A reinforcement schedule with two types of temporal information.

Decades of research on reinforcement schedules have demonstrated that temporal information regarding the arrival or nonarrival of biologically significant events controls animal behavior. The fixed interval (FI) schedule, which is a time-based reinforcement schedule, suggests that responses are regulated by the time elapsed since the last reinforcement. This raises the question of how behavior is controlled when two distinct temporal cues regarding the availability of reinforcers are simultaneously presented. We modified the random interval (RI) schedule to create a reinforcement schedule incorporating two types of temporal information: the time elapsed since the last reinforcement, and the inter-reinforcement interval (IRI). Through long-term operant conditioning in rats, we examined how temporal information controls responses. When two temporal cues were available, we found that behavior was influenced by each cue. Moreover, we discovered that the effects of these cues could be analytically separated within the dynamics of response rates. The findings revealed that in controlling behavior, living organisms can utilize two temporal cues rather than relying on a single, clear cue.•We modified the random interval (RI) schedule to create a reinforcement schedule incorporating two types of temporal information.•When two temporal cues were available, we found that behavior was influenced by each cue.•Rats can utilize two temporal cues rather than relying on a single, clear cue.

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© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

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The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.