Cranioencephalic functional lymphoid units in glioblastoma.


Journal

Nature medicine
ISSN: 1546-170X
Titre abrégé: Nat Med
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 9502015

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
31 Jul 2024
Historique:
received: 26 06 2023
accepted: 25 06 2024
medline: 1 8 2024
pubmed: 1 8 2024
entrez: 31 7 2024
Statut: aheadofprint

Résumé

The ecosystem of brain tumors is considered immunosuppressed, but our current knowledge may be incomplete. Here we analyzed clinical cell and tissue specimens derived from patients presenting with glioblastoma or nonmalignant intracranial disease to report that the cranial bone (CB) marrow, in juxtaposition to treatment-naive glioblastoma tumors, harbors active lymphoid populations at the time of initial diagnosis. Clinical and anatomical imaging, single-cell molecular and immune cell profiling and quantification of tumor reactivity identified CD8

Identifiants

pubmed: 39085419
doi: 10.1038/s41591-024-03152-x
pii: 10.1038/s41591-024-03152-x
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Subventions

Organisme : Wilhelm Sander-Stiftung (Wilhelm Sander Foundation)
ID : 2019.008.2
Organisme : Wilhelm Sander-Stiftung (Wilhelm Sander Foundation)
ID : 2019.008.2
Organisme : Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)
ID : SCHE656/2-2, proj#405344257
Organisme : Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)
ID : HE 8145/6-1/5-1
Organisme : Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)
ID : RE 2246/13-1
Organisme : Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)
ID : SFB1399-A01
Organisme : Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)
ID : SFB1430-A09
Organisme : Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)
ID : SFB1530-A01
Organisme : Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)
ID : 404521405; SFB1389-UNITE
Organisme : Deutsche Krebshilfe (German Cancer Aid)
ID : 1117240, 70113041

Informations de copyright

© 2024. The Author(s).

