The development of terrestrial ecosystems emerging after glacier retreat.


Journal

Nature
ISSN: 1476-4687
Titre abrégé: Nature
Pays: England
ID NLM: 0410462

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
31 Jul 2024
Historique:
received: 18 04 2023
accepted: 02 07 2024
medline: 1 8 2024
pubmed: 1 8 2024
entrez: 31 7 2024
Statut: aheadofprint

Résumé

The global retreat of glaciers is dramatically altering mountain and high-latitude landscapes, with new ecosystems developing from apparently barren substrates

Identifiants

pubmed: 39085613
doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-07778-2
pii: 10.1038/s41586-024-07778-2
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Informations de copyright

© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.

Références

Ficetola, G. F. et al. Dynamics of ecological communities following current retreat of glaciers. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 52, 405–426 (2021).
doi: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-010521-040017
Pothula, S. K. & Adams, B. J. Community assembly in the wake of glacial retreat: a meta-analysis. Glob. Chang. Biol. 28, 6973–6991 (2022).
pubmed: 36087341 doi: 10.1111/gcb.16427
Bosson, J. B. et al. Future emergence of new ecosystems caused by glacial retreat. Nature 620, 562–569 (2023).
pubmed: 37587299 doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06302-2
Rounce, D. R. et al. Global glacier change in the 21st century: every increase in temperature matters. Science 379, 78–83 (2023).
pubmed: 36603094 doi: 10.1126/science.abo1324
Zimmer, A., Beach, T., Klein, J. A. & Recharte Bullard, J. The need for stewardship of lands exposed by deglaciation from climate change. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Clim. Change 13, e753 (2022).
doi: 10.1002/wcc.753
Taberlet, P., Bonin, A., Zinger, L. & Coissac, E. Environmental DNA: For Biodiversity Research and Monitoring (Oxford Univ. Press, 2018).
Hock, R. et al. GlacierMIP — a model intercomparison of global-scale glacier mass-balance models and projections. J. Glaciol. 65, 453–467 (2019).
doi: 10.1017/jog.2019.22
Lee, J. R. et al. Climate change drives expansion of Antarctic ice-free habitat. Nature 547, 49–54 (2017).
pubmed: 28658207 doi: 10.1038/nature22996
Körner, C. Mountain biodiversity, its causes and function. Ambio 33, 11–17 (2004).
doi: 10.1007/0044-7447-33.sp13.11
Palomo, I. Climate change impacts on ecosystem services in high mountain areas: a literature review. Mt. Res. Dev. 37, 179–187 (2017).
doi: 10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-16-00110.1
La Farge, C., Williams, K. H. & England, J. H. Regeneration of Little Ice Age bryophytes emerging from a polar glacier with implications of totipotency in extreme environments. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 9839–9844 (2013).
pubmed: 23716658 pmcid: 3683725 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1304199110
Donhauser, J. & Frey, B. Alpine soil microbial ecology in a changing world. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 94, fiy099 (2018).
Hågvar, S. et al. Ecosystem birth near melting glaciers: a review on the pioneer role of ground-dwelling arthropods. Insects 11, 644 (2020).
pubmed: 32961739 pmcid: 7564799 doi: 10.3390/insects11090644
Cauvy-Fraunié, S. & Dangles, O. A global synthesis of biodiversity responses to glacier retreat. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 3, 1675–1685 (2019).
pubmed: 31740846 doi: 10.1038/s41559-019-1042-8
Hugonnet, R. et al. Accelerated global glacier mass loss in the early twenty-first century. Nature 592, 726–731 (2021).
pubmed: 33911269 doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03436-z
Moore, J. W. et al. Mining stakes claim on salmon futures as glaciers retreat. Science 382, 887–889 (2023).
