Barriers and facilitators to ethical co-production with Autistic people with an eating disorder.
Journal
Journal of eating disorders
ISSN: 2050-2974
Titre abrégé: J Eat Disord
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101610672
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
09 Aug 2024
09 Aug 2024
Historique:
received:
09
05
2024
accepted:
31
07
2024
medline:
10
8
2024
pubmed:
10
8
2024
entrez:
9
8
2024
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Co-production is the collaboration between researchers and the lived experience community in designing, conducting and sharing research. The importance of co-production is increasingly advocated in both the autism and eating disorder fields. Despite this, there remains a lack of clarity at how to define, apply and conduct ethical co-production. Understanding common challenges and what we can do to overcome these challenges are integral to ensuring ethical and meaningful research with Autistic people with an eating disorder. The current study therefore explored: What are the barriers and facilitators to ethical co-production with Autistic people with an ED? Five workshops were conducted with 30 collaborators exploring barriers and facilitators to ethical co-production. Synchronous (online workshops) and asynchronous (offline discussion forum) data was analysed using thematic analysis. Themes were co-produced by a neurotypical and Autistic researcher with lived/living experience of an eating disorder. Four themes were identified that explored barriers to ethical co-production: unequal partnerships, the inaccessibility of research, excluded by diagnoses and communication differences. Three themes were identified with regards to facilitators of ethical co-production: shared power (with sub-themes relationships, not roles and creative compensation), clarity and transparency and autism-affirming approaches. Conducting ethical co-production with Autistic people with eating disorders has the potential to generate meaningful research that can be translated into improving the lives of the Autistic and eating disorder community. To achieve this, co-production teams should strive towards shared power and long-term relationships, adapting for communication differences and preferences and operating firmly within an autism-affirming framework. It is hoped that study findings will inspire collaboration, discussion and novel, translatable research. Co-production is the collaboration between researchers and the lived experience community in designing, conducting and sharing research. This study brought together Autistic people with lived/living experience of an eating disorder (ED), researchers, clinicians, third sector organisations and parents/carers to understand what the barriers (challenges) and facilitators (how to overcome these challenges) were to ethical co-production with Autistic people with an eating disorder. Common barriers were found to be unequal partnerships, difficulty accessing research, feeling or being excluded by a reliance on diagnoses and the impact of communication differences. Facilitators were felt to be a shared power dynamic, focusing on establishing relationships not just tokenistic roles and creating fair and person-centred compensation. Facilitators were also adapting for communication differences and moving away from harmful medicalised and ableists models, towards autism-affirming practice. It is hoped that the study will encourage discussion and positive co-production relationships between autism and ED researchers and the Autistic and ED community. It is also hoped that that this approach will lead to more meaningful research that will ultimately improve the lives of Autistic people with an ED.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
Co-production is the collaboration between researchers and the lived experience community in designing, conducting and sharing research. The importance of co-production is increasingly advocated in both the autism and eating disorder fields. Despite this, there remains a lack of clarity at how to define, apply and conduct ethical co-production. Understanding common challenges and what we can do to overcome these challenges are integral to ensuring ethical and meaningful research with Autistic people with an eating disorder. The current study therefore explored: What are the barriers and facilitators to ethical co-production with Autistic people with an ED?
METHODS
METHODS
Five workshops were conducted with 30 collaborators exploring barriers and facilitators to ethical co-production. Synchronous (online workshops) and asynchronous (offline discussion forum) data was analysed using thematic analysis. Themes were co-produced by a neurotypical and Autistic researcher with lived/living experience of an eating disorder.
RESULTS
RESULTS
Four themes were identified that explored barriers to ethical co-production: unequal partnerships, the inaccessibility of research, excluded by diagnoses and communication differences. Three themes were identified with regards to facilitators of ethical co-production: shared power (with sub-themes relationships, not roles and creative compensation), clarity and transparency and autism-affirming approaches.
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSIONS
Conducting ethical co-production with Autistic people with eating disorders has the potential to generate meaningful research that can be translated into improving the lives of the Autistic and eating disorder community. To achieve this, co-production teams should strive towards shared power and long-term relationships, adapting for communication differences and preferences and operating firmly within an autism-affirming framework. It is hoped that study findings will inspire collaboration, discussion and novel, translatable research.
