The immunology of sickness metabolism.

Billman GE. Homeostasis: the underappreciated and far too often ignored central organizing principle of physiology. Front Physiol. 2020;11:200.

pubmed: 32210840 pmcid: 7076167 doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00200

Gomes AP, Blenis J. A nexus for cellular homeostasis: the interplay between metabolic and signal transduction pathways. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2015;34:110–7.

pubmed: 25562138 pmcid: 4490161 doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.12.007

Yoo ES, Yu J, Sohn JW. Neuroendocrine control of appetite and metabolism. Exp Mol Med. 2021;53:505–16.

pubmed: 33837263 pmcid: 8102538 doi: 10.1038/s12276-021-00597-9

Krapic M, Kavazovic I, Wensveen FM. Immunological mechanisms of sickness behavior in viral infection. Viruses. 2021;13:2245.

Kotas ME, Medzhitov R. Homeostasis, inflammation, and disease susceptibility. Cell. 2015;160:816–27.

pubmed: 25723161 pmcid: 4369762 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.010

Sestan M, Marinovic S, Kavazovic I, Cekinovic D, Wueest S, Turk Wensveen T, et al. Virus-induced interferon-gamma causes insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and derails glycemic control in obesity. Immunity. 2018;49:164–77 e6.

pubmed: 29958802 doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.05.005

Turk Wensveen T, Gasparini D, Rahelic D, Wensveen FM. Type 2 diabetes and viral infection; cause and effect of disease. Diabetes Res Clin Pr. 2021;172:108637.

doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108637

Earn DJ, Andrews PW, Bolker BM. Population-level effects of suppressing fever. Proc Biol Sci. 2014;281:20132570.

pubmed: 24452021 pmcid: 3906934

Ryan M, Levy MM. Clinical review: fever in intensive care unit patients. Crit Care. 2003;7:221–5.

pubmed: 12793871 pmcid: 270667 doi: 10.1186/cc1879

Covert JB, Reynolds WW. Survival value of fever in fish. Nature. 1977;267:43–5.

pubmed: 859637 doi: 10.1038/267043a0

Blanford S, Thomas MB. Adult survival, maturation, and reproduction of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria infected with the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae var acridum. J Invertebr Pathol. 2001;78:1–8.

pubmed: 11500087 doi: 10.1006/jipa.2001.5031

Bernheim HA, Kluger MJ. Fever: effect of drug-induced antipyresis on survival. Science. 1976;193:237–9.

pubmed: 935867 doi: 10.1126/science.935867

Ponton F, Morimoto J, Robinson K, Kumar SS, Cotter SC, Wilson K, et al. Macronutrients modulate survival to infection and immunity in Drosophila. J Anim Ecol. 2020;89:460–70.

pubmed: 31658371 doi: 10.1111/1365-2656.13126

Kanra GY, Ozen H, Kara A. Infection and anorexia. Turk J Pediatr. 2006;48:279–87.

pubmed: 17290560

Wing EJ, Young JB. Acute starvation protects mice against Listeria monocytogenes. Infect Immun. 1980;28:771–6.

pubmed: 6772566 pmcid: 551017 doi: 10.1128/iai.28.3.771-776.1980

Wang A, Huen SC, Luan HH, Yu S, Zhang C, Gallezot JD, et al. Opposing effects of fasting metabolism on tissue tolerance in bacterial and viral inflammation. Cell. 2016;166:1512–25 e12.

pubmed: 27610573 pmcid: 5555589 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.07.026

Kluger MJ. Phylogeny of fever. Fed Proc. 1979;38:30–4.

pubmed: 759235

Vasenina EE, Gankina OA, Levin OS. Stress, asthenia, and cognitive disorders. Neurosci Behav Physiol. 2022;52:1341–7.

pubmed: 36846620

Gasparini D, Kavazovic I, Barkovic I, Maricic V, Ivanis V, Samsa DT, et al. Extreme anaerobic exercise causes reduced cytotoxicity and increased cytokine production by peripheral blood lymphocytes. Immunol Lett. 2022;248:45–55.

pubmed: 35709930 doi: 10.1016/j.imlet.2022.06.001

Murphy EA, Davis JM, Carmichael MD, Gangemi JD, Ghaffar A, Mayer EP. Exercise stress increases susceptibility to influenza infection. Brain Behav Immun. 2008;22:1152–5.

pubmed: 18616997 doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2008.06.004

Folsom RW, Littlefield-Chabaud MA, French DD, Pourciau SS, Mistric L, Horohov DW. Exercise alters the immune response to equine influenza virus and increases susceptibility to infection. Equine Vet J. 2001;33:664–9.

pubmed: 11770987 doi: 10.2746/042516401776249417

Umar D, Das A, Gupta S, Chattopadhyay S, Sarkar D, Mirji G, et al. Febrile temperature change modulates CD4 T cell differentiation via a TRPV channel-regulated Notch-dependent pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020;117:22357–66.

pubmed: 32839313 pmcid: 7486768 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1922683117

Smith JB, Knowlton RP, Agarwal SS. Human lymphocyte responses are enhanced by culture at 40 degrees C. J Immunol. 1978;121:691–4.

pubmed: 150449 doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.121.2.691

Berclaz PY, Benedek C, Jequier E, Schutz Y. Changes in protein turnover and resting energy expenditure after treatment of malaria in Gambian children. Pediatr Res. 1996;39:401–9.

pubmed: 8929858 doi: 10.1203/00006450-199603000-00005

Ivashkiv LB, Donlin LT. Regulation of type I interferon responses. Nat Rev Immunol. 2014;14:36–49.

pubmed: 24362405 pmcid: 4084561 doi: 10.1038/nri3581

Wensveen FM, Valentic S, Sestan M, Turk Wensveen T, Polic B. The “Big Bang” in obese fat: events initiating obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation. Eur J Immunol. 2015;45:2446–56.

pubmed: 26220361 doi: 10.1002/eji.201545502

Cibrian D, de la Fuente H, Sanchez-Madrid F. Metabolic pathways that control skin homeostasis and inflammation. Trends Mol Med. 2020;26:975–86.

pubmed: 32371170 doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.04.004

Leonidou L, Michalaki M, Leonardou A, Polyzogopoulou E, Fouka K, Gerolymos M, et al. Stress-induced hyperglycemia in patients with severe sepsis: a compromising factor for survival. Am J Med Sci. 2008;336:467–71.

pubmed: 19092319 doi: 10.1097/MAJ.0b013e318176abb4

Zahedi M, Kordrostami S, Kalantarhormozi M, Bagheri M. A review of hyperglycemia in COVID-19. Cureus. 2023;15:e37487.

pubmed: 37187644 pmcid: 10181889

Zurlo F, Larson K, Bogardus C, Ravussin E. Skeletal muscle metabolism is a major determinant of resting energy expenditure. J Clin Invest. 1990;86:1423–7.

pubmed: 2243122 pmcid: 296885 doi: 10.1172/JCI114857

Hargreaves M, Spriet LL. Skeletal muscle energy metabolism during exercise. Nat Metab. 2020;2:817–28.

pubmed: 32747792 doi: 10.1038/s42255-020-0251-4

Petersen MC, Shulman GI. Mechanisms of insulin action and insulin resistance. Physiol Rev. 2018;98:2133–223.

pubmed: 30067154 pmcid: 6170977 doi: 10.1152/physrev.00063.2017

Hui S, Ghergurovich JM, Morscher RJ, Jang C, Teng X, Lu W, et al. Glucose feeds the TCA cycle via circulating lactate. Nature. 2017;551:115–8.

pubmed: 29045397 pmcid: 5898814 doi: 10.1038/nature24057

Brooks GA. Lactate as a fulcrum of metabolism. Redox Biol. 2020;35:101454.

pubmed: 32113910 pmcid: 7284908 doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101454

Krasniewski LK, Chakraborty P, Cui CY, Mazan-Mamczarz K, Dunn C, Piao Y, et al. Single-cell analysis of skeletal muscle macrophages reveals age-associated functional subpopulations. Elife. 2022;11:e77974.

