Primary cilia signaling in astrocytes mediates development and regional-specific functional specification.


Journal

Nature neuroscience
ISSN: 1546-1726
Titre abrégé: Nat Neurosci
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 9809671

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
05 Aug 2024
Historique:
received: 16 07 2023
accepted: 09 07 2024
medline: 6 8 2024
pubmed: 6 8 2024
entrez: 5 8 2024
Statut: aheadofprint

Résumé

Astrocyte diversity is greatly influenced by local environmental modulation. Here we report that the majority of astrocytes across the mouse brain possess a singular primary cilium localized to the cell soma. Comparative single-cell transcriptomics reveals that primary cilia mediate canonical SHH signaling to modulate astrocyte subtype-specific core features in synaptic regulation, intracellular transport, energy and metabolism. Independent of canonical SHH signaling, primary cilia are important regulators of astrocyte morphology and intracellular signaling balance. Dendritic spine analysis and transcriptomics reveal that perturbation of astrocytic cilia leads to disruption of neuronal development and global intercellular connectomes in the brain. Mice with primary ciliary-deficient astrocytes show behavioral deficits in sensorimotor function, sociability, learning and memory. Our results uncover a critical role for primary cilia in transmitting local cues that drive the region-specific diversification of astrocytes within the developing brain.

Identifiants

pubmed: 39103557
doi: 10.1038/s41593-024-01726-z
pii: 10.1038/s41593-024-01726-z
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Informations de copyright

© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature America, Inc.