Références

Castellani, G., Croese, T., Peralta Ramos, J. M. & Schwartz, M. Transforming the understanding of brain immunity. Science 380, eabo7649 (2023).
pubmed: 37023203 doi: 10.1126/science.abo7649
Rustenhoven, J. et al. Functional characterization of the dural sinuses as a neuroimmune interface. Cell 184, 1000–1016 (2021).
pubmed: 33508229 pmcid: 8487654 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.040
Mollgard, K. et al. A mesothelium divides the subarachnoid space into functional compartments. Science 379, 84–88 (2023).
pubmed: 36603070 doi: 10.1126/science.adc8810
Sankowski, R. et al. Multiomic spatial landscape of innate immune cells at human central nervous system borders. Nat. Med. 30, 186–198 (2024).
pubmed: 38123840 doi: 10.1038/s41591-023-02673-1
Louveau, A. et al. Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels. Nature 523, 337–341 (2015).
pubmed: 26030524 pmcid: 4506234 doi: 10.1038/nature14432
Smyth, L. C. D. et al. Identification of direct connections between the dura and the brain. Nature 627, 165–173 (2024).
pubmed: 38326613 doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06993-7
Mazzitelli, J. A. et al. Skull bone marrow channels as immune gateways to the central nervous system. Nat. Neurosci. 26, 2052–2062 (2023).
pubmed: 37996526 doi: 10.1038/s41593-023-01487-1
Wen, P. Y. et al. Glioblastoma in adults: a Society for Neuro-Oncology (SNO) and European Society of Neuro-Oncology (EANO) consensus review on current management and future directions. Neuro Oncol. 22, 1073–1113 (2020).
pubmed: 32328653 pmcid: 7594557 doi: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa106
Jackson, C. M., Choi, J. & Lim, M. Mechanisms of immunotherapy resistance: lessons from glioblastoma. Nat. Immunol. 20, 1100–1109 (2019).
pubmed: 31358997 doi: 10.1038/s41590-019-0433-y
Sampson, J. H., Gunn, M. D., Fecci, P. E. & Ashley, D. M. Brain immunology and immunotherapy in brain tumours. Nat. Rev. Cancer 20, 12–25 (2020).
pubmed: 31806885 doi: 10.1038/s41568-019-0224-7
Chongsathidkiet, P. et al. Sequestration of T cells in bone marrow in the setting of glioblastoma and other intracranial tumors. Nat. Med. 24, 1459–1468 (2018).
pubmed: 30104766 pmcid: 6129206 doi: 10.1038/s41591-018-0135-2
Pinho, S. & Frenette, P. S. Haematopoietic stem cell activity and interactions with the niche. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 20, 303–320 (2019).
pubmed: 30745579 pmcid: 6483843 doi: 10.1038/s41580-019-0103-9
Buck, A. K. et al. CXCR4-targeted theranostics in oncology. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 49, 4133–4144 (2022).
pubmed: 35674738 pmcid: 9525349 doi: 10.1007/s00259-022-05849-y
Lapa, C. et al.
pubmed: 26909116 pmcid: 4737728 doi: 10.7150/thno.13986
Gruneboom, A. et al. A network of trans-cortical capillaries as mainstay for blood circulation in long bones. Nat. Metab. 1, 236–250 (2019).
pubmed: 31620676 pmcid: 6795552 doi: 10.1038/s42255-018-0016-5
Friebel, E. et al. Single-cell mapping of human brain cancer reveals tumor-specific instruction of tissue-invading leukocytes. Cell 181, 1626–1642 (2020).
pubmed: 32470397 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.055
Klemm, F. et al. Interrogation of the microenvironmental landscape in brain tumors reveals disease-specific alterations of immune cells. Cell 181, 1643–1660 (2020).
pubmed: 32470396 pmcid: 8558904 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.007
Lu, I. N. et al. Tumor-associated hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells positively linked to glioblastoma progression. Nat. Commun. 12, 3895 (2021).
pubmed: 34162860 pmcid: 8222381 doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-23995-z
Yeo, A. T. et al. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals evolution of immune landscape during glioblastoma progression. Nat. Immunol. 23, 971–984 (2022).
pubmed: 35624211 pmcid: 9174057 doi: 10.1038/s41590-022-01215-0
Pombo Antunes, A. R. et al. Single-cell profiling of myeloid cells in glioblastoma across species and disease stage reveals macrophage competition and specialization. Nat. Neurosci. 24, 595–610 (2021).
pubmed: 33782623 doi: 10.1038/s41593-020-00789-y
Rashidi, A. et al. Myeloid cell-derived creatine in the hypoxic niche promotes glioblastoma growth. Cell Metab. 36, 62–77 (2024).
pubmed: 38134929 doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.11.013
Feuerer, M. et al. Bone marrow as a priming site for T-cell responses to blood-borne antigen. Nat. Med. 9, 1151–1157 (2003).
pubmed: 12910264 doi: 10.1038/nm914
Gebhardt, T., Park, S. L. & Parish, I. A. Stem-like exhausted and memory CD8
pubmed: 37821656 doi: 10.1038/s41568-023-00615-0