Giordani L, He GJ, Negroni E, Sakai H, Law JYC, Siu MM, et al. High-dimensional single-cell cartography reveals novel skeletal muscle-resident cell populations. Mol Cell. 2019;74:609–21 e6.

pubmed: 30922843 doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.02.026

De Micheli AJ, Laurilliard EJ, Heinke CL, Ravichandran H, Fraczek P, Soueid-Baumgarten S, et al. Single-cell analysis of the muscle stem cell hierarchy identifies heterotypic communication signals involved in skeletal muscle regeneration. Cell Rep. 2020;30:3583–95 e5.

pubmed: 32160558 pmcid: 7091476 doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.067

Pedersen BK, Fischer CP. Beneficial health effects of exercise–the role of IL-6 as a myokine. Trends Pharm Sci. 2007;28:152–6.

pubmed: 17331593 doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2007.02.002

Charge SB, Rudnicki MA. Cellular and molecular regulation of muscle regeneration. Physiol Rev. 2004;84:209–38.

pubmed: 14715915 doi: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2003

Yaghi OK, Hanna BS, Langston PK, Michelson DA, Jayewickreme T, Marin-Rodero M, et al. A discrete ‘early-responder’ stromal-cell subtype orchestrates immunocyte recruitment to injured tissue. Nat Immunol. 2023;24:2053–67.

pubmed: 37932455 pmcid: 10792729 doi: 10.1038/s41590-023-01669-w

Imeri L, Opp MR. How (and why) the immune system makes us sleep. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2009;10:199–210.

pubmed: 19209176 pmcid: 2839418 doi: 10.1038/nrn2576

Wensveen FM, Sestan M, Turk Wensveen T, Polic B. Beauty and the beast’ in infection: how immune-endocrine interactions regulate systemic metabolism in the context of infection. Eur J Immunol. 2019;49:982–95.

pubmed: 31106860 doi: 10.1002/eji.201847895

Tsai S, Clemente-Casares X, Zhou AC, Lei H, Ahn JJ, Chan YT, et al. Insulin receptor-mediated stimulation boosts t cell immunity during inflammation and infection. Cell Metab. 2018;28:922–34 e4.

pubmed: 30174303 doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.08.003

Ganeshan K, Nikkanen J, Man K, Leong YA, Sogawa Y, Maschek JA, et al. Energetic trade-offs and hypometabolic states promote disease tolerance. Cell. 2019;177:399–413 e12.

pubmed: 30853215 pmcid: 6456449 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.01.050

Zhang W, Wang G, Xu ZG, Tu H, Hu F, Dai J, et al. Lactate is a natural suppressor of RLR signaling by targeting MAVS. Cell. 2019;178:176–89.e15.

pubmed: 31155231 pmcid: 6625351 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.05.003

Thyrsted J, Storgaard J, Blay-Cadanet J, Heinz A, Thielke AL, Crotta S, et al. Influenza A induces lactate formation to inhibit type I IFN in primary human airway epithelium. iScience. 2021;24:103300.

pubmed: 34746710 pmcid: 8555494 doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103300

Šestan M, Mikašinović S, Benić A, Wueest S, Dimitropoulos C, Mladenić M, et al. An IFNg-dependent immune-endocrine circuit lowers blood glucose to potentiate the innate anti-viral immune response. Nat Immunol. 2024;25:981–93.

Zhang Q, Liu S, Zhang CS, Wu Q, Yu X, Zhou R, et al. AMPK directly phosphorylates TBK1 to integrate glucose sensing into innate immunity. Mol Cell. 2022;82:4519–36 e7.

pubmed: 36384137 doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.10.026

Tuttle CSL, Thang LAN, Maier AB. Markers of inflammation and their association with muscle strength and mass: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev. 2020;64:101185.

pubmed: 32992047 doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101185

Nakanishi N, Ono Y, Miyazaki Y, Moriyama N, Fujioka K, Yamashita K, et al. Sepsis causes neutrophil infiltration in muscle leading to muscle atrophy and weakness in mice. Front Immunol. 2022;13:950646.

pubmed: 36389802 pmcid: 9659852 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.950646

Witteveen E, Wieske L, Manders E, Verhamme C, Ottenheijm CAC, Schultz MJ, et al. Muscle weakness in a S. pneumoniae sepsis mouse model. Ann Transl Med. 2019;7:9.

pubmed: 30788356 pmcid: 6351370 doi: 10.21037/atm.2018.12.45

Radigan KA, Nicholson TT, Welch LC, Chi M, Amarelle L, Angulo M, et al. Influenza A virus infection induces muscle wasting via IL-6 regulation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase atrogin-1. J Immunol. 2019;202:484–93.

pubmed: 30530483 doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701433

Nelke C, Dziewas R, Minnerup J, Meuth SG, Ruck T. Skeletal muscle as potential central link between sarcopenia and immune senescence. EBioMedicine. 2019;49:381–8.

pubmed: 31662290 pmcid: 6945275 doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.10.034

Liu N, Butcher JT, Nakano A, Del Campo A. Changes in macrophage immunometabolism as a marker of skeletal muscle dysfunction across the lifespan. Aging (Albany NY). 2023;15:4035–50.

pubmed: 37244285 doi: 10.18632/aging.204750

Iannaccone S, Brugliera L, Spina A, Nocera G, Tettamanti A, Giordani A, et al. Sarcopenia is a frequent disease in Sars-Cov-2 infection. J Rehabil Med Clin Commun. 2023;6:2222.

pubmed: 36760715 pmcid: 9901050

Konishi K, Nakagawa H, Asaoka T, Kasamatsu Y, Goto T, Shirano M. Sarcopenia among people living with HIV and the effect of antiretroviral therapy on body composition. Med (Baltim). 2022;101:e31349.

doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000031349

Welch C, KH-S Z, AG C, ML J, AJ T. Acute sarcopenia secondary to hospitalisation - an emerging condition affecting older adults. Aging Dis. 2018;9:151–64.

pubmed: 29392090 pmcid: 5772853 doi: 10.14336/AD.2017.0315

Yoon MS. mTOR as a key regulator in maintaining skeletal muscle mass. Front Physiol. 2017;8:788.

pubmed: 29089899 pmcid: 5650960 doi: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00788

Steiner JL, Lang CH. Sepsis attenuates the anabolic response to skeletal muscle contraction. Shock. 2015;43:344–51.

pubmed: 25423127 pmcid: 4359659 doi: 10.1097/SHK.0000000000000304

Ferreira N, Andoniou CE, Perks KL, Ermer JA, Rudler DL, Rossetti G, et al. Murine cytomegalovirus infection exacerbates complex IV deficiency in a model of mitochondrial disease. PLoS Genet. 2020;16:e1008604.

pubmed: 32130224 pmcid: 7055822 doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008604

Tang H, Inoki K, Brooks SV, Okazawa H, Lee M, Wang J, et al. mTORC1 underlies age-related muscle fiber damage and loss by inducing oxidative stress and catabolism. Aging Cell. 2019;18:e12943.

pubmed: 30924297 pmcid: 6516169 doi: 10.1111/acel.12943

Barns M, Gondro C, Tellam RL, Radley-Crabb HG, Grounds MD, Shavlakadze T. Molecular analyses provide insight into mechanisms underlying sarcopenia and myofibre denervation in old skeletal muscles of mice. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2014;53:174–85.

pubmed: 24836906 doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.04.025

White Z, White RB, McMahon C, Grounds MD, Shavlakadze T. High mTORC1 signaling is maintained, while protein degradation pathways are perturbed in old murine skeletal muscles in the fasted state. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2016;78:10–21.

pubmed: 27343428 doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.06.012

Argiles JM, Stemmler B, Lopez-Soriano FJ, Busquets S. Inter-tissue communication in cancer cachexia. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2018;15:9–20.

pubmed: 30464312 doi: 10.1038/s41574-018-0123-0

Fearon K, Strasser F, Anker SD, Bosaeus I, Bruera E, Fainsinger RL, et al. Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: an international consensus. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12:489–95.

pubmed: 21296615 doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70218-7

Bouleuc C, Anota A, Cornet C, Grodard G, Thiery-Vuillemin A, Dubroeucq O, et al. Impact on health-related quality of life of parenteral nutrition for patients with advanced cancer cachexia: results from a randomized controlled trial. Oncologist. 2020;25:e843–e851.

pubmed: 32212354 pmcid: 7216468 doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2019-0856

Baazim H, Schweiger M, Moschinger M, Xu H, Scherer T, Popa A, et al. CD8(+) T cells induce cachexia during chronic viral infection. Nat Immunol. 2019;20:701–10.

pubmed: 31110314 pmcid: 6531346 doi: 10.1038/s41590-019-0397-y

Sakers A, De Siqueira MK, Seale P, Villanueva CJ. Adipose-tissue plasticity in health and disease. Cell. 2022;185:419–46.

pubmed: 35120662 pmcid: 11152570 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.016

Zhang F, Hao G, Shao M, Nham K, An Y, Wang Q, et al. An adipose tissue atlas: an image-guided identification of human-like BAT and Beige depots in rodents. Cell Metab. 2018;27:252–262.e3.

pubmed: 29320705 pmcid: 5764189 doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.12.004

Han SJ, Glatman Zaretsky A, Andrade-Oliveira V, Collins N, Dzutsev A, Shaik J, et al. White adipose tissue is a reservoir for memory T cells and promotes protective memory responses to infection. Immunity. 2017;47:1154–1168.e6.

pubmed: 29221731 pmcid: 5773068 doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.11.009

Contreras NA, Sitnik KM, Jeftic I, Coplen CP, Cicin-Sain L, Nikolich-Zugich J. Life-long control of cytomegalovirus (CMV) by T resident memory cells in the adipose tissue results in inflammation and hyperglycemia. PLoS Pathog. 2019;15:e1007890.

pubmed: 31220189 pmcid: 6605679 doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007890