Références

Clarke, L. E. & Barres, B. A. Emerging roles of astrocytes in neural circuit development. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 14, 311–321 (2013).
pubmed: 23595014 pmcid: 4431630 doi: 10.1038/nrn3484
Liddelow, S. A. & Barres, B. A. Reactive astrocytes: production, function, and therapeutic potential. Immunity 46, 957–967 (2017).
pubmed: 28636962 doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.06.006
Eroglu, C. & Barres, B. A. Regulation of synaptic connectivity by glia. Nature 468, 223–231 (2010).
pubmed: 21068831 pmcid: 4431554 doi: 10.1038/nature09612
Todd, F. W. et al. Neurons diversify astrocytes in the adult brain through sonic hedgehog signaling. Science 351, 849–854 (2016).
Batiuk, M. Y. et al. Identification of region-specific astrocyte subtypes at single cell resolution. Nat. Commun. 11, 1220 (2020).
pubmed: 32139688 pmcid: 7058027 doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-14198-8
Chai, H. et al. Neural circuit-specialized astrocytes: transcriptomic, proteomic, morphological, and functional evidence. Neuron 95, 531–549 (2017).
pubmed: 28712653 pmcid: 5811312 doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.029
Khakh, B. S. & Deneen, B. The emerging nature of astrocyte diversity. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 42, 187–207 (2019).
pubmed: 31283899 doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050443
Hill, S. A. et al. Sonic hedgehog signaling in astrocytes mediates cell type-specific synaptic organization. eLife 8, e45545 (2019).
pubmed: 31194676 pmcid: 6629371 doi: 10.7554/eLife.45545
Xie, Y. et al. Astrocyte–neuron crosstalk through hedgehog signaling mediates cortical synapse development. Cell Rep. 38, 110416 (2022).
pubmed: 35196485 pmcid: 8962654 doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110416
Garcia, A. D. R., Petrova, R., Eng, L. & Joyner, A. L. Sonic hedgehog regulates discrete populations of astrocytes in the adult mouse forebrain. J. Neurosci. 30, 13597–13608 (2010).
pubmed: 20943901 pmcid: 2966838 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0830-10.2010
Stogsdill, J. A. et al. Astrocytic neuroligins control astrocyte morphogenesis and synaptogenesis. Nature 551, 192–197 (2017).
pubmed: 29120426 pmcid: 5796651 doi: 10.1038/nature24638
Wheway, G., Nazlamova, L. & Hancock, J. T. Signaling through the primary cilium. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 6, 8 (2018).
pubmed: 29473038 pmcid: 5809511 doi: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00008
Schou, K. B., Pedersen, L. B. & Christensen, S. T. Ins and outs of GPCR signaling in primary cilia. EMBO Rep. 16, 1099–1113 (2015).
pubmed: 26297609 pmcid: 4576980 doi: 10.15252/embr.201540530
Christensen, S. T., Clement, C. A., Satir, P. & Pedersen, L. B. Primary cilia and coordination of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signalling. J. Pathol. 226, 172–184 (2012).
pubmed: 21956154 doi: 10.1002/path.3004
Hilgendorf, K. I., Johnson, C. T. & Jackson, P. K. The primary cilium as a cellular receiver: organizing ciliary GPCR signaling. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 39, 84–92 (2016).
pubmed: 26926036 pmcid: 4828300 doi: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.02.008
Delling, M., DeCaen, P. G., Doerner, J. F., Febvay, S. & Clapham, D. E. Primary cilia are specialized calcium signalling organelles. Nature 504, 311–314 (2013).
pubmed: 24336288 pmcid: 4112737 doi: 10.1038/nature12833
Guo, J. et al. Primary cilia signaling shapes the development of interneuronal connectivity. Dev. Cell 42, 286–300 (2017).
pubmed: 28787594 pmcid: 5571900 doi: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.07.010
Phua, S. C., Lin, Y.-C. & Inoue, T. An intelligent nano-antenna: primary cilium harnesses TRP channels to decode polymodal stimuli. Cell Calcium 58, 415–422 (2015).
pubmed: 25828566 pmcid: 4564334 doi: 10.1016/j.ceca.2015.03.005
Badano, J. L., Mitsuma, N., Beales, P. L. & Katsanis, N. The ciliopathies: an emerging class of human genetic disorders. Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet. 7, 125–148 (2006).
pubmed: 16722803 doi: 10.1146/annurev.genom.7.080505.115610
Hildebrandt, F., Benzing, T. & Katsanis, N. Ciliopathies. N. Eng. J. Med. 364, 1533–1543 (2011).