pubmed: 37995230 doi: 10.1126/science.adj4911
Poorter, L. et al. Multidimensional tropical forest recovery. Science 374, 1370–1376 (2021).
pubmed: 34882461 doi: 10.1126/science.abh3629
Walker, L. R., Wardle, D. A., Bardgett, R. D. & Clarkson, B. D. The use of chronosequences in studies of ecological succession and soil development. J. Ecol. 98, 725–736 (2010).
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01664.x
Connell, J. H. & Slatyer, R. O. Mechanisms of succession in natural communities and their role in community stability and organization. Am. Nat. 111, 1119–1144 (1977).
doi: 10.1086/283241
Hanusch, M., He, X., Ruiz-Hernández, V. & Junker, R. R. Succession comprises a sequence of threshold-induced community assembly processes towards multidiversity. Commun. Biol. 5, 424 (2022).
pubmed: 35523944 pmcid: 9076875 doi: 10.1038/s42003-022-03372-2
Pulsford, S. A., Lindenmayer, D. B. & Driscoll, D. A. A succession of theories: purging redundancy from disturbance theory. Biol. Rev. 91, 148–167 (2016).
pubmed: 25428521 doi: 10.1111/brv.12163
Rosero, P. et al. Multi-taxa colonisation along the foreland of a vanishing equatorial glacier. Ecography 44, 1010–1021 (2021).
doi: 10.1111/ecog.05478
Fan, K. et al. Soil biodiversity supports the delivery of multiple ecosystem functions in urban greenspaces. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 7, 113–126 (2023).
pubmed: 36631668 doi: 10.1038/s41559-022-01935-4
Khedim, N. et al. Topsoil organic matter build-up in glacier forelands around the world. Glob. Chang. Biol. 27, 1662–1677 (2021).
pubmed: 33342032 pmcid: 8048894 doi: 10.1111/gcb.15496
Lutz, S. et al. The biogeography of red snow microbiomes and their role in melting arctic glaciers. Nat. Commun. 7, 11968 (2016).
pubmed: 27329445 pmcid: 4917964 doi: 10.1038/ncomms11968
Rime, T., Hartmann, M. & Frey, B. Potential sources of microbial colonizers in an initial soil ecosystem after retreat of an alpine glacier. ISME J. 10, 1625–1641 (2016).
pubmed: 26771926 pmcid: 4918445 doi: 10.1038/ismej.2015.238
Zimmer, A. et al. Soil temperature and local initial conditions drive carbon and nitrogen build-up in young proglacial soils in the Tropical Andes and European Alps. Catena 235, 107645 (2024).
doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2023.107645
Bardgett, R. D. et al. Heterotrophic microbial communities use ancient carbon following glacial retreat. Biol. Lett. 3, 487–490 (2007).
pubmed: 17609172 pmcid: 2391183 doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2007.0242
Hunter, B. D., Roering, J. J., Silva, L. C. R. & Moreland, K. C. Geomorphic controls on the abundance and persistence of soil organic carbon pools in erosional landscapes. Nat. Geosci. 17, 151–157 (2024).
doi: 10.1038/s41561-023-01365-2
Draebing, D., Mayer, T., Jacobs, B. & McColl, S. T. Alpine rockwall erosion patterns follow elevation-dependent climate trajectories. Commun. Earth Environ. 3, 21 (2022).
doi: 10.1038/s43247-022-00348-2
Erhart, H. La Génèse Des Sols En Tant Que Phénomène Géologique: Esquisse d’une Théorie Géologique et Géochimique: Biostasie et Rhexistasie (Masson, 1951).
Salazar, A., Warshan, D., Vasquez-Mejia, C. & Andrésson, Ó. S. Environmental change alters nitrogen fixation rates and microbial parameters in a subarctic biological soil crust. Oikos 2022, e09239 (2022).
doi: 10.1111/oik.09239
Sepp, S.-K. et al. Global diversity and distribution of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil. Front. Plant Sci. 14, 1100235 (2023).
pubmed: 36743494 pmcid: 9895822 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1100235
Bahram, M. et al. Structure and function of the global topsoil microbiome. Nature 560, 233–237 (2018).
pubmed: 30069051 doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0386-6