Setty, M. et al. Characterization of cell fate probabilities in single-cell data with Palantir. Nat. Biotechnol. 37, 451–460 (2019).
pubmed: 30899105 pmcid: 7549125 doi: 10.1038/s41587-019-0068-4
Gulati, G. S. et al. Single-cell transcriptional diversity is a hallmark of developmental potential. Science 367, 405–411 (2020).
pubmed: 31974247 pmcid: 7694873 doi: 10.1126/science.aax0249
Meistermann, D. et al. Integrated pseudotime analysis of human pre-implantation embryo single-cell transcriptomes reveals the dynamics of lineage specification. Cell Stem Cell 28, 1625–1640 (2021).
pubmed: 34004179 doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.04.027
Chu, Y. et al. Pan-cancer T cell atlas links a cellular stress response state to immunotherapy resistance. Nat. Med. 29, 1550–1562 (2023).
pubmed: 37248301 doi: 10.1038/s41591-023-02371-y
Stress response in tumor-infiltrating T cells is linked to immunotherapy resistance. Nat. Med. 29, 1336–1337 (2023).
Sautes-Fridman, C., Petitprez, F., Calderaro, J. & Fridman, W. H. Tertiary lymphoid structures in the era of cancer immunotherapy. Nat. Rev. Cancer 19, 307–325 (2019).
pubmed: 31092904 doi: 10.1038/s41568-019-0144-6
Collins, N. et al. The bone marrow protects and optimizes immunological memory during dietary restriction. Cell 178, 1088–1101 (2019).
pubmed: 31442402 pmcid: 6818271 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.07.049
Spiegel, S. & Milstien, S. The outs and the ins of sphingosine-1-phosphate in immunity. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 11, 403–415 (2011).
pubmed: 21546914 pmcid: 3368251 doi: 10.1038/nri2974
Tan, C. L. et al. Prediction of tumor-reactive T cell receptors from scRNA-seq data for personalized T cell therapy. Nat. Biotechnol. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-024-02161-y (2024).
Upadhye, A. et al. Intra-tumoral T cells in pediatric brain tumors display clonal expansion and effector properties. Nat. Cancer 5, 791–807 (2024).
pubmed: 38228835 doi: 10.1038/s43018-023-00706-9
Pages, F. et al. Effector memory T cells, early metastasis and survival in colorectal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 353, 2654–2666 (2005).
pubmed: 16371631 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa051424
Fairfax, B. P. et al. Peripheral CD8
pubmed: 32042196 pmcid: 7611047 doi: 10.1038/s41591-019-0734-6
Mazo, I. B. et al. Bone marrow is a major reservoir and site of recruitment for central memory CD8
pubmed: 15723813 doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2005.01.008
Song, E. et al. VEGF-C-driven lymphatic drainage enables immunosurveillance of brain tumours. Nature 577, 689–694 (2020).
pubmed: 31942068 pmcid: 7100608 doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1912-x
Blobner, J. et al. Comparative evaluation of T-cell receptors in experimental glioma-draining lymph nodes. Neurooncol. Adv. 3, vdab147 (2021).
pubmed: 34738084 pmcid: 8562732
Noffsinger, B. et al. Technical choices significantly alter the adaptive immune response against immunocompetent murine gliomas in a model-dependent manner. J. Neurooncol. 154, 145–157 (2021).
pubmed: 34432197 pmcid: 9277914 doi: 10.1007/s11060-021-03822-7
Zheng, L. et al. Pan-cancer single-cell landscape of tumor-infiltrating T cells. Science 374, abe6474 (2021).
pubmed: 34914499 doi: 10.1126/science.abe6474
Wischnewski, V. et al. Phenotypic diversity of T cells in human primary and metastatic brain tumors revealed by multiomic interrogation. Nat. Cancer 4, 908–924 (2023).
pubmed: 37217652 pmcid: 10293012 doi: 10.1038/s43018-023-00566-3
Goebeler, M. E. & Bargou, R. C. T cell-engaging therapies—BiTEs and beyond. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 17, 418–434 (2020).
pubmed: 32242094 doi: 10.1038/s41571-020-0347-5
Bagley, S. J. et al. Intrathecal bivalent CAR T cells targeting EGFR and IL13Rα2 in recurrent glioblastoma: phase 1 trial interim results. Nat. Med. 30, 1320–1329 (2024).
pubmed: 38480922 doi: 10.1038/s41591-024-02893-z
Brown, C. E. et al. Locoregional delivery of IL-13Rα2-targeting CAR-T cells in recurrent high-grade glioma: a phase 1 trial. Nat. Med. 30, 1001–1012 (2024).
pubmed: 38454126 pmcid: 11031404 doi: 10.1038/s41591-024-02875-1
Choi, B. D. et al. Intraventricular CARv3-TEAM-E T cells in recurrent glioblastoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 390, 1290–1298 (2024).
pubmed: 38477966 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2314390
Xiong, Z. et al. Glioblastoma vaccines: past, present and opportunities. EBioMedicine 100, 104963 (2024).
pubmed: 38183840 pmcid: 10808938 doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104963