Novarino, G., Akizu, N. & Gleeson, J. G. Modeling human disease in humans: the ciliopathies. Cell 147, 70–79 (2011).
pubmed: 21962508 pmcid: 3202432 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.09.014
Guo, J. et al. Developmental disruptions underlying brain abnormalities in ciliopathies. Nat. Commun. 6, 7857 (2015).
pubmed: 26206566 doi: 10.1038/ncomms8857
Higginbotham, H. et al. ARL13B-regulated cilia activities are essential for polarized radial glial scaffold formation. Nat. Neurosci. 16, 1000–1007 (2013).
Guo, J. et al. Primary cilia signaling promotes axonal tract development and is disrupted in Joubert syndrome-related disorders models. Dev. Cell 51, 759–774 (2019).
pubmed: 31846650 pmcid: 6953258 doi: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.11.005
Alvarez Retuerto, A. I. et al. Association of common variants in the Joubert syndrome gene (AHI1) with autism. Hum. Mol. Genet. 17, 3887–3896 (2008).
pubmed: 18782849 pmcid: 2638573 doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddn291
Brancati, F., Dallapiccola, B. & Valente, E. Joubert syndrome and related disorders. Orphanet J. Rare Dis. 5, 20 (2010).
pubmed: 20615230 pmcid: 2913941 doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-5-20
Cantagrel, V. et al. Mutations in the cilia gene ARL13B lead to the classical form of Joubert syndrome. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 83, 170–179 (2008).
pubmed: 18674751 pmcid: 2495072 doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.06.023
Migliavacca, E. et al. A potential contributory role for ciliary dysfunction in the 16p11.2 600 kb BP4–BP5 pathology. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 96, 784–796 (2015).
pubmed: 25937446 pmcid: 4570289 doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.04.002
Guemez-Gamboa, A., Coufal, N. G. & Gleeson, J. G. Primary cilia in the developing and mature brain. Neuron 82, 511–521 (2014).
pubmed: 24811376 pmcid: 4104280 doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.04.024
Green, J. A. & Mykytyn, K. Neuronal ciliary signaling in homeostasis and disease. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 67, 3287–3297 (2010).
pubmed: 20544253 pmcid: 3349968 doi: 10.1007/s00018-010-0425-4
Amador-Arjona, A. et al. Primary cilia regulate proliferation of amplifying progenitors in adult hippocampus: implications for learning and memory. J. Neurosci. 31, 9933–9944 (2011).
Min, P. S., Jin, J. H. & Ho, L. J. Roles of primary cilia in the developing brain. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 13, 1358 (2019).
Sheu, S. H. et al. A serotonergic axon-cilium synapse drives nuclear signaling to alter chromatin accessibility. Cell 185, 3390–3407.e18 (2022).
pubmed: 36055200 pmcid: 9789380 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.07.026
Guadiana, S. M. et al. Arborization of dendrites by developing neocortical neurons is dependent on primary cilia and type 3 adenylyl cyclase. J. Neurosci. 33, 2626–2638 (2013).
pubmed: 23392690 pmcid: 6619186 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2906-12.2013
Kang, K. & Song, M.-R. Diverse FGF receptor signaling controls astrocyte specification and proliferation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 395, 324–329 (2010).
pubmed: 20362555 doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.03.174
Savchenko, E. et al. FGF family members differentially regulate maturation and proliferation of stem cell-derived astrocytes. Sci. Rep. 9, 9610 (2019).
pubmed: 31270389 pmcid: 6610107 doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-46110-1
Acaz-Fonseca, E., Ortiz-Rodriguez, A., Azcoitia, I., Garcia-Segura, L. M. & Arevalo, M.-A. Notch signaling in astrocytes mediates their morphological response to an inflammatory challenge. Cell Death Discov. 5, 85 (2019).
pubmed: 30962951 pmcid: 6447583 doi: 10.1038/s41420-019-0166-6
Su, C. Y., Bay, S. N., Mariani, L. E., Hillman, M. J. & Caspary, T. Temporal deletion of Arl13b reveals that a mispatterned neural tube corrects cell fate over time. Development 139, 4062–4071 (2012).
pubmed: 23014696 pmcid: 3472586 doi: 10.1242/dev.082321
Haycraft, C. J. et al. Intraflagellar transport is essential for endochondral bone formation. Development 134, 307–316 (2007).
pubmed: 17166921 doi: 10.1242/dev.02732