Price P, Eddy KS, Papadimitriou JM, Robertson TA, Shellam GR. Cytomegalovirus infection of adipose tissues induces steatitis in adult mice. Int J Exp Pathol. 1990;71:557–71.

pubmed: 2169300 pmcid: 2002283

Scheja L, Heeren J. The endocrine function of adipose tissues in health and cardiometabolic disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2019;15:507–24.

pubmed: 31296970 doi: 10.1038/s41574-019-0230-6

Frauwirth KA, Riley JL, Harris MH, Parry RV, Rathmell JC, Plas DR, et al. The CD28 signaling pathway regulates glucose metabolism. Immunity. 2002;16:769–77.

pubmed: 12121659 doi: 10.1016/S1074-7613(02)00323-0

Mauer J, Chaurasia B, Goldau J, Vogt MC, Ruud J, Nguyen KD, et al. Signaling by IL-6 promotes alternative activation of macrophages to limit endotoxemia and obesity-associated resistance to insulin. Nat Immunol. 2014;15:423–30.

pubmed: 24681566 pmcid: 4161471 doi: 10.1038/ni.2865

Kerttula Y, Weber TH. Serum lipids in viral and bacterial meningitis. Scand J Infect Dis. 1986;18:211–5.

pubmed: 3738432 doi: 10.3109/00365548609032329

Sammalkorpi K, Valtonen V, Kerttula Y, Nikkila E, Taskinen MR. Changes in serum lipoprotein pattern induced by acute infections. Metabolism. 1988;37:859–65.

pubmed: 3419323 doi: 10.1016/0026-0495(88)90120-5

Paez-Guillan EM, Campos-Franco J, Alende R, Garitaonaindia Y, Gonzalez-Quintela A. Transient hypertriglyceridemia: a common finding during Epstein-Barr virus-induced infectious mononucleosis. Lipids Health Dis. 2021;20:177.

pubmed: 34895245 pmcid: 8667370 doi: 10.1186/s12944-021-01603-9

Caterino M, Gelzo M, Sol S, Fedele R, Annunziata A, Calabrese C, et al. Dysregulation of lipid metabolism and pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19. Sci Rep. 2021;11:2941.

pubmed: 33536486 pmcid: 7859398 doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-82426-7

Kabat AM, Hackl A, Sanin DE, Zeis P, Grzes KM, Baixauli F, et al. Resident T(H)2 cells orchestrate adipose tissue remodeling at a site adjacent to infection. Sci Immunol. 2022;7:eadd3263.

pubmed: 36240286 doi: 10.1126/sciimmunol.add3263

Lee MW, Odegaard JI, Mukundan L, Qiu Y, Molofsky AB, Nussbaum JC, et al. Activated type 2 innate lymphoid cells regulate beige fat biogenesis. Cell. 2015;160:74–87.

pubmed: 25543153 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.12.011

Ayari A, Rosa-Calatrava M, Lancel S, Barthelemy J, Pizzorno A, Mayeuf-Louchart A, et al. Influenza infection rewires energy metabolism and induces browning features in adipose cells and tissues. Commun Biol. 2020;3:237.

pubmed: 32409640 pmcid: 7224208 doi: 10.1038/s42003-020-0965-6

Jing X, Wu J, Dong C, Gao J, Seki T, Kim C, et al. COVID-19 instigates adipose browning and atrophy through VEGF in small mammals. Nat Metab. 2022;4:1674–83.

pubmed: 36482111 pmcid: 9771808 doi: 10.1038/s42255-022-00697-4

Evans SS, Repasky EA, Fisher DT. Fever and the thermal regulation of immunity: the immune system feels the heat. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015;15:335–49.

pubmed: 25976513 pmcid: 4786079 doi: 10.1038/nri3843

Schieber AM, Ayres JS. Thermoregulation as a disease tolerance defense strategy. Pathog Dis. 2016;74:106.

Greenway F. Virus-induced obesity. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2006;290:R188–9.

pubmed: 16352860 doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00607.2005

Lyons MJ, Faust IM, Hemmes RB, Buskirk DR, Hirsch J, Zabriskie JB. A virally induced obesity syndrome in mice. Science. 1982;216:82–5.

pubmed: 7038878 doi: 10.1126/science.7038878

Carter JK, Smith RE. Specificity of avian leukosis virus-induced hyperlipidemia. J Virol. 1984;50:301–8.

pubmed: 6323732 pmcid: 255621 doi: 10.1128/jvi.50.2.301-308.1984

Vorbrodt AW, Dobrogowska DH, Tarnawski M, Meeker HC, Carp RI. Quantitative immunogold study of glucose transporter (GLUT-1) in five brain regions of scrapie-infected mice showing obesity and reduced glucose tolerance. Acta Neuropathol. 2001;102:278–84.

pubmed: 11585253 doi: 10.1007/s004010100382

da Silva Fernandes J, Schuelter-Trevisol F, Cancelier ACL, Goncalves ESHC, de Sousa DG, Atkinson RL, et al. Adenovirus 36 prevalence and association with human obesity: a systematic review. Int J Obes (Lond). 2021;45:1342–56.

pubmed: 33753885 doi: 10.1038/s41366-021-00805-6

Kavazovic I, Krapic M, Beumer-Chuwonpad A, Polic B, Turk Wensveen T, Lemmermann NA, et al. Hyperglycemia and not hyperinsulinemia mediates diabetes-induced memory CD8 T-cell dysfunction. Diabetes. 2022;71:706–21.

pubmed: 35044446 doi: 10.2337/db21-0209

Ha CWY, Martin A, Sepich-Poore GD, Shi B, Wang Y, Gouin K, et al. Translocation of viable gut microbiota to mesenteric adipose drives formation of creeping fat in humans. Cell. 2020;183:666–83 e17.

pubmed: 32991841 pmcid: 7521382 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.009

Wensveen FM, Sestan M, Turk Wensveen T, Polic B. Blood glucose regulation in context of infection. Vitam Horm. 2021;117:253–318.

pubmed: 34420584 doi: 10.1016/bs.vh.2021.06.009

Da Silva Xavier G. The cells of the islets of Langerhans. J Clin Med. 2018;7:54.

Guo J, Fu W. Immune regulation of islet homeostasis and adaptation. J Mol Cell Biol. 2020;12:764–74.

pubmed: 32236479 pmcid: 7816675 doi: 10.1093/jmcb/mjaa009

Lee B, Adamska JZ, Namkoong H, Bellin MD, Wilhelm J, Szot GL, et al. Distinct immune characteristics distinguish hereditary and idiopathic chronic pancreatitis. J Clin Invest. 2020;130:2705–11.

pubmed: 32053120 pmcid: 7190911 doi: 10.1172/JCI134066

Ying W, Lee YS, Dong Y, Seidman JS, Yang M, Isaac R, et al. Expansion of Islet-resident macrophages leads to inflammation affecting β cell proliferation and function in obesity. Cell Metab. 2019;29:457–74.e5.

pubmed: 30595478 doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.12.003

Dalmas E, Lehmann FM, Dror E, Wueest S, Thienel C, Borsigova M, et al. Interleukin-33-activated islet-resident innate lymphoid cells promote insulin secretion through myeloid cell retinoic acid production. Immunity. 2017;47:928–942.e7.

pubmed: 29166590 doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.10.015

Dror E, Dalmas E, Meier DT, Wueest S, Thévenet J, Thienel C, et al. Postprandial macrophage-derived IL-1β stimulates insulin, and both synergistically promote glucose disposal and inflammation. Nat Immunol. 2017;18:283–92.

pubmed: 28092375 doi: 10.1038/ni.3659

Banaei-Bouchareb L, Gouon-Evans V, Samara-Boustani D, Castellotti MC, Czernichow P, Pollard JW, et al. Insulin cell mass is altered in Csf1op/Csf1op macrophage-deficient mice. J Leukoc Biol. 2004;76:359–67.

pubmed: 15178709 doi: 10.1189/jlb.1103591

Barnes TM, Otero YF, Elliott AD, Locke AD, Malabanan CM, Coldren AG, et al. Interleukin-6 amplifies glucagon secretion: coordinated control via the brain and pancreas. Am J Physiol-Endocrinol Metab. 2014;307:E896–E905.

pubmed: 25205821 pmcid: 4233256 doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00343.2014

Šestan, Marinović M, Kavazović S, Cekinović I, Wueest S, Turk Wensveen T, et al. Virus-induced interferon-γ causes insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and derails glycemic control in obesity. Immunity. 2018;49:164–77.

pubmed: 29958802 doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.05.005

Zawalich WS, Zawalich KC. Interleukin 1 is a potent stimulator of islet insulin secretion and phosphoinositide hydrolysis. Am J Physiol. 1989;256:E19–24.

pubmed: 2536231

Dror E, Dalmas E, Meier DT, Wueest S, Thevenet J, Thienel C, et al. Postprandial macrophage-derived IL-1beta stimulates insulin, and both synergistically promote glucose disposal and inflammation. Nat Immunol. 2017;18:283–92.