Cloughesy, T. F. et al. Neoadjuvant anti-PD-1 immunotherapy promotes a survival benefit with intratumoral and systemic immune responses in recurrent glioblastoma. Nat. Med. 25, 477–486 (2019).
pubmed: 30742122 pmcid: 6408961 doi: 10.1038/s41591-018-0337-7
Schalper, K. A. et al. Neoadjuvant nivolumab modifies the tumor immune microenvironment in resectable glioblastoma. Nat. Med. 25, 470–476 (2019).
pubmed: 30742120 doi: 10.1038/s41591-018-0339-5
Stensjoen, A. L. et al. Growth dynamics of untreated glioblastomas in vivo. Neuro Oncol 17, 1402–1411 (2015).
pubmed: 25758748 pmcid: 4578579 doi: 10.1093/neuonc/nov029
WHO Classification of Tumors Editorial Board. Central Nervous System Tumours: WHO Classification of Tumours, Fifth Edition Vol. 6 (International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2021).
Glas, M. et al. Residual tumor cells are unique cellular targets in glioblastoma. Ann. Neurol. 68, 264–269 (2010).
pubmed: 20695020 pmcid: 4445859 doi: 10.1002/ana.22036
Hao, Y. et al. Integrated analysis of multimodal single-cell data. Cell 184, 3573–3587 (2021).
pubmed: 34062119 pmcid: 8238499 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.048
McGinnis, C. S., Murrow, L. M. & Gartner, Z. J. DoubletFinder: doublet detection in single-cell RNA sequencing data using artificial nearest neighbors. Cell Syst. 8, 329–337.e4 (2019).
pubmed: 30954475 pmcid: 6853612 doi: 10.1016/j.cels.2019.03.003
Korsunsky, I. et al. Fast, sensitive and accurate integration of single-cell data with Harmony. Nat. Methods 16, 1289–1296 (2019).
pubmed: 31740819 pmcid: 6884693 doi: 10.1038/s41592-019-0619-0
Aran, D. et al. Reference-based analysis of lung single-cell sequencing reveals a transitional profibrotic macrophage. Nat. Immunol. 20, 163–172 (2019).
pubmed: 30643263 pmcid: 6340744 doi: 10.1038/s41590-018-0276-y
Aibar, S. et al. SCENIC: single-cell regulatory network inference and clustering. Nat. Methods 14, 1083–1086 (2017).
pubmed: 28991892 pmcid: 5937676 doi: 10.1038/nmeth.4463
Ruiz-Moreno, C. et al. Harmonized single-cell landscape, intercellular crosstalk and tumor architecture of glioblastoma. Preprint at bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.08.27.505439 (2022).
Moon, K. R. et al. Visualizing structure and transitions in high-dimensional biological data. Nat. Biotechnol. 37, 1482–1492 (2019).
pubmed: 31796933 pmcid: 7073148 doi: 10.1038/s41587-019-0336-3
Borcherding, N., Bormann, N. L. & Kraus, G. scRepertoire: an R-based toolkit for single-cell immune receptor analysis. F1000Res 9, 47 (2020).
pubmed: 32789006 pmcid: 7400693 doi: 10.12688/f1000research.22139.1
Trapnell, C. et al. The dynamics and regulators of cell fate decisions are revealed by pseudotemporal ordering of single cells. Nat. Biotechnol. 32, 381–386 (2014).
pubmed: 24658644 pmcid: 4122333 doi: 10.1038/nbt.2859
Hua, Y. et al. Cancer immunotherapies transition endothelial cells into HEVs that generate TCF1
pubmed: 36423635 pmcid: 9899876 doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2022.11.002
Tan, Y. & Cahan, P. SingleCellNet: a computational tool to classify single cell RNA-seq data across platforms and across species. Cell Syst. 9, 207–213 (2019).
pubmed: 31377170 pmcid: 6715530 doi: 10.1016/j.cels.2019.06.004
Liu, Z. et al. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) from patients with glioma. Oncoimmunology 6, e1252894 (2017).
pubmed: 28344863 doi: 10.1080/2162402X.2016.1252894
Yanguas, A. et al. ICAM-1-LFA-1 dependent CD8
pubmed: 30258446 pmcid: 6143661 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02084
Dijkstra, K. K. et al. Generation of tumor-reactive T cells by co-culture of peripheral blood lymphocytes and tumor organoids. Cell 174, 1586–1598 (2018).
pubmed: 30100188 pmcid: 6558289 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.07.009
Cattaneo, C. M. et al. Tumor organoid-T-cell coculture systems. Nat. Protoc. 15, 15–39 (2020).
pubmed: 31853056 doi: 10.1038/s41596-019-0232-9
Vitanza, N. A. et al. Locoregional infusion of HER2-specific CAR T cells in children and young adults with recurrent or refractory CNS tumors: an interim analysis. Nat. Med. 27, 1544–1552 (2021).
pubmed: 34253928 doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01404-8
Todo, T. et al. Intratumoral oncolytic herpes virus G47∆ for residual or recurrent glioblastoma: a phase 2 trial. Nat. Med. 28, 1630–1639 (2022).
pubmed: 35864254 pmcid: 9388376 doi: 10.1038/s41591-022-01897-x
Nassiri, F. et al. Oncolytic DNX-2401 virotherapy plus pembrolizumab in recurrent glioblastoma: a phase 1/2 trial. Nat. Med. 29, 1370–1378 (2023).
pubmed: 37188783 pmcid: 10287560 doi: 10.1038/s41591-023-02347-y