Humbert, M. C. et al. ARL13B, PDE6D, and CEP164 form a functional network for INPP5E ciliary targeting. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 19691–19696 (2012).
pubmed: 23150559 pmcid: 3511769 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1210916109
Pazour, G. J. et al. Chlamydomonas IFT88 and its mouse homologue, polycystic kidney disease gene Tg737, are required for assembly of cilia and flagella. J. Cell Biol. 151, 709–718 (2000).
pubmed: 11062270 pmcid: 2185580 doi: 10.1083/jcb.151.3.709
Freeman, M. R. Specification and morphogenesis of astrocytes. Science 330, 774–778 (2010).
pubmed: 21051628 pmcid: 5201129 doi: 10.1126/science.1190928
Caspary, T., Larkins, C. E. & Anderson, K. V. The graded response to sonic hedgehog depends on cilia architecture. Dev. Cell 12, 767–778 (2007).
pubmed: 17488627 doi: 10.1016/j.devcel.2007.03.004
Matusova, Z., Hol, E. M., Pekny, M., Kubista, M. & Valihrach, L. Reactive astrogliosis in the era of single-cell transcriptomics. Front. Cell Neurosci. 17, 1173200 (2023).
pubmed: 37153637 pmcid: 10157076 doi: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1173200
Corbit, K. C. et al. Vertebrate Smoothened functions at the primary cilium. Nature 437, 1018–1021 (2005).
pubmed: 16136078 doi: 10.1038/nature04117
Xie, J. et al. Activating Smoothened mutations in sporadic basal-cell carcinoma. Nature 391, 90–92 (1998).
pubmed: 9422511 doi: 10.1038/34201
Zhuo, L. et al. hGFAP‐cre transgenic mice for manipulation of glial and neuronal function in vivo. Genesis 31, 85–94 (2001).
pubmed: 11668683 doi: 10.1002/gene.10008
Siehler, S. Regulation of RhoGEF proteins by G
pubmed: 19226283 pmcid: 2795247 doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00121.x
Gigante, E. D., Taylor, M. R., Ivanova, A. A., Kahn, R. A. & Caspary, T. ARL13B regulates sonic hedgehog signaling from outside primary cilia. eLife 9, e50434 (2020).
pubmed: 32129762 pmcid: 7075693 doi: 10.7554/eLife.50434
Ferent, J. et al. The ciliary protein ARL13B functions outside of the primary cilium in SHH-mediated axon guidance. Cell Rep. 29, 3356–3366 (2019).
pubmed: 31825820 pmcid: 6927553 doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.015
Nakagawa, N. et al. Memo1-mediated tiling of radial glial cells facilitates cerebral cortical development. Neuron 103, 836–852 (2019).
pubmed: 31277925 pmcid: 6728225 doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.05.049
Gutkind, J. S. The pathways connecting G protein-coupled receptors to the nucleus through divergent mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 1839–1842 (1998).
pubmed: 9442012 doi: 10.1074/jbc.273.4.1839
Aibar, S. et al. SCENIC: single-cell regulatory network inference and clustering. Nat. Methods 14, 1083–1086 (2017).
pubmed: 28991892 pmcid: 5937676 doi: 10.1038/nmeth.4463
Sprenkle, N. T., Sims, S. G., Sánchez, C. L. & Meares, G. P. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation in the central nervous system. Mol. Neurodegener. 12, 42 (2017).
pubmed: 28545479 pmcid: 5445486 doi: 10.1186/s13024-017-0183-y
Chung, W.-S. et al. Astrocytes mediate synapse elimination through MEGF10 and MERTK pathways. Nature 504, 394–400 (2013).
pubmed: 24270812 pmcid: 3969024 doi: 10.1038/nature12776
Morizawa, Y. M. et al. Synaptic pruning through glial synapse engulfment upon motor learning. Nat. Neurosci. 25, 1458–1469 (2022).
pubmed: 36319770 doi: 10.1038/s41593-022-01184-5
Feng, G. et al. Imaging neuronal subsets in transgenic mice expressing multiple spectral variants of GFP. Neuron 28, 41–51 (2000).
pubmed: 11086982 doi: 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)00084-2
Jin, S. et al. Inference and analysis of cell–cell communication using CellChat. Nat. Commun. 12, 1088 (2021).
pubmed: 33597522 pmcid: 7889871 doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-21246-9
Thomas, S. et al. Identification of a novel ARL13B variant in a Joubert syndrome-affected patient with retinal impairment and obesity. Eur. J. Hum. Genet 23, 621–627 (2015).
pubmed: 25138100 doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.156
Miertzschke, M., Koerner, C., Spoerner, M. & Wittinghofer, A. Structural insights into the small G-protein ARL13B and implications for Joubert syndrome. Biochem. J. 457, 301–311 (2014).