pubmed: 28092375 doi: 10.1038/ni.3659

Teng RJ, Wu TJ, Ho MM. Mumps infection complicated by transient hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1997;16:416–7.

pubmed: 9109149 doi: 10.1097/00006454-199704000-00018

Freyberg Z, Harvill ET. Pathogen manipulation of host metabolism: a common strategy for immune evasion. PLoS Pathog. 2017;13:e1006669.

pubmed: 29216326 pmcid: 5720515 doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006669

Tucey TM, Verma J, Harrison PF, Snelgrove SL, Lo TL, Scherer AK, et al. Glucose homeostasis is important for immune cell viability during candida challenge and host survival of systemic fungal infection. Cell Metab. 2018;27:988–1006.e7.

pubmed: 29719235 pmcid: 6709535 doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.03.019

Oguri S, Motegi K, Iwakura Y, Endo Y. Primary role of interleukin-1 alpha and interleukin-1 beta in lipopolysaccharide-induced hypoglycemia in mice. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2002;9:1307–12.

pubmed: 12414765 pmcid: 130127

Bhatt AN, Kumar A, Rai Y, Kumari N, Vedagiri D, Harshan KH, et al. Glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxy-d-glucose attenuates SARS-CoV-2 multiplication in host cells and weakens the infective potential of progeny virions. Life Sci. 2022;295:120411.

pubmed: 35181310 pmcid: 8847085 doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120411

Kleinehr J, Schofbanker M, Daniel K, Gunl F, Mohamed FF, Janowski J, et al. Glycolytic interference blocks influenza A virus propagation by impairing viral polymerase-driven synthesis of genomic vRNA. PLoS Pathog. 2023;19:e1010986.

pubmed: 37440521 pmcid: 10343032 doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010986

Shen TJ, Chen CL, Tsai TT, Jhan MK, Bai CH, Yen YC, et al. Hyperglycemia exacerbates dengue virus infection by facilitating poly(A)-binding protein-mediated viral translation. JCI Insight. 2022;7:e142805.

Huo C, Zhang S, Zhang S, Wang M, Qi P, Xiao J, et al. Mice with type 1 diabetes exhibit increased susceptibility to influenza A virus. Micro Pathog. 2017;113:233–41.

doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.10.026

Benkahla MA, Sane F, Bertin A, Vreulx AC, Elmastour F, Jaidane H, et al. Impact of coxsackievirus-B4E2 combined with a single low dose of streptozotocin on pancreas of outbred mice: investigation of viral load, pathology and inflammation. Sci Rep. 2019;9:10080.

pubmed: 31300658 pmcid: 6626040 doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-46227-3

Wallström J, Andersson AK, Sandler S. Effects of interleukin-15 on suppression of rat pancreatic islets in vitro induced by proinflammatory cytokines. Immunol Lett. 2003;88:141–5.

pubmed: 12880684 doi: 10.1016/S0165-2478(03)00073-7

Park C, Kim JR, Shim JK, Kang BS, Park YG, Nam KS, et al. Inhibitory effects of streptozotocin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-1beta on glucokinase activity in pancreatic islets and gene expression of GLUT2 and glucokinase. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1999;362:217–24.

pubmed: 9989930 doi: 10.1006/abbi.1998.1004

Eizirik DL, Strandell E, Bendtzen K, Sandler S. Functional characteristics of rat pancreatic islets maintained in culture after exposure to human interleukin 1. Diabetes. 1988;37:916–9.

pubmed: 3290009 doi: 10.2337/diab.37.7.916

Silverman MN, Pearce BD, Biron CA, Miller AH. Immune modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis during viral infection. Viral Immunol. 2005;18:41–78.

pubmed: 15802953 doi: 10.1089/vim.2005.18.41

Dunn AJ, Powell ML, Meitin C, Small PA Jr. Virus infection as a stressor: influenza virus elevates plasma concentrations of corticosterone, and brain concentrations of MHPG and tryptophan. Physiol Behav. 1989;45:591–4.

pubmed: 2756050 doi: 10.1016/0031-9384(89)90078-4

Rook GA, Hernandez-Pando R, Lightman SL. Hormones, peripherally activated prohormones and regulation of the Th1/Th2 balance. Immunol Today. 1994;15:301–3.

pubmed: 8086097 doi: 10.1016/0167-5699(94)90075-2

Ngaosuwan K, Johnston DG, Godsland IF, Cox J, Majeed A, Quint JK, et al. Increased Mortality Risk in Patients With Primary and Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;106:e2759–e68.

pubmed: 33596308 doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgab096

Huang L, Liao J, Chen Y, Zou C, Zhang H, Yang X, et al. Single-cell transcriptomes reveal characteristic features of cell types within the human adrenal microenvironment. J Cell Physiol. 2021;236:7308–21.

pubmed: 33934358 doi: 10.1002/jcp.30398

Zhang K, Hu Y, Li R, Li T. Single-cell atlas of murine adrenal glands reveals immune-adrenal crosstalk during systemic Candida albicans infection. Front Immunol. 2022;13:966814.

pubmed: 36389688 pmcid: 9664004 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.966814

Barbara Altieri AKS, S Sai, C Fischer, S Sbiera, P Arampatzi, S Herterich, et al. Cell atlas at single-nuclei resolution of the adult human adrenal gland and adrenocortical adenomas. BIOrxiv. 2022;1:505530.

Dolfi B, Gallerand A, Firulyova MM, Xu Y, Merlin J, Dumont A, et al. Unravelling the sex-specific diversity and functions of adrenal gland macrophages. Cell Rep. 2022;39:110949.

pubmed: 35705045 pmcid: 9210345 doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110949

Pournajafi Nazarloo H, Takao T, Nanamiya W, Asaba K, De Souza EB, Hashimoto K. Effect of non-peptide corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 1 antagonist on adrenocorticotropic hormone release and interleukin-1 receptors followed by stress. Brain Res. 2001;902:119–26.

pubmed: 11376601 doi: 10.1016/S0006-8993(01)02383-6

Bethin KE, Vogt SK, Muglia LJ. Interleukin-6 is an essential, corticotropin-releasing hormone-independent stimulator of the adrenal axis during immune system activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000;97:9317–22.

pubmed: 10922080 pmcid: 16865 doi: 10.1073/pnas.97.16.9317

Judd AM, Call GB, Barney M, McIlmoil CJ, Balls AG, Adams A, et al. Possible function of IL-6 and TNF as intraadrenal factors in the regulation of adrenal steroid secretion. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2000;917:628–37.

pubmed: 11268391 doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05428.x

Silverman MN, Miller AH, Biron CA, Pearce BD. Characterization of an interleukin-6- and adrenocorticotropin-dependent, immune-to-adrenal pathway during viral infection. Endocrinology. 2004;145:3580–9.

pubmed: 15044377 doi: 10.1210/en.2003-1421

Ruzek MC, Miller AH, Opal SM, Pearce BD, Biron CA. Characterization of early cytokine responses and an interleukin (IL)-6-dependent pathway of endogenous glucocorticoid induction during murine cytomegalovirus infection. J Exp Med. 1997;185:1185–92.

pubmed: 9104805 pmcid: 2196262 doi: 10.1084/jem.185.7.1185

Parrillo JE, Fauci AS. Mechanisms of glucocorticoid action on immune processes. Annu Rev Pharm Toxicol. 1979;19:179–201.

doi: 10.1146/annurev.pa.19.040179.001143

van Enckevort FH, Sweep CG, Span PN, Netea MG, Hermus AR, Kullberg BJ. Reduced adrenal response and increased mortality after systemic Klebsiella pneumoniae infection in interleukin-6-deficient mice. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2001;12:581–6.

pubmed: 11781184

Mayo J, Collazos J, Martinez E, Ibarra S. Adrenal function in the human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:1095–8.

pubmed: 12020177 doi: 10.1001/archinte.162.10.1095

Clerici M, Trabattoni D, Piconi S, Fusi ML, Ruzzante S, Clerici C, et al. A possible role for the cortisol/anticortisols imbalance in the progression of human immunodeficiency virus. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1997;22:S27–31.

pubmed: 9264144 doi: 10.1016/S0306-4530(97)00019-X

Xiu F, Stanojcic M, Diao L, Jeschke MG. Stress hyperglycemia, insulin treatment, and innate immune cells. Int J Endocrinol. 2014;2014:1–9.

doi: 10.1155/2014/486403

Marik PE, Bellomo R. Stress hyperglycemia: an essential survival response! Crit Care. 2013;7:305.

McCowen KC, Malhotra A, Bistrian BR. Stress-induced hyperglycemia. Crit Care Clin. 2001;17:107–24

Hulme KD, Gallo LA, Short KR. Influenza virus and glycemic variability in diabetes: a killer combination? Front Microbiol. 2017;8:861.

pubmed: 28588558 pmcid: 5438975 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00861

Martin C, Viviand X, Leone M, Thirion X. Effect of norepinephrine on the outcome of septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2000;28:2758–65.

pubmed: 10966247 doi: 10.1097/00003246-200008000-00012

Kalra A, Yetiskul E, Wehrle CJ, Tuma F Physiology, Liver. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL) ineligible companies. Disclosure: Ekrem Yetiskul declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies. Disclosure: Chase Wehrle declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies. Disclosure: Faiz Tuma declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.2024.