Angert, A. L., Huxman, T. E., Chesson, P. & Venable, D. L. Functional tradeoffs determine species coexistence via the storage effect. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 11641–11645 (2009).
pubmed: 19571002 pmcid: 2710622 doi: 10.1073/pnas.0904512106
Peyre, G. et al. The fate of páramo plant assemblages in the sky islands of the northern Andes. J. Veg. Sci. 31, 967–980 (2020).
doi: 10.1111/jvs.12898
Vellend, M. et al. Assessing the relative importance of neutral stochasticity in ecological communities. Oikos 123, 1420–1430 (2014).
doi: 10.1111/oik.01493
Martiny, J. B. H. et al. Microbial biogeography: putting microorganisms on the map. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 4, 102–112 (2006).
pubmed: 16415926 doi: 10.1038/nrmicro1341
Ohlmann, M. et al. Mapping the imprint of biotic interactions on β-diversity. Ecol. Lett. 21, 1660–1669 (2018).
pubmed: 30152092 doi: 10.1111/ele.13143
Tscherko, D., Hammesfahr, U., Zeltner, G., Kandeler, E. & Böcker, R. Plant succession and rhizosphere microbial communities in a recently deglaciated alpine terrain. Basic Appl. Ecol. 6, 367–383 (2005).
doi: 10.1016/j.baae.2005.02.004
Losapio, G. et al. Network motifs involving both competition and facilitation predict biodiversity in alpine plant communities. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 118, e2005759118 (2021).
pubmed: 33526655 pmcid: 8017722 doi: 10.1073/pnas.2005759118
Sint, D., Kaufmann, R., Mayer, R. & Traugott, M. Resolving the predator first paradox: arthropod predator food webs in pioneer sites of glacier forelands. Mol. Ecol. 28, 336–347 (2019).
pubmed: 30118154 doi: 10.1111/mec.14839
Bennett, J. A. et al. Plant–soil feedbacks and mycorrhizal type influence temperate forest population dynamics. Science 355, 181–184 (2017).
pubmed: 28082590 doi: 10.1126/science.aai8212
Calderón-Sanou, I. et al. Cascading effects of moth outbreaks on subarctic soil food webs. Sci. Rep. 11, 15054 (2021).
pubmed: 34301993 pmcid: 8302651 doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-94227-z
Houlton, B. Z., Wang, Y.-P., Vitousek, P. M. & Field, C. B. A unifying framework for dinitrogen fixation in the terrestrial biosphere. Nature 454, 327–330 (2008).
pubmed: 18563086 doi: 10.1038/nature07028
Tedersoo, L., Bahram, M. & Zobel, M. How mycorrhizal associations drive plant population and community biology. Science 367, eaba1223 (2020).
pubmed: 32079744 doi: 10.1126/science.aba1223
Cantera, I. et al. The importance of species addition ‘versus’ replacement varies over succession in plant communities after glacier retreat. Nat. Plants 10, 256–267 (2024).
pubmed: 38233559 doi: 10.1038/s41477-023-01609-4
Pugnaire, F. I. et al. Climate change effects on plant–soil feedbacks and consequences for biodiversity and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. Sci. Adv. 5, eaaz1834 (2019).
pubmed: 31807715 pmcid: 6881159 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz1834
Guerra, C. A. et al. Global hotspots for soil nature conservation. Nature 610, 693–698 (2022).
Sytsma, M. L. T., Lewis, T., Bakker, J. D. & Prugh, L. R. Successional patterns of terrestrial wildlife following deglaciation. J. Anim. Ecol. 92, 723–737 (2023).
pubmed: 36651036 doi: 10.1111/1365-2656.13886
Butler, D. R., Anzah, F., Goff, P. D. & Villa, J. Zoogeomorphology and resilience theory. Geomorphology 305, 154–162 (2018).
doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.08.036
Zemp, M. et al. Global glacier mass changes and their contributions to sea-level rise from 1961 to 2016. Nature 568, 382–386 (2019).
pubmed: 30962533 doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1071-0
Marta, S. et al. The retreat of mountain glaciers since the Little Ice Age: a spatially explicit database. Data 6, 107 (2021).
doi: 10.3390/data6100107