pubmed: 24168557 doi: 10.1042/BJ20131097
Rafiullah, R. et al. A novel homozygous ARL13B variant in patients with Joubert syndrome impairs its guanine nucleotide-exchange factor activity. Eur. J. Hum. Genet 25, 1324–1334 (2017).
pubmed: 29255182 pmcid: 5865152 doi: 10.1038/s41431-017-0031-0
Lawal, O., Severino, F. P. U. & Eroglu, C. The role of astrocyte structural plasticity in regulating neural circuit function and behavior. Glia 70, 1467–1483 (2022).
pubmed: 35535566 pmcid: 9233050 doi: 10.1002/glia.24191
Bronzuoli, M. R. et al. Neuroglia in the autistic brain: evidence from a preclinical model. Mol. Autism 9, 66 (2018).
pubmed: 30603062 pmcid: 6307226 doi: 10.1186/s13229-018-0254-0
Petrelli, F., Pucci, L. & Bezzi, P. Astrocytes and microglia and their potential link with autism spectrum disorders. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 10, 21 (2016).
pubmed: 26903806 pmcid: 4751265 doi: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00021
Wang, Y. et al. Melanocortin 4 receptor signals at the neuronal primary cilium to control food intake and body weight. J. Clin. Invest. 131, e142064 (2021).
pubmed: 33938449 pmcid: 8087202 doi: 10.1172/JCI142064
Higginbotham, H. et al. ARL13B in primary cilia regulates the migration and placement of interneurons in the developing cerebral cortex. Dev. Cell 23, 925–938 (2012).
pubmed: 23153492 pmcid: 3529475 doi: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.09.019
DeMars, K. M., Ross, M. R., Starr, A. & McIntyre, J. C. Neuronal primary cilia integrate peripheral signals with metabolic drives. Front. Physiol. 14, 1150232 (2023).
pubmed: 37064917 pmcid: 10090425 doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1150232
Ma, R., Kutchy, N. A., Chen, L., Meigs, D. D. & Hu, G. Primary cilia and ciliary signaling pathways in aging and age-related brain disorders. Neurobiol. Dis. 163, 105607 (2021).
pubmed: 34979259 pmcid: 9280856 doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105607
Karunakaran, K. B., Chaparala, S., Lo, C. W. & Ganapathiraju, M. K. Cilia interactome with predicted protein–protein interactions reveals connections to Alzheimer’s disease, aging and other neuropsychiatric processes. Sci. Rep. 10, 15629 (2020).
pubmed: 32973177 pmcid: 7515907 doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-72024-4
Schmidt, S. et al. Primary cilia and SHH signaling impairments in human and mouse models of Parkinson’s disease. Nat. Commun. 13, 4819 (2022).
pubmed: 35974013 pmcid: 9380673 doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-32229-9
Sofroniew, M. V. Astrocyte reactivity: subtypes, states, and functions in CNS innate immunity. Trends Immunol. 41, 758–770 (2020).
pubmed: 32819810 pmcid: 7484257 doi: 10.1016/j.it.2020.07.004
Bouvier, D. S. et al. The multifaceted neurotoxicity of astrocytes in ageing and age-related neurodegenerative diseases: a translational perspective. Front. Physiol. 13, 814889 (2022).
pubmed: 35370777 pmcid: 8969602 doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.814889
Koike, K. et al. Danger perception and stress response through an olfactory sensor for the bacterial metabolite hydrogen sulfide. Neuron 109, 2469–2484 (2021).
pubmed: 34186026 doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.05.032
Long, F., Zhang, X. M., Karp, S., Yang, Y. & McMahon, A. P. Genetic manipulation of hedgehog signaling in the endochondral skeleton reveals a direct role in the regulation of chondrocyte proliferation. Development 128, 5099–5108 (2001).
pubmed: 11748145 doi: 10.1242/dev.128.24.5099
Ganat, Y. M. et al. Early postnatal astroglial cells produce multilineage precursors and neural stem cells in vivo. J. Neurosci. 26, 8609–8621 (2006).
pubmed: 16914687 pmcid: 6674357 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2532-06.2006
Madisen, L. et al. A robust and high-throughput Cre reporting and characterization system for the whole mouse brain. Nat. Neurosci. 13, 133–140 (2010).
pubmed: 20023653 doi: 10.1038/nn.2467
Jeong, J., Mao, J., Tenzen, T., Kottmann, A. H. & McMahon, A. P. Hedgehog signaling in the neural crest cells regulates the patterning and growth of facial primordia. Genes Dev. 18, 937–951 (2004).
pubmed: 15107405 pmcid: 395852 doi: 10.1101/gad.1190304