Robinson MW, Harmon C, O’Farrelly C. Liver immunology and its role in inflammation and homeostasis. Cell Mol Immunol. 2016;13:267–76.

pubmed: 27063467 pmcid: 4856809 doi: 10.1038/cmi.2016.3

Oda M, Yokomori H, Han JY. Regulatory mechanisms of hepatic microcirculation. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2003;29:167–82.

pubmed: 14724338

Senoo H, Yoshikawa K, Morii M, Miura M, Imai K, Mezaki Y. Hepatic stellate cell (vitamin A-storing cell) and its relative–past, present and future. Cell Biol Int. 2010;34:1247–72.

pubmed: 21067523 doi: 10.1042/CBI20100321

Kamm DR, McCommis KS. Hepatic stellate cells in physiology and pathology. J Physiol. 2022;600:1825–37.

pubmed: 35307840 doi: 10.1113/JP281061

You Q, Cheng L, Kedl RM, Ju C. Mechanism of T cell tolerance induction by murine hepatic Kupffer cells. Hepatology. 2008;48:978–90.

pubmed: 18712788 doi: 10.1002/hep.22395

Garcia-Alvarez M, Marik P, Bellomo R. Stress hyperlactataemia: present understanding and controversy. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2:339–47.

pubmed: 24703052 doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(13)70154-2

Khunti K, Del Prato S, Mathieu C, Kahn SE, Gabbay RA, Buse JB. COVID-19, Hyperglycemia, and New-Onset Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2021;44:2645–55.

pubmed: 34625431 pmcid: 8669536 doi: 10.2337/dc21-1318

Xiu F, Stanojcic M, Diao L, Jeschke MG. Stress hyperglycemia, insulin treatment, and innate immune cells. Int J Endocrinol. 2014;2014:486403.

pubmed: 24899891 pmcid: 4034653 doi: 10.1155/2014/486403

Halter JB, Beard JC, Porte D Jr. Islet function and stress hyperglycemia: plasma glucose and epinephrine interaction. Am J Physiol. 1984;247:E47–52.

pubmed: 6377920

Castell JV, Gomez-Lechon MJ, David M, Hirano T, Kishimoto T, Heinrich PC. Recombinant human interleukin-6 (IL-6/BSF-2/HSF) regulates the synthesis of acute phase proteins in human hepatocytes. FEBS Lett. 1988;232:347–50.

pubmed: 2454206 doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(88)80766-X

Moshage HJ, Roelofs HM, van Pelt JF, Hazenberg BP, van Leeuwen MA, Limburg PC, et al. The effect of interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and its interrelationship on the synthesis of serum amyloid A and C-reactive protein in primary cultures of adult human hepatocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1988;155:112–7.

pubmed: 3261980 doi: 10.1016/S0006-291X(88)81056-8

Castell JV, Gomez-Lechon MJ, David M, Andus T, Geiger T, Trullenque R, et al. Interleukin-6 is the major regulator of acute phase protein synthesis in adult human hepatocytes. FEBS Lett. 1989;242:237–9.

pubmed: 2464504 doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(89)80476-4

Andus T, Geiger T, Hirano T, Kishimoto T, Tran-Thi TA, Decker K, et al. Regulation of synthesis and secretion of major rat acute-phase proteins by recombinant human interleukin-6 (BSF-2/IL-6) in hepatocyte primary cultures. Eur J Biochem. 1988;173:287–93.

pubmed: 2452086 doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb13997.x

Andus T, Geiger T, Hirano T, Kishimoto T, Heinrich PC. Action of recombinant human interleukin 6, interleukin 1 beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha on the mRNA induction of acute-phase proteins. Eur J Immunol. 1988;18:739–46.

pubmed: 2454192 doi: 10.1002/eji.1830180513

Moshage H. Cytokines and the hepatic acute phase response. J Pathol. 1997;181:257–66.

pubmed: 9155709 doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199703)181:3<257::AID-PATH756>3.0.CO;2-U

Gabay C, Kushner I. Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:448–54.

pubmed: 9971870 doi: 10.1056/NEJM199902113400607

Zhou Z, Xu MJ, Gao B. Hepatocytes: a key cell type for innate immunity. Cell Mol Immunol. 2016;13:301–15.

pubmed: 26685902 doi: 10.1038/cmi.2015.97

Drakesmith H, Prentice AM. Hepcidin and the iron-infection axis. Science. 2012;338:768–72.

pubmed: 23139325 doi: 10.1126/science.1224577

Arezes J, Jung G, Gabayan V, Valore E, Ruchala P, Gulig PA, et al. Hepcidin-induced hypoferremia is a critical host defense mechanism against the siderophilic bacterium Vibrio vulnificus. Cell Host Microbe. 2015;17:47–57.

pubmed: 25590758 pmcid: 4296238 doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.12.001

Tacke F, Nuraldeen R, Koch A, Strathmann K, Hutschenreuter G, Trautwein C, et al. Iron parameters determine the prognosis of critically Ill patients. Crit Care Med. 2016;44:1049–58.

pubmed: 26934143 doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001607

Andus T, Bauer J, Gerok W. Effects of cytokines on the liver. Hepatology. 1991;13:364–75.

pubmed: 1995444 doi: 10.1002/hep.1840130226

Bibby DC, Grimble RF. Temperature and metabolic changes in rats after various doses of tumour necrosis factor alpha. J Physiol. 1989;410:367–80.

pubmed: 2795483 pmcid: 1190484 doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1989.sp017538

Sethi JK, Hotamisligil GS. Metabolic messengers: tumour necrosis factor. Nat Metab. 2021;3:1302–12.

pubmed: 34650277 doi: 10.1038/s42255-021-00470-z

Sjolin J, Stjernstrom H, Friman G, Larsson J, Wahren J. Total and net muscle protein breakdown in infection determined by amino acid effluxes. Am J Physiol. 1990;258:E856–63.

pubmed: 2333991

Argiles JM, Lopez-Soriano FJ, Wiggins D, Williamson DH. Comparative effects of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (cachectin), interleukin-1-beta and tumour growth on amino acid metabolism in the rat in vivo. Absorption and tissue uptake of alpha-amino[1-14C]isobutyrate. Biochem J. 1989;261:357–62.

pubmed: 2789041 pmcid: 1138833 doi: 10.1042/bj2610357

Argiles JM, Lopez-Soriano FJ. The effects of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (cachectin) and tumour growth on hepatic amino acid utilization in the rat. Biochem J. 1990;266:123–6.

pubmed: 2310368 pmcid: 1131104 doi: 10.1042/bj2660123

Roh MS, Moldawer LL, Ekman LG, Dinarello CA, Bistrian BR, Jeevanandam M, et al. Stimulatory effect of interleukin-1 upon hepatic metabolism. Metabolism. 1986;35:419–24.

pubmed: 3486338 doi: 10.1016/0026-0495(86)90131-9

Bereta J, Kurdowska A, Koj A, Hirano T, Kishimoto T, Content J, et al. Different preparations of natural and recombinant human interleukin-6 (IFN-beta 2, BSF-2) similarly stimulate acute phase protein synthesis and uptake of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid by cultured rat hepatocytes. Int J Biochem. 1989;21:361–6.

pubmed: 2472978 doi: 10.1016/0020-711X(89)90359-5

Warren RS, Donner DB, Starnes HF Jr., Brennan MF. Modulation of endogenous hormone action by recombinant human tumor necrosis factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1987;84:8619–22.

pubmed: 2825198 pmcid: 299597 doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.23.8619

Ramadori G, Van Damme J, Rieder H, Meyer zum Buschenfelde KH. Interleukin 6, the third mediator of acute-phase reaction, modulates hepatic protein synthesis in human and mouse. Comparison with interleukin 1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Eur J Immunol. 1988;18:1259–64.

pubmed: 3138137 doi: 10.1002/eji.1830180817

Klapproth J, Castell J, Geiger T, Andus T, Heinrich PC. Fate and biological action of human recombinant interleukin 1 beta in the rat in vivo. Eur J Immunol. 1989;19:1485–90.

pubmed: 2476319 doi: 10.1002/eji.1830190821

Delers F, Mangeney M, Raffa D, Vallet-Colom I, Daveau M, Tran-Quang N, et al. Changes in rat liver mRNA for alpha-1-acid-glycoprotein, apolipoprotein E, apolipoprotein B and beta-actin after mouse recombinant tumor necrosis factor injection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989;161:81–8.

pubmed: 2471533 doi: 10.1016/0006-291X(89)91563-5

Miura N, Prentice HL, Schneider PM, Perlmutter DH. Synthesis and regulation of the two human complement C4 genes in stable transfected mouse fibroblasts. J Biol Chem. 1987;262:7298–305.