Dickie, I. A. et al. Towards robust and repeatable sampling methods in eDNA-based studies. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 18, 940–952 (2018).
doi: 10.1111/1755-0998.12907
Guerrieri, A. et al. Metabarcoding data reveal vertical multitaxa variation in topsoil communities during the colonization of deglaciated forelands. Mol. Ecol. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.16669 (2023).
Rime, T. et al. Vertical distribution of the soil microbiota along a successional gradient in a glacier forefield. Mol. Ecol. 24, 1091–1108 (2015).
pubmed: 25533315 doi: 10.1111/mec.13051
Guerrieri, A. et al. Effects of soil preservation for biodiversity monitoring using environmental DNA. Mol. Ecol. 30, 3313–3325 (2021).
pubmed: 33034070 doi: 10.1111/mec.15674
Bray, R. H. & Kurtz, L. T. Determination of total organic and available forms of phosphorus in soils. Soil Sci. 59, 39–46 (1945).
doi: 10.1097/00010694-194501000-00006
Olsen, S. R. Estimation of Available Phosphorus in Soils by Extraction with Sodium Bicarbonate (US Department of Agriculture, 1954).
Marta, S. et al. Heterogeneous changes of soil microclimate in high mountains and glacier forelands. Nat. Commun. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2017904/v1 (2023).
Smith, P. & Metcalfe, P. dynatop: An implementation of dynamic TOPMODEL hydrological model in R. GitHub https://github.com/waternumbers/dynatop (2022).
Paruelo, J. M., Epstein, H. E., Lauenroth, W. K. & Burke, I. C. ANPP estimates from NDVI for the central grassland region of the United States. Ecology 78, 953–958 (1997).
doi: 10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[0953:AEFNFT]2.0.CO;2
Rumpf, S. B. et al. From white to green: snow cover loss and increased vegetation productivity in the European Alps. Science 376, 1119–1122 (2022).
pubmed: 35653482 doi: 10.1126/science.abn6697
Lillesand, T., Kiefer, R. W. & Chipman, J. Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation 7th edn (Wiley, 2015).
Liu, Y. et al. Evaluation of consistency among three NDVI products applied to High Mountain Asia in 2000–2015. Remote Sens. Environ. 269, 112821 (2022).
doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2021.112821
Aybar, C. et al. rgee: R bindings for calling the ‘Earth Engine’ API. GitHub https://github.com/google/earthengine-api (2022).
Ficetola, G. F. & Taberlet, P. Towards exhaustive community ecology via DNA metabarcoding. Mol. Ecol. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.16881 .
Guardiola, M. et al. Deep-sea, deep-sequencing: metabarcoding extracellular DNA from sediments of marine canyons. PLoS ONE 10, e0139633 (2015).
pubmed: 26436773 pmcid: 4593591 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139633
Moll, J. & Hoppe, B. Evaluation of primers for the detection of deadwood-inhabiting archaea via amplicon sequencing. PeerJ 10, e14567 (2022).
pubmed: 36573238 pmcid: 9789694 doi: 10.7717/peerj.14567
Hathaway, J. J. M., Moser, D. P., Blank, J. G. & Northup, D. E. A comparison of primers in 16S rRNA gene surveys of Bacteria and Archaea from volcanic caves. Geomicrobiol. J. 38, 741–754 (2021).
doi: 10.1080/01490451.2021.1943727
Epp, L. S. et al. New environmental metabarcodes for analysing soil DNA: potential for studying past and present ecosystems. Mol. Ecol. 21, 1821–1833 (2012).
pubmed: 22486821 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05537.x
Taberlet, P. et al. Power and limitations of the chloroplast trnL (UAA) intron for plant DNA barcoding. Nucleic Acids Res. 35, e14 (2007).
pubmed: 17169982 doi: 10.1093/nar/gkl938
Janssen, P. et al. Present conditions may mediate the legacy effect of past land-use changes on species richness and composition of above- and below-ground assemblages. J. Ecol. 106, 306–318 (2018).
doi: 10.1111/1365-2745.12808
Bienert, F. et al. Tracking earthworm communities from soil DNA. Mol. Ecol. 21, 2017–2030 (2012).