Auteurs

Celia Dobersalske (C)

German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, a partnership between DKFZ and University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
DKFZ Division Translational Neurooncology at the WTZ, University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany.

Laurèl Rauschenbach (L)

German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, a partnership between DKFZ and University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
DKFZ Division Translational Neurooncology at the WTZ, University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany.
West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
Center for Translational Neuroscience and Behavioral Science (C-TNBS), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.

Yichao Hua (Y)

Department of Applied Computational Cancer Research, IKIM, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.

Christoph Berliner (C)

Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.

Anita Steinbach (A)

German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, a partnership between DKFZ and University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
DKFZ Division Translational Neurooncology at the WTZ, University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany.

Anika Grüneboom (A)

Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany.

Konstantinos D Kokkaliaris (KD)

Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
DKTK, German Cancer Consortium, partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Quantitative Spatial Cancer Biology Laboratory, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

Dieter H Heiland (DH)

DKTK, German Cancer Consortium, partner site Freiburg, Translational Neurosurgery, Microenvironment and Immunology Research Laboratory, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Neurosurgery, University Clinic Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.

Pia Berger (P)

German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, a partnership between DKFZ and University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
DKFZ Division Translational Neurooncology at the WTZ, University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany.

Sarah Langer (S)

German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, a partnership between DKFZ and University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
DKFZ Division Translational Neurooncology at the WTZ, University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany.

Chin L Tan (CL)

CCU Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
DKTK, German Cancer Consortium, Core Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.

Martin Stenzel (M)

Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany.

Somaya Landolsi (S)

Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
DKTK, German Cancer Consortium, partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Quantitative Spatial Cancer Biology Laboratory, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

Flora Weber (F)

Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany.

Marvin Darkwah Oppong (M)

Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
Center for Translational Neuroscience and Behavioral Science (C-TNBS), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.

Rudolf A Werner (RA)

Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
University Hospital Frankfurt, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Hanah Gull (H)

German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, a partnership between DKFZ and University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
DKFZ Division Translational Neurooncology at the WTZ, University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany.
Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
Center for Translational Neuroscience and Behavioral Science (C-TNBS), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.

Thomas Schröder (T)

Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.

Thomas Linsenmann (T)

Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.

Andreas K Buck (AK)

Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.

Matthias Gunzer (M)

Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany.
Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.

Martin Stuschke (M)

German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, a partnership between DKFZ and University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.

Kathy Keyvani (K)

Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.

Michael Forsting (M)

Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.

Martin Glas (M)

German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, a partnership between DKFZ and University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
Center for Translational Neuroscience and Behavioral Science (C-TNBS), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
Department of Neurology, Division of Neurooncology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.

Jonathan Kipnis (J)

Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.

Dennis A Steindler (DA)

Steindler Consulting, Boston, MA, USA.
The Eshelman Institute for Innovation, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.

Hans Christian Reinhardt (HC)

German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, a partnership between DKFZ and University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.

Edward W Green (EW)

CCU Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
DKTK, German Cancer Consortium, Core Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.

Michael Platten (M)

CCU Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
DKTK, German Cancer Consortium, Core Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
Immune Monitoring Unit, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
Helmholtz Institute for Translational Oncology, Mainz, Germany.
German Cancer Research Center-Hector Cancer Institute at the Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.

Alpaslan Tasdogan (A)

German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, a partnership between DKFZ and University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.

Ken Herrmann (K)

German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, a partnership between DKFZ and University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.

Florian Rambow (F)

German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, a partnership between DKFZ and University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
Department of Applied Computational Cancer Research, IKIM, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.

Igor Cima (I)

German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, a partnership between DKFZ and University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
DKFZ Division Translational Neurooncology at the WTZ, University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany.

Ulrich Sure (U)

German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, a partnership between DKFZ and University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
Center for Translational Neuroscience and Behavioral Science (C-TNBS), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.

Björn Scheffler (B)

German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, a partnership between DKFZ and University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany. b.scheffler@dkfz-heidelberg.de.
German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. b.scheffler@dkfz-heidelberg.de.
DKFZ Division Translational Neurooncology at the WTZ, University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany. b.scheffler@dkfz-heidelberg.de.
West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany. b.scheffler@dkfz-heidelberg.de.
Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany. b.scheffler@dkfz-heidelberg.de.

Classifications MeSH