pubmed: 3034887 doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)48236-1

Magielska-Zero D, Bereta J, Czuba-Pelech B, Pajdak W, Gauldie J, Koj A. Inhibitory effect of human recombinant interferon gamma on synthesis of acute phase proteins in human hepatoma Hep G2 cells stimulated by leukocyte cytokines, TNF alpha and IFN-beta 2/BSF-2/IL-6. Biochem Int. 1988;17:17–23.

pubmed: 2461199

Morrone G, Cortese R, Sorrentino V. Post-transcriptional control of negative acute phase genes by transforming growth factor beta. EMBO J. 1989;8:3767–71.

pubmed: 2479550 pmcid: 402062 doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb08553.x

Mackiewicz A, Ganapathi MK, Schultz D, Brabenec A, Weinstein J, Kelley MF, et al. Transforming growth factor beta 1 regulates production of acute-phase proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1990;87:1491–5.

pubmed: 1689487 pmcid: 53501 doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.4.1491

Slade C, Bosco J, Unglik G, Bleasel K, Nagel M, Winship I. Deficiency in complement factor B. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1667–9.

pubmed: 24152280 doi: 10.1056/NEJMc1306326

Iwamoto N, Ito H, Ando K, Ishikawa T, Hara A, Taguchi A, et al. Upregulation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in hepatocyte during acute hepatitis caused by hepatitis B virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vivo. Liver Int. 2009;29:277–83.

pubmed: 18397228 doi: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2008.01748.x

Zhou Q, Shi Y, Chen C, Wu F, Chen Z. A narrative review of the roles of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase in liver diseases. Ann Transl Med. 2021;9:174.

pubmed: 33569476 pmcid: 7867903 doi: 10.21037/atm-20-3594

Mao R, Zhang J, Jiang D, Cai D, Levy JM, Cuconati A, et al. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase mediates the antiviral effect of gamma interferon against hepatitis B virus in human hepatocyte-derived cells. J Virol. 2011;85:1048–57.

pubmed: 21084489 doi: 10.1128/JVI.01998-10

Murray HW, Szuro-Sudol A, Wellner D, Oca MJ, Granger AM, Libby DM, et al. Role of tryptophan degradation in respiratory burst-independent antimicrobial activity of gamma interferon-stimulated human macrophages. Infect Immun. 1989;57:845–9.

pubmed: 2492973 pmcid: 313187 doi: 10.1128/iai.57.3.845-849.1989

Cervenka I, Agudelo LZ, Ruas JL Kynurenines: Tryptophan’s metabolites in exercise, inflammation, and mental health. Science. 2017;357.

Huang L, Li L, Klonowski KD, Tompkins SM, Tripp RA, Mellor AL. Induction and role of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase in mouse models of influenza a virus infection. PLoS One. 2013;8:e66546.

pubmed: 23785507 pmcid: 3681773 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066546

Roh E, Kim MS. Brain regulation of energy metabolism. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul, Korea). 2016;31:519–24.

doi: 10.3803/EnM.2016.31.4.519

Dietrich MO, Horvath TL. Hypothalamic control of energy balance: insights into the role of synaptic plasticity. Trends Neurosci. 2013;36:65–73.

pubmed: 23318157 doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2012.12.005

Dantzer R. Cytokine, sickness behavior, and depression. Immunol allergy Clin North Am. 2009;29:247–264.

pubmed: 19389580 pmcid: 2740752 doi: 10.1016/j.iac.2009.02.002

Romeo HE, Tio DL, Rahman SU, Chiappelli F, Taylor AN. The glossopharyngeal nerve as a novel pathway in immune-to-brain communication: relevance to neuroimmune surveillance of the oral cavity. J Neuroimmunol. 2001;115:91–100.

pubmed: 11282158 doi: 10.1016/S0165-5728(01)00270-3

Ueno H, Nakazato M. Mechanistic relationship between the vagal afferent pathway, central nervous system and peripheral organs in appetite regulation. J diabetes Investig. 2016;7:812–8.

pubmed: 27180615 pmcid: 5089941 doi: 10.1111/jdi.12492

Prescott SL, Liberles SD. Internal senses of the vagus nerve. Neuron. 2022;110:579–99.

pubmed: 35051375 pmcid: 8857038 doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.12.020

Powley TL, Phillips RJ. I. Morphology and topography of vagal afferents innervating the GI tract. Am J Physiol-Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2002;283:G1217–G25.

pubmed: 12388183 doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00249.2002

Maier SF, Goehler LE, Fleshner M, Watkins LR. The role of the vagus nerve in cytokine-to-brain communication. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1998;840:289–300.

pubmed: 9629257 doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09569.x

Ek M, Kurosawa M, Lundeberg T, Ericsson A. Activation of vagal afferents after intravenous injection of interleukin-1beta: role of endogenous prostaglandins. J Neurosci: Off J Soc Neurosci. 1998;18:9471–9.

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-22-09471.1998

Romanovsky AA, Simons CT, Székely M, Kulchitsky VA. The vagus nerve in the thermoregulatory response to systemic inflammation. Am J Physiol. 1997;273:R407–13.

pubmed: 9249579

Rao S, Schieber AMP, O’Connor CP, Leblanc M, Michel D, Ayres JS. Pathogen-mediated inhibition of anorexia promotes host survival and transmission. Cell. 2017;168:503–516.e12.

pubmed: 28129542 pmcid: 5324724 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.01.006

Wiedemann SJ, Trimigliozzi K, Dror E, Meier DT, Molina-Tijeras JA, Rachid L, et al. The cephalic phase of insulin release is modulated by IL-1β. Cell Metab. 2022;34:991–1003.e6.

pubmed: 35750050 doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.06.001

Haddad-Tóvolli R, Dragano NRV, Ramalho AFS, Velloso LA. Development and function of the blood-brain barrier in the context of metabolic control. Front Neurosci. 2017;11:224.

Banks WA, Kastin AJ, Broadwell RD. Passage of cytokines across the blood-brain barrier. Neuroimmunomodulation. 1995;2:241–8.

pubmed: 8963753 doi: 10.1159/000097202

Ilyin SE, Gayle D, Flynn MC, Plata-Salamán CR. Interleukin-1beta system (ligand, receptor type I, receptor accessory protein and receptor antagonist), TNF-alpha, TGF-beta1 and neuropeptide Y mRNAs in specific brain regions during bacterial LPS-induced anorexia. Brain Res Bull. 1998;45:507–15.

pubmed: 9570721 doi: 10.1016/S0361-9230(97)00437-1

Layé S, Parnet P, Goujon E, Dantzer R. Peripheral administration of lipopolysaccharide induces the expression of cytokine transcripts in the brain and pituitary of mice. Brain research. Mol brain Res. 1994;27:157–62.

pubmed: 7877446 doi: 10.1016/0169-328X(94)90197-X

Layé S, Gheusi G, Cremona S, Combe C, Kelley K, Dantzer R, et al. Endogenous brain IL-1 mediates LPS-induced anorexia and hypothalamic cytokine expression. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2000;279:R93–8.

pubmed: 10896869 doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.2000.279.1.R93

Plata-Salamán CR. Central nervous system mechanisms contributing to the cachexia-anorexia syndrome. Nutr (Burbank, Los Angeles Cty, Calif). 2000;16:1009–12.

doi: 10.1016/S0899-9007(00)00413-5

Purkayastha S, Zhang G, Cai D. Uncoupling the mechanisms of obesity and hypertension by targeting hypothalamic IKK-beta and NF-kappaB. Nat Med. 2011;17:883–7.

pubmed: 21642978 pmcid: 3134198 doi: 10.1038/nm.2372

Jang PG, Namkoong C, Kang GM, Hur MW, Kim SW, Kim GH, et al. NF-kappaB activation in hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin neurons is essential in illness- and leptin-induced anorexia. J Biol Chem. 2010;285:9706–15.

pubmed: 20097762 pmcid: 2843220 doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.070706

Sapolsky R, Rivier C, Yamamoto G, Plotsky P, Vale W. Interleukin-1 stimulates the secretion of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor. Science. 1987;238:522–4.

pubmed: 2821621 doi: 10.1126/science.2821621

Besedovsky HO, del Rey A. Mechanism of virus-induced stimulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. J Steroid Biochem. 1989;34:235–9.

pubmed: 2560513 doi: 10.1016/0022-4731(89)90087-3

Karanth S, Lyson K, McCann SM. Role of nitric oxide in interleukin 2-induced corticotropin-releasing factor release from incubated hypothalami. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1993;90:3383–7.

pubmed: 8475085 pmcid: 46304 doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.8.3383

Rettori V, Milenkovic L, Beutler BA, McCann SM. Hypothalamic action of cachectin to alter pituitary hormone release. Brain Res Bull. 1989;23:471–5.

