
Altrichter S, Staubach P, Pasha M, Singh B, Chang AT, Bernstein JA, et al. An open-label, proof-of-concept study of lirentelimab for antihistamine-resistant chronic spontaneous and inducible urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2022;149(5):1683-90.e7.
pubmed: 34954198
doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.12.772
Dellon ES, Peterson KA, Murray JA, Falk GW, Gonsalves N, Chehade M, et al. Anti-Siglec-8 Antibody for Eosinophilic Gastritis and Duodenitis. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(17):1624–34.
pubmed: 33085861
pmcid: 7600443
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2012047
Anesi SD, Tauber J, Nguyen QD, Chang P, Berdy GJ, Lin CC, et al. Lirentelimab for severe and chronic forms of allergic conjunctivitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2022;150(3):631–9.
pubmed: 35390403
doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.03.021
Siebenhaar F, Altrichter S, Bonnekoh H, Hawro T, Hawro M, Michaelis EG, et al. Safety and efficacy of lirentelimab in patients with refractory indolent systemic mastocytosis: a first-in-human clinical trial. Br J Dermatol. 2023;189(5):511–9.
pubmed: 37290787
doi: 10.1093/bjd/ljad191
Kuang FL, Khoury P, Weller PF, Wechsler ME, Klion AD. Biologics and Hypereosinophilic Syndromes: Knowledge Gaps and Controversies. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2023;11(9):2666–71.
pubmed: 37507068
doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2023.07.026
Wechsler ME, Hellmich B, Cid MC, Jayne D, Tian X, Baylis L, et al. Unmet needs and evidence gaps in hypereosinophilic syndrome and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2023;151(6):1415–28.
pubmed: 37086239
doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.03.011
Leurs A, Chenivesse C, Lopez B, Gibier JB, Clément G, Groh M, et al. C-Reactive protein as a diagnostic tool in differential diagnosis of hypereosinophilic syndrome and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-negative eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2019;7(4):1347-51.e3.
pubmed: 30317003
doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2018.10.002
Khoury P, Akuthota P, Kwon N, Steinfeld J, Roufosse F. HES and EGPA: Two Sides of the Same Coin. Mayo Clin Proc. 2023;98(7):1054–70.
pubmed: 37419574
doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2023.02.013