pubmed: 22250728 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05407.x
Lunghi, E. et al. Environmental DNA of insects and springtails from caves reveals complex processes of eDNA transfer in soils. Sci. Total Environ. 826, 154022 (2022).
pubmed: 35202680 doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154022
Coissac, E. OligoTag: a program for designing sets of tags for next-generation sequencing of multiplexed samples. Methods Mol. Biol. 888, 13–31 (2012).
pubmed: 22665273 doi: 10.1007/978-1-61779-870-2_2
Zinger, L. et al. DNA metabarcoding — need for robust experimental designs to draw sound ecological conclusions. Mol. Ecol. 28, 1857–1862 (2019).
pubmed: 31033079 doi: 10.1111/mec.15060
Boyer, F. et al. obitools: A unix-inspired software package for DNA metabarcoding. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 16, 176–182 (2016).
pubmed: 25959493 doi: 10.1111/1755-0998.12428
Brown, S. P. et al. Scraping the bottom of the barrel: are rare high throughput sequences artifacts? Fungal Ecol. 13, 221–225 (2015).
doi: 10.1016/j.funeco.2014.08.006
Alberdi, A., Aizpurua, O., Gilbert, M. T. P. & Bohmann, K. Scrutinizing key steps for reliable metabarcoding of environmental samples. Methods Ecol. Evol. 9, 134–147 (2018).
doi: 10.1111/2041-210X.12849
Bonin, A., Guerrieri, A. & Ficetola, G. F. Optimal sequence similarity thresholds for clustering of molecular operational taxonomic units in DNA metabarcoding studies. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 23, 368–381 (2023).
pubmed: 36052659 doi: 10.1111/1755-0998.13709
Calderón‐Sanou, I., Münkemüller, T., Boyer, F., Zinger, L. & Thuiller, W. From environmental DNA sequences to ecological conclusions: how strong is the influence of methodological choices? J. Biogeogr. 47, 193–206 (2020).
doi: 10.1111/jbi.13681
Bálint, M. et al. Millions of reads, thousands of taxa: microbial community structure and associations analyzed via marker genes. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 40, 686–700 (2016).
pubmed: 27358393 doi: 10.1093/femsre/fuw017
Ficetola, G. F. et al. Replication levels, false presences and the estimation of the presence/absence from eDNA metabarcoding data. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 15, 543–556 (2015).
pubmed: 25327646 doi: 10.1111/1755-0998.12338
Ariza, M. et al. Plant biodiversity assessment through soil eDNA reflects temporal and local diversity. Methods Ecol. Evol. 14, 415–430 (2023).
doi: 10.1111/2041-210X.13865
Pansu, J. et al. Long-lasting modification of soil fungal diversity associated with the introduction of rabbits to a remote sub-Antarctic archipelago. Biol. Lett. 11, 20150408 (2015).
pubmed: 26333663 pmcid: 4614422 doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0408
Foucher, A. et al. Persistence of environmental DNA in cultivated soils: implication of this memory effect for reconstructing the dynamics of land use and cover changes. Sci. Rep. 10, 10502 (2020).
pubmed: 32601368 pmcid: 7324595 doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-67452-1
O’Malley, M. A., Simpson, A. G. B. & Roger, A. J. The other eukaryotes in light of evolutionary protistology. Biol. Philos. 28, 299–330 (2013).
doi: 10.1007/s10539-012-9354-y
Whittaker, R. H. New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms. Science 163, 150–160 (1969).
pubmed: 5762760 doi: 10.1126/science.163.3863.150
Simpson, A. G. B., Slamovits, C. H. & Archibald, J. M. in Handbook of the Protists (eds Archibald, J. M., Simpson, A. G. B. & Slamovits, C. H.) 1–21 (Springer International, 2017).
Anthony, M. A., Bender, S. F. & van der Heijden, M. G. A. Enumerating soil biodiversity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 120, e2304663120 (2023).
pubmed: 37549278 pmcid: 10437432 doi: 10.1073/pnas.2304663120