pubmed: 2611689 doi: 10.1016/0361-9230(89)90192-5

McCann SM, Kimura M, Karanth S, Yu WH, Mastronardi CA, Rettori V. The mechanism of action of cytokines to control the release of hypothalamic and pituitary hormones in infection. Ann N. Y Acad Sci. 2000;917:4–18.

pubmed: 11268367 doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05368.x

Lockett MF, Buttle GA, Howard EM. The effect of hypophysectomy on the resistance of mice to infection with poliomyelitis virus. Br J Exp Pathol. 1954;35:309–13.

pubmed: 13172409 pmcid: 2073622

Sharma A, Steven S, Bosmann M. The pituitary gland prevents shock-associated death by controlling multiple inflammatory mediators. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2019;509:188–93.

pubmed: 30579593 doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.12.101

Davis CJ, Dunbrasky D, Oonk M, Taishi P, Opp MR, Krueger JM. The neuron-specific interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein is required for homeostatic sleep and sleep responses to influenza viral challenge in mice. Brain Behav Immun. 2015;47:35–43.

pubmed: 25449578 doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.10.013

Brambilla D, Franciosi S, Opp MR, Imeri L. Interleukin-1 inhibits firing of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus and enhances GABAergic inhibitory post-synaptic potentials. Eur J Neurosci. 2007;26:1862–9.

pubmed: 17868373 doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05796.x

Alam MN, McGinty D, Bashir T, Kumar S, Imeri L, Opp MR, et al. Interleukin-1beta modulates state-dependent discharge activity of preoptic area and basal forebrain neurons: role in sleep regulation. Eur J Neurosci. 2004;20:207–16.

pubmed: 15245493 doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03469.x

Lungato L, Gazarini ML, Paredes-Gamero EJ, Tufik S, D’Almeida V. Paradoxical sleep deprivation impairs mouse survival after infection with malaria parasites. Malar J. 2015;14:183.

pubmed: 25927919 pmcid: 4416287 doi: 10.1186/s12936-015-0690-7

Robinson CH, Albury C, McCartney D, Fletcher B, Roberts N, Jury I, et al. The relationship between duration and quality of sleep and upper respiratory tract infections: a systematic review. Fam Pr. 2021;38:802–10.

doi: 10.1093/fampra/cmab033

Zhang X, Zhang G, Zhang H, Karin M, Bai H, Cai D. Hypothalamic IKKbeta/NF-kappaB and ER stress link overnutrition to energy imbalance and obesity. Cell. 2008;135:61–73.

pubmed: 18854155 pmcid: 2586330 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2008.07.043

Valdearcos M, Xu AW, Koliwad SK. Hypothalamic inflammation in the control of metabolic function. Annu Rev Physiol. 2015;77:131–60.

pubmed: 25668019 doi: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021014-071656

Chakravarty S, Herkenham M. Toll-like receptor 4 on nonhematopoietic cells sustains CNS inflammation during endotoxemia, independent of systemic cytokines. J Neurosci : Off J Soc Neurosci. 2005;25:1788–96.

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4268-04.2005

Wisse BE, Ogimoto K, Tang J, Harris MK Jr., Raines EW, Schwartz MW. Evidence that lipopolysaccharide-induced anorexia depends upon central, rather than peripheral, inflammatory signals. Endocrinology 2007;148:5230–7.

pubmed: 17673516 doi: 10.1210/en.2007-0394

Mao Y, Bajinka O, Tang Z, Qiu X, Tan Y. Lung-brain axis: metabolomics and pathological changes in lungs and brain of respiratory syncytial virus-infected mice. J Med Virol. 2022;94:5885–93.

pubmed: 35945613 doi: 10.1002/jmv.28061

Barrios-Gonzalez DA, Philibert-Rosas S, Martinez-Juarez IE, Sotelo-Diaz F, Rivas-Alonso V, Sotelo J, et al. Frequency and focus of in vitro studies of microglia-expressed cytokines in response to viral infection: a systematic review. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2024;44:21.

pubmed: 38349562 pmcid: 10864563 doi: 10.1007/s10571-024-01454-9

Schafer DP, Lehrman EK, Kautzman AG, Koyama R, Mardinly AR, Yamasaki R, et al. Microglia sculpt postnatal neural circuits in an activity and complement-dependent manner. Neuron. 2012;74:691–705.

pubmed: 22632727 pmcid: 3528177 doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.03.026

Gemma C, Bachstetter AD. The role of microglia in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Front Cell Neurosci. 2013;7:229.

pubmed: 24319411 pmcid: 3837350 doi: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00229

Cloarec R, Bauer S, Teissier N, Schaller F, Luche H, Courtens S, et al. In utero administration of drugs targeting microglia improves the neurodevelopmental outcome following cytomegalovirus infection of the rat fetal brain. Front Cell Neurosci. 2018;12:55.

pubmed: 29559892 pmcid: 5845535 doi: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00055

Engstrom L, Ruud J, Eskilsson A, Larsson A, Mackerlova L, Kugelberg U, et al. Lipopolysaccharide-induced fever depends on prostaglandin E2 production specifically in brain endothelial cells. Endocrinology. 2012;153:4849–61.

pubmed: 22872578 doi: 10.1210/en.2012-1375

Morrison SF, Nakamura K. Central mechanisms for thermoregulation. Annu Rev Physiol. 2019;81:285–308.

pubmed: 30256726 doi: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-020518-114546

Jiang Q, Cross AS, Singh IS, Chen TT, Viscardi RM, Hasday JD. Febrile core temperature is essential for optimal host defense in bacterial peritonitis. Infect Immun. 2000;68:1265–70.

pubmed: 10678936 pmcid: 97277 doi: 10.1128/IAI.68.3.1265-1270.2000

O’Sullivan D, Stanczak MA, Villa M, Uhl FM, Corrado M, Klein Geltink RI, et al. Fever supports CD8(+) effector T cell responses by promoting mitochondrial translation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2021;118:e2023752118.

Wang X, Ni L, Wan S, Zhao X, Ding X, Dejean A, et al. Febrile temperature critically controls the differentiation and pathogenicity of T helper 17 cells. Immunity. 2020;52:328–341.e5.

pubmed: 32049050 doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.01.006

Li S, Ballou LR, Morham SG, Blatteis CM. Cyclooxygenase-2 mediates the febrile response of mice to interleukin-1beta. Brain Res. 2001;910:163–73.

pubmed: 11489266 doi: 10.1016/S0006-8993(01)02707-X

Carey MA, Bradbury JA, Seubert JM, Langenbach R, Zeldin DC, Germolec DR. Contrasting effects of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2 deficiency on the host response to influenza A viral infection. J Immunol. 2005;175:6878–84.

pubmed: 16272346 doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.10.6878

Chai Z, Gatti S, Toniatti C, Poli V, Bartfai T. Interleukin (IL)-6 gene expression in the central nervous system is necessary for fever response to lipopolysaccharide or IL-1 beta: a study on IL-6-deficient mice. J Exp Med. 1996;183:311–6.

pubmed: 8551238 doi: 10.1084/jem.183.1.311

Huang PL. A comprehensive definition for metabolic syndrome. Dis Models Mech. 2009;2:231–7.

doi: 10.1242/dmm.001180

Sommer P, Sweeney G. Functional and mechanistic integration of infection and the metabolic syndrome. Korean Diabetes J. 2010;34:71–6.

pubmed: 20548837 pmcid: 2883353 doi: 10.4093/kdj.2010.34.2.71

Okunogbe A, Nugent R, Spencer G, Ralston J, Wilding J. Economic impacts of overweight and obesity: current and future estimates for eight countries. BMJ Glob Health. 2021;6:e006351.

pubmed: 34737167 pmcid: 8487190 doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006351

McLaughlin T, Ackerman SE, Shen L, Engleman E. Role of innate and adaptive immunity in obesity-associated metabolic disease. J Clin Investig. 2017;127:5–13.

pubmed: 28045397 pmcid: 5199693 doi: 10.1172/JCI88876

ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, Bannuru RR, Brown FM, Bruemmer D, et al. 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2023. Diabetes Care. 2023;46:S19–S40.

pubmed: 36507649 doi: 10.2337/dc23-S002

Esser N, Legrand-Poels S, Piette J, Scheen AJ, Paquot N. Inflammation as a link between obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pr. 2014;105:141–50.

doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2014.04.006

Wensveen FM, Jelencic V, Valentic S, Sestan M, Wensveen TT, Theurich S, et al. NK cells link obesity-induced adipose stress to inflammation and insulin resistance. Nat Immunol. 2015;16:376–85.

pubmed: 25729921 doi: 10.1038/ni.3120

Montefusco L, Ben Nasr M, D’Addio F, Loretelli C, Rossi A, Pastore I, et al. Acute and long-term disruption of glycometabolic control after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Metab. 2021;3:774–85.

pubmed: 34035524 pmcid: 9931026 doi: 10.1038/s42255-021-00407-6

Osborn O, Olefsky JM. The cellular and signaling networks linking the immune system and metabolism in disease. Nat Med. 2012;18:363–74.