Zhang, Y. et al. Purification and characterization of progenitor and mature human astrocytes reveals transcriptional and functional differences with mouse. Neuron 89, 37–53 (2016).
pubmed: 26687838 doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.11.013
Chen, J. K., Taipale, J., Cooper, M. K. & Beachy, P. A. Inhibition of hedgehog signaling by direct binding of cyclopamine to Smoothened. Genes Dev. 16, 2743–2748 (2002).
pubmed: 12414725 pmcid: 187469 doi: 10.1101/gad.1025302
Byun, Y. G. & Chung, W. S. A novel in vitro live-imaging assay of astrocyte-mediated phagocytosis using pH indicator-conjugated synaptosomes. J. Vis. Exp. 5, 56647 (2018).
Auguste, Y. S. S. et al. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells engulf synapses during circuit remodeling in mice. Nat. Neurosci. 25, 1273–1278 (2022).
pubmed: 36171430 pmcid: 9534756 doi: 10.1038/s41593-022-01170-x
Wheway, G. & Mitchison, H. M. Opportunities and challenges for molecular understanding of ciliopathies—The 100,000 Genomes Project. Front. Genet. 10, 127 (2019).
pubmed: 30915099 pmcid: 6421331 doi: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00127
Zheng, G. X. et al. Massively parallel digital transcriptional profiling of single cells. Nat. Commun. 8, 14049 (2017).
pubmed: 28091601 pmcid: 5241818 doi: 10.1038/ncomms14049
Hafemeister, C. & Satija, R. Normalization and variance stabilization of single-cell RNA-seq data using regularized negative binomial regression. Genome Biol. 20, 296 (2019).
pubmed: 31870423 pmcid: 6927181 doi: 10.1186/s13059-019-1874-1
Korsunsky, I. et al. Fast, sensitive and accurate integration of single-cell data with Harmony. Nat. Methods 16, 1289–1296 (2019).
pubmed: 31740819 pmcid: 6884693 doi: 10.1038/s41592-019-0619-0
Wilk, A. J. et al. Multi-omic profiling reveals widespread dysregulation of innate immunity and hematopoiesis in COVID-19. J. Exp. Med. 218, e20210582 (2021).
pubmed: 34128959 pmcid: 8210586 doi: 10.1084/jem.20210582
Alquicira-Hernandez, J. & Powell, J. E. Nebulosa recovers single-cell gene expression signals by kernel density estimation. Bioinformatics 37, 2485–2487 (2021).
pubmed: 33459785 doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btab003
Vorhees, C. V. & Williams, M. T. Morris water maze: procedures for assessing spatial and related forms of learning and memory. Nat. Protoc. 1, 848–858 (2006).
pubmed: 17406317 pmcid: 2895266 doi: 10.1038/nprot.2006.116

Auteurs

Lizheng Wang (L)

Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Qianqian Guo (Q)

Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Sandesh Acharya (S)

Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Xiao Zheng (X)

Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Vanessa Huynh (V)

Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Brandon Whitmore (B)

Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Askar Yimit (A)

Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Mehr Malhotra (M)

Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Siddharth Chatterji (S)

Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Nicole Rosin (N)

Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Elodie Labit (E)

Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Colten Chipak (C)

Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Kelsea Gorzo (K)

Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Jordan Haidey (J)

Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

David A Elliott (DA)

Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Tina Ram (T)

Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Qingrun Zhang (Q)

Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Hedwich Kuipers (H)

Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Grant Gordon (G)

Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Jeff Biernaskie (J)

Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Jiami Guo (J)

Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. jiami.guo@ucalgary.ca.
Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. jiami.guo@ucalgary.ca.
Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. jiami.guo@ucalgary.ca.
Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. jiami.guo@ucalgary.ca.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. jiami.guo@ucalgary.ca.

Classifications MeSH