Fierer, N., Strickland, M. S., Liptzin, D., Bradford, M. A. & Cleveland, C. C. Global patterns in belowground communities. Ecol. Lett. 12, 1238–1249 (2009).
pubmed: 19674041 doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01360.x
Bar-On, Y. M., Phillips, R. & Milo, R. The biomass distribution on Earth. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 6506–6511 (2018).
pubmed: 29784790 pmcid: 6016768 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1711842115
Zinger, L. et al. Body size determines soil community assembly in a tropical forest. Mol. Ecol. 28, 528–543 (2019).
pubmed: 30375061 doi: 10.1111/mec.14919
Johnson, E. A. & Miyanishi, K. Testing the assumptions of chronosequences in succession. Ecol. Lett. 11, 419–431 (2008).
pubmed: 18341585 doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01173.x
Makoto, K. & Wilson, S. D. New multicentury evidence for dispersal limitation during primary succession. Am. Nat. 187, 804–811 (2016).
pubmed: 27172599 doi: 10.1086/686199
Rydgren, K., Halvorsen, R., Töpper, J. P. & Njøs, J. M. Glacier foreland succession and the fading effect of terrain age. J. Veg. Sci. 25, 1367–1380 (2014).
doi: 10.1111/jvs.12184
Tampucci, D. et al. Plant and arthropod colonisation of a glacier foreland in a peripheral mountain range. Biodiversity 16, 213–223 (2015).
doi: 10.1080/14888386.2015.1117990
Vater, A. E. & Matthews, J. A. Succession of pitfall-trapped insects and arachnids on eight Norwegian glacier forelands along an altitudinal gradient: patterns and models. Holocene 25, 108–129 (2015).
doi: 10.1177/0959683614556374
Damgaard, C. A critique of the space-for-time substitution practice in community ecology. Trends Ecol. Evol. 34, 416–421 (2019).
pubmed: 30824195 doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.01.013
Smith, J. et al. BioDeepTime: a database of biodiversity time series for modern and fossil assemblages. Global Ecol. Biogeogr. 32, 1680–1689 (2023).
doi: 10.1111/geb.13735
Foster, B. L. & Tilman, D. Dynamic and static views of succession: testing the descriptive power of the chronosequence approach. Plant Ecol. 146, 1–10 (2000).
doi: 10.1023/A:1009895103017
Erschbamer, B., Niederfriniger Schlag, R., Carnicero, P. & Kaufmann, R. Long-term monitoring confirms limitations of recruitment and facilitation and reveals unexpected changes of the successional pathways in a glacier foreland of the Central Austrian Alps. Plant Ecol. 224, 373–386 (2023).
doi: 10.1007/s11258-023-01308-2
Fickert, T. & Grüninger, F. High-speed colonization of bare ground — permanent plot studies on primary succession of plants in recently deglaciated glacier forelands. Land Degrad. Dev. 29, 2668–2680 (2018).
doi: 10.1002/ldr.3063
Mächler, E., Walser, J.-C. & Altermatt, F. Decision-making and best practices for taxonomy-free environmental DNA metabarcoding in biomonitoring using Hill numbers. Mol. Ecol. 30, 3326–3339 (2021).
pubmed: 33188644 doi: 10.1111/mec.15725
McMurdie, P. J. & Holmes, S. Waste not, want not: why rarefying microbiome data is inadmissible. PLoS Comput. Biol. 10, e1003531 (2014).
pubmed: 24699258 pmcid: 3974642 doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003531
Bürkner, P.-C. brms: An R package for bayesian multilevel models using Stan. J. Stat. Softw. 80, 1–28 (2017).
doi: 10.18637/jss.v080.i01
Ren, Z. & Gao, H. Abundant and rare soil fungi exhibit distinct succession patterns in the forefield of Dongkemadi glacier on the central Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Sci. Total Environ. 828, 154563 (2022).
pubmed: 35302033 doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154563
Bjornstad, O. N. & Cai, J. ncf: Spatial covariance functions. CRAN https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.ncf (2022).