pubmed: 22395709 doi: 10.1038/nm.2627

Khan IM, Perrard XY, Brunner G, Lui H, Sparks LM, Smith SR, et al. Intermuscular and perimuscular fat expansion in obesity correlates with skeletal muscle T cell and macrophage infiltration and insulin resistance. Int J Obes (Lond). 2015;39:1607–18.

pubmed: 26041698 doi: 10.1038/ijo.2015.104

Patsouris D, Cao JJ, Vial G, Bravard A, Lefai E, Durand A, et al. Insulin resistance is associated with MCP1-mediated macrophage accumulation in skeletal muscle in mice and humans. PLoS One. 2014;9:e110653.

pubmed: 25337938 pmcid: 4206428 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110653

Fink LN, Costford SR, Lee YS, Jensen TE, Bilan PJ, Oberbach A, et al. Pro-inflammatory macrophages increase in skeletal muscle of high fat-fed mice and correlate with metabolic risk markers in humans. Obes (Silver Spring, Md). 2014;22:747–57.

doi: 10.1002/oby.20615

Corpeleijn E, Saris WH, Jansen EH, Roekaerts PM, Feskens EJ, Blaak EE. Postprandial interleukin-6 release from skeletal muscle in men with impaired glucose tolerance can be reduced by weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:5819–24.

pubmed: 16030153 doi: 10.1210/jc.2005-0668

Reyna SM, Ghosh S, Tantiwong P, Meka CS, Eagan P, Jenkinson CP, et al. Elevated toll-like receptor 4 expression and signaling in muscle from insulin-resistant subjects. Diabetes. 2008;57:2595–602.

pubmed: 18633101 pmcid: 2551667 doi: 10.2337/db08-0038

Austin RL, Rune A, Bouzakri K, Zierath JR, Krook A. siRNA-mediated reduction of inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappaB kinase prevents tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced insulin resistance in human skeletal muscle. Diabetes. 2008;57:2066–73.

pubmed: 18443205 pmcid: 2494681 doi: 10.2337/db07-0763

Pillon NJ, Bilan PJ, Fink LN, Klip A. Cross-talk between skeletal muscle and immune cells: muscle-derived mediators and metabolic implications. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2013;304:E453–65.

pubmed: 23277185 doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00553.2012

Collier JJ, Sparer TE, Karlstad MD, Burke SJ. Pancreatic islet inflammation: an emerging role for chemokines. J Mol Endocrinol. 2017;59:R33–R46.

pubmed: 28420714 pmcid: 5505180 doi: 10.1530/JME-17-0042

Carrero JA, McCarthy DP, Ferris ST, Wan X, Hu H, Zinselmeyer BH, et al. Resident macrophages of pancreatic islets have a seminal role in the initiation of autoimmune diabetes of NOD mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2017;114:E10418–e27.

pubmed: 29133420 pmcid: 5715775 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1713543114

Gagnerault MC, Luan JJ, Lotton C, Lepault F. Pancreatic lymph nodes are required for priming of beta cell reactive T cells in NOD mice. J Exp Med. 2002;196:369–77.

pubmed: 12163565 pmcid: 2193939 doi: 10.1084/jem.20011353

Filippi CM, von Herrath MG. Viral trigger for type 1 diabetes: pros and cons. Diabetes. 2008;57:2863–71.

pubmed: 18971433 pmcid: 2570378 doi: 10.2337/db07-1023

Eguchi K, Manabe I, Oishi-Tanaka Y, Ohsugi M, Kono N, Ogata F, et al. Saturated fatty acid and TLR signaling link β cell dysfunction and islet inflammation. Cell Metab. 2012;15:518–33.

pubmed: 22465073 doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.01.023

Huang S, Rutkowsky JM, Snodgrass RG, Ono-Moore KD, Schneider DA, Newman JW, et al. Saturated fatty acids activate TLR-mediated proinflammatory signaling pathways. J Lipid Res. 2012;53:2002–13.

pubmed: 22766885 pmcid: 3413240 doi: 10.1194/jlr.D029546

Buttini M, Limonta S, Boddeke HW. Peripheral administration of lipopolysaccharide induces activation of microglial cells in rat brain. Neurochem Int. 1996;29:25–35.

pubmed: 8808786 doi: 10.1016/0197-0186(95)00141-7

Neniskyte U, Vilalta A, Brown GC. Tumour necrosis factor alpha-induced neuronal loss is mediated by microglial phagocytosis. FEBS Lett. 2014;588:2952–6.

pubmed: 24911209 pmcid: 4158418 doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.05.046

Ohno M, Gowda SGB, Sekiya T, Nomura N, Shingai M, Hui SP, et al. The elucidation of plasma lipidome profiles during severe influenza in a mouse model. Sci Rep. 2023;13:14210.

pubmed: 37648726 pmcid: 10469212 doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-41055-y

Cui L, Zheng D, Lee YH, Chan TK, Kumar Y, Ho WE, et al. Metabolomics investigation reveals metabolite mediators associated with acute lung injury and repair in a murine model of influenza pneumonia. Sci Rep. 2016;6:26076.

pubmed: 27188343 pmcid: 4870563 doi: 10.1038/srep26076

Valdearcos M, Robblee MM, Benjamin DI, Nomura DK, Xu AW, Koliwad SK. Microglia dictate the impact of saturated fat consumption on hypothalamic inflammation and neuronal function. Cell Rep. 2014;9:2124–38.

pubmed: 25497089 pmcid: 4617309 doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.11.018

Baufeld C, Osterloh A, Prokop S, Miller KR, Heppner FL. High-fat diet-induced brain region-specific phenotypic spectrum of CNS resident microglia. Acta Neuropathol. 2016;132:361–75.

pubmed: 27393312 pmcid: 4992033 doi: 10.1007/s00401-016-1595-4

Oh IS, Thaler JP, Ogimoto K, Wisse BE, Morton GJ, Schwartz MW. Central administration of interleukin-4 exacerbates hypothalamic inflammation and weight gain during high-fat feeding. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2010;299:E47–53.

doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00026.2010

Obstfeld AE, Sugaru E, Thearle M, Francisco AM, Gayet C, Ginsberg HN, et al. C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) regulates the hepatic recruitment of myeloid cells that promote obesity-induced hepatic steatosis. Diabetes. 2010;59:916–25.

pubmed: 20103702 pmcid: 2844839 doi: 10.2337/db09-1403

Cai D, Yuan M, Frantz DF, Melendez PA, Hansen L, Lee J, et al. Local and systemic insulin resistance resulting from hepatic activation of IKK-beta and NF-kappaB. Nat Med. 2005;11:183–90.

pubmed: 15685173 pmcid: 1440292 doi: 10.1038/nm1166

Arkan MC, Hevener AL, Greten FR, Maeda S, Li ZW, Long JM, et al. IKK-beta links inflammation to obesity-induced insulin resistance. Nat Med. 2005;11:191–8.

pubmed: 15685170 doi: 10.1038/nm1185

Mladenic K, Lenartic M, Marinovic S, Polic B, Wensveen FM The “Domino effect” in MASLD: The inflammatory cascade of steatohepatitis. Eur J Immunol. 2024;54:e2149641.

Marinović S, Lenartić M, Mladenić K, Šestan M, Kavazović I, Benić A, et al. NKG2D-mediated detection of metabolically stressed hepatocytes by innate-like T cells is essential for initiation of NASH and fibrosis. Sci Immunol. 2023;8:eadd1599.

pubmed: 37774007 pmcid: 7615627 doi: 10.1126/sciimmunol.add1599

Li C, Du X, Shen Z, Wei Y, Wang Y, Han X, et al. The critical and diverse roles of CD4(-)CD8(-) double negative t cells in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;13:1805–27.

pubmed: 35247631 pmcid: 9059101 doi: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.02.019

Sun G, Zhao X, Li M, Zhang C, Jin H, Li C, et al. CD4 derived double negative T cells prevent the development and progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Nat Commun. 2021;12:650.

pubmed: 33510172 pmcid: 7844244 doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-20941-x

Lodoen M, Ogasawara K, Hamerman JA, Arase H, Houchins JP, Mocarski ES, et al. NKG2D-mediated natural killer cell protection against cytomegalovirus is impaired by viral gp40 modulation of retinoic acid early inducible 1 gene molecules. J Exp Med. 2003;197:1245–53.

pubmed: 12756263 pmcid: 2193789 doi: 10.1084/jem.20021973

Salazar-Mather TP, Orange JS, Biron CA. Early murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection induces liver natural killer (NK) cell inflammation and protection through macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha (MIP-1alpha)-dependent pathways. J Exp Med. 1998;187:1–14.

pubmed: 9419206 pmcid: 2199190 doi: 10.1084/jem.187.1.1

The immunology of sickness metabolism.

Journal

Informations de publication

Résumé

Identifiants

Types de publication

Langues

Sous-ensembles de citation

Subventions

Informations de copyright

Références

Auteurs

Felix M Wensveen (FM)

Marko Šestan (M)

Bojan Polić (B)

Classifications MeSH