Nakagawa, S. & Schielzeth, H. A general and simple method for obtaining R2 from generalized linear mixed-effects models. Methods Ecol. Evol. 4, 133–142 (2013).
doi: 10.1111/j.2041-210x.2012.00261.x
Körner, C. Alpine Plant Life: Functional Plant Ecology of High Mountain Ecosystems (Springer Nature, 2021).
Paulsen, J. & Körner, C. A climate-based model to predict potential treeline position around the globe. Alp. Botany 124, 1–12 (2014).
doi: 10.1007/s00035-014-0124-0
Lefcheck, J. S. piecewiseSEM: Piecewise structural equation modelling in R for ecology, evolution, and systematics. Methods Ecol. Evol. 7, 573–579 (2016).
doi: 10.1111/2041-210X.12512
Delavaux, C. S., Ramos, R. J., Sturmer, S. L. & Bever, J. D. Environmental identification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi using the LSU rDNA gene region: an expanded database and improved pipeline. Mycorrhiza 32, 145–153 (2022).
pubmed: 35099622 pmcid: 8907093 doi: 10.1007/s00572-022-01068-3
Delavaux, C. S. et al. Mycorrhizal types influence island biogeography of plants. Commun. Biol. 4, 1128 (2021).
pubmed: 34561537 pmcid: 8463580 doi: 10.1038/s42003-021-02649-2
Bollen, K. A., Harden, J. J., Ray, S. & Zavisca, J. BIC and alternative Bayesian information criteria in the selection of structural equation models. Struct. Equ. Modeling 21, 1–19 (2014).
pubmed: 31360054 pmcid: 6663110 doi: 10.1080/10705511.2014.856691
Hertzog, L. R. How robust are structural equation models to model miss-specification? A simulation study. Preprint at arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1803.06186 (2019).
Lin, L.-C., Huang, P.-H. & Weng, L.-J. Selecting path models in SEM: a comparison of model selection criteria. Struct. Equ. Modeling 24, 855–869 (2017).
doi: 10.1080/10705511.2017.1363652
Oberski, D. lavaan.survey: An R package for complex survey analysis of structural equation models. J. Stat. Softw. 57, 1–27 (2014).
doi: 10.18637/jss.v057.i01
Shipley, B. & Douma, J. C. Generalized AIC and chi-squared statistics for path models consistent with directed acyclic graphs. Ecology 101, e02960 (2020).
pubmed: 31856299 doi: 10.1002/ecy.2960
Douma, J. C. & Shipley, B. Testing model fit in path models with dependent errors given non-normality, non-linearity and hierarchical data. Struct. Equ. Modeling 30, 222–233 (2023).
doi: 10.1080/10705511.2022.2112199
Westland, J. C. Structural Equation Models: From Paths to Networks (Springer, 2020).
Dormann, C. F. et al. Methods to account for spatial autocorrelation in the analysis of species distributional data: a review. Ecography 30, 609–628 (2007).
doi: 10.1111/j.2007.0906-7590.05171.x
Lichstein, J., Simons, T., Shriner, S. & Franzreb, K. Spatial autocorrelation and autoregressive models in ecology. Ecol. Monogr. 72, 445–463 (2002).
doi: 10.1890/0012-9615(2002)072[0445:SAAAMI]2.0.CO;2
Roser, L. G., Ferreyra, L. I., Saidman, B. O. & Vilardi, J. C. EcoGenetics: an R package for the management and exploratory analysis of spatial data in landscape genetics. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 17, e241–e250 (2017).
pubmed: 28654194 doi: 10.1111/1755-0998.12697
Shipley, B. Cause and Correlation in Biology: A User’s Guide to Path Analysis, Structural Equations and Causal Inference with R (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2016).
Legendre, P., Lapointe, F.-J. & Casgrain, P. Modeling brain evolution from behavior: a permutational regression approach. Evolution 48, 1487–1499 (1994).
pubmed: 28568410 doi: 10.2307/2410243
Martinez-Almoyna, C. et al. Multi-trophic β-diversity mediates the effect of environmental gradients on the turnover of multiple ecosystem functions. Funct. Ecol. 33, 2053–2064 (2019).
doi: 10.1111/1365-2435.13393
Lichstein, J. W. Multiple regression on distance matrices: a multivariate spatial analysis tool. Plant Ecol. 188, 117–131 (2007).
doi: 10.1007/s11258-006-9126-3

Auteurs

Gentile Francesco Ficetola (GF)

Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. francesco.ficetola@unimi.it.
University of Grenoble Alpes, University of Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France. francesco.ficetola@unimi.it.

Silvio Marta (S)

Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. silvio.marta@hotmail.it.
CNR - Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, Pisa, Italy. silvio.marta@hotmail.it.

Alessia Guerrieri (A)

Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
Argaly, Bâtiment CleanSpace, Sainte-Hélène-du-Lac, France.

Isabel Cantera (I)

Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.

Aurélie Bonin (A)

Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
Argaly, Bâtiment CleanSpace, Sainte-Hélène-du-Lac, France.

Sophie Cauvy-Fraunié (S)

INRAE, UR RIVERLY, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, Villeurbanne, France.

Roberto Ambrosini (R)

Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.

Marco Caccianiga (M)

Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.

Fabien Anthelme (F)

AMAP, University of Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France.

Roberto Sergio Azzoni (RS)

Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra "Ardito Desio", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.

Peter Almond (P)

Department of Soil and Physical Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand.

Pablo Alviz Gazitúa (P)

Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Biodiversidad, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile.

Jorge Luis Ceballos Lievano (JL)

Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales IDEAM, Bogotá, Colombia.

Pritam Chand (P)

Department of Geography, School of Environment and Earth Sciences, Central University of Punjab, VPO-Ghudda, Bathinda, India.

Milap Chand Sharma (M)

Centre for the Study of Regional Development, School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.

John J Clague (JJ)

Department of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Colombia, Canada.

Justiniano Alejo Cochachín Rapre (JA)

Área de Evaluación de Glaciares y Lagunas, Autoridad Nacional del Agua, Huaraz, Peru.

Chiara Compostella (C)

Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra "Ardito Desio", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.

Rolando Cruz Encarnación (RC)

Área de Evaluación de Glaciares y Lagunas, Autoridad Nacional del Agua, Huaraz, Peru.

Olivier Dangles (O)

CEFE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, University of Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France.

Philip Deline (P)

University of Savoie Mont Blanc, University of Grenoble Alpes, EDYTEM, Chambéry, France.

Andre Eger (A)

Mannaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Soils and Landscapes, Lincoln, New Zealand.

Sergey Erokhin (S)

Institute of Water Problems and Hydro-Energy, Kyrgyz National Academy of Sciences, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.

Andrea Franzetti (A)

Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.

Ludovic Gielly (L)

University of Grenoble Alpes, University of Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France.

Fabrizio Gili (F)

Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.

Mauro Gobbi (M)

Research and Museum Collections Office, Climate and Ecology Unit, MUSE-Science Museum, Trento, Italy.

Sigmund Hågvar (S)

Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (INA), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.

Rüdiger Kaufmann (R)

Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.

Norine Khedim (N)

University of Savoie Mont Blanc, University of Grenoble Alpes, EDYTEM, Chambéry, France.

Rosa Isela Meneses (RI)

Herbario Nacional de Bolivia: La Paz, La Paz, Bolivia.
Millenium Nucleus in Andean Peatlands, Arica, Chile.

Marco Aurelio Morales-Martínez (MA)

Universidad Veracruzana, Centro de Ciencias de la Tierra, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.

Gwendolyn Peyre (G)

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of the Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.

Francesca Pittino (F)

Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.

Angela Proietto (A)

Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.

Antoine Rabatel (A)

University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Grenoble-INP, Institut des Géosciences de l'Environnement (IGE UMR 5001), Grenoble, France.

Katrin Sieron (K)

Universidad Veracruzana, Centro de Ciencias de la Tierra, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.

Levan Tielidze (L)

Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
School of Natural Sciences and Medicine, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia.

Nurai Urseitova (N)

Institute of Water Problems and Hydro-Energy, Kyrgyz National Academy of Sciences, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.

Yan Yang (Y)

Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China.

Vitalii Zaginaev (V)

Institute of Water Problems and Hydro-Energy, Kyrgyz National Academy of Sciences, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
Mountain Societies Research Institute, University of Central Asia, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.

Andrea Zerboni (A)

Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra "Ardito Desio", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.

Anaïs Zimmer (A)

Department of Geography and the Environment, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.

Guglielmina Adele Diolaiuti (GA)

Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.

Pierre Taberlet (P)

University of Grenoble Alpes, University of Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France.
UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø Museum, Tromsø, Norway.

Jerome Poulenard (J)

University of Savoie Mont Blanc, University of Grenoble Alpes, EDYTEM, Chambéry, France.

Diego Fontaneto (D)

CNR - Water Research Institute, Verbania, Italy.
NBFC - National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy.

Wilfried Thuiller (W)

University of Grenoble Alpes, University of Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France.

Alexis Carteron (A)

Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. alexis.carteron@purpan.fr.
Université de Toulouse, École d'Ingénieurs de PURPAN, UMR INRAE-INPT DYNAFOR, Toulouse, France. alexis.carteron@purpan.fr.

Classifications MeSH