Co-production is the collaboration between researchers and the lived experience community in designing, conducting and sharing research. This study brought together Autistic people with lived/living experience of an eating disorder (ED), researchers, clinicians, third sector organisations and parents/carers to understand what the barriers (challenges) and facilitators (how to overcome these challenges) were to ethical co-production with Autistic people with an eating disorder. Common barriers were found to be unequal partnerships, difficulty accessing research, feeling or being excluded by a reliance on diagnoses and the impact of communication differences. Facilitators were felt to be a shared power dynamic, focusing on establishing relationships not just tokenistic roles and creating fair and person-centred compensation. Facilitators were also adapting for communication differences and moving away from harmful medicalised and ableists models, towards autism-affirming practice. It is hoped that the study will encourage discussion and positive co-production relationships between autism and ED researchers and the Autistic and ED community. It is also hoped that that this approach will lead to more meaningful research that will ultimately improve the lives of Autistic people with an ED.
Autres résumés
Type: plain-language-summary
(eng)
Co-production is the collaboration between researchers and the lived experience community in designing, conducting and sharing research. This study brought together Autistic people with lived/living experience of an eating disorder (ED), researchers, clinicians, third sector organisations and parents/carers to understand what the barriers (challenges) and facilitators (how to overcome these challenges) were to ethical co-production with Autistic people with an eating disorder. Common barriers were found to be unequal partnerships, difficulty accessing research, feeling or being excluded by a reliance on diagnoses and the impact of communication differences. Facilitators were felt to be a shared power dynamic, focusing on establishing relationships not just tokenistic roles and creating fair and person-centred compensation. Facilitators were also adapting for communication differences and moving away from harmful medicalised and ableists models, towards autism-affirming practice. It is hoped that the study will encourage discussion and positive co-production relationships between autism and ED researchers and the Autistic and ED community. It is also hoped that that this approach will lead to more meaningful research that will ultimately improve the lives of Autistic people with an ED.
Identifiants
pubmed: 39123242
doi: 10.1186/s40337-024-01076-y
pii: 10.1186/s40337-024-01076-y
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Pagination
113Subventions
Organisme : UK Research and Innovation
ID : MR/X03058X/1
Organisme : UK Research and Innovation
ID : MR/X03058X/1
Organisme : UK Research and Innovation
ID : MR/X03058X/1
Organisme : UK Research and Innovation
ID : MR/X03058X/1
Organisme : UK Research and Innovation
ID : MR/X03058X/1
Organisme : UK Research and Innovation
ID : MR/X03058X/1
Organisme : MRF
ID : MR/X03058X/1
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : MRF
ID : MR/X03058X/1
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : MRF
ID : MR/X03058X/1
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : MRF
ID : MR/X03058X/1
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : MRF
ID : MR/X03058X/1
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : MRF
ID : MR/X03058X/1
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : National Institute for Health and Care Research
ID : MR/X03058X/1
Organisme : National Institute for Health and Care Research
ID : MR/X03058X/1
Organisme : National Institute for Health and Care Research
ID : MR/X03058X/1
Organisme : National Institute for Health and Care Research
ID : MR/X03058X/1
Organisme : National Institute for Health and Care Research
ID : MR/X03058X/1
Organisme : National Institute for Health and Care Research
ID : MR/X03058X/1
Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
Adams KL, Mandy W, Catmur C, Bird G. Potential mechanisms underlying the association between feeding and eating disorders and autism. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 105717 (2024).
Adams K, L., Murphy, J., Catmur, C., & Bird, G. The role of interoception in the overlap between eating disorders and autism: Methodological considerations. Eur Eat Disorder Rev. 2022;30(5):501–9.
doi: 10.1002/erv.2905
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.
doi: 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Babb C, Brede J, Jones C, et al. It’s not that they don’t want to access the support…it’s the impact of autism: The experience of eating disorder services from the perspective of autistic women, parents and healthcare professional. Autism. 2021;25(5):1409–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361321991256 .
doi: 10.1177/1362361321991256
pubmed: 33588579
pmcid: 8264634
Bottema-Beutel K, Kapp SK, Lester JN, Sasson NJ, Hand BN. Avoiding ableist language: suggestions for autism researchers. Autism Adulthood Chall Manag. 2021;3(1):18–29. https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2020.0014 .
doi: 10.1089/aut.2020.0014
Bradley S, Moore F, Duffy F, Clark L, Suratwala T, Knightsmith P, Gillespie-Smith K. Camouflaging, not sensory processing or autistic identity, predicts eating disorder symptoms in autistic adults. Autism. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613241245749 .
doi: 10.1177/13623613241245749
pubmed: 38634458
Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3(2):77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa .
doi: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Brede J, Babb C, Jones C, Elliott M, Zanker C, Mandy W. “For me, the anorexia is just a symptom, and the cause is autism”: Investigating restrictive eating disorders in autistic women. J Autism Dev Disord. 2020;50(12):4280–96.
doi: 10.1007/s10803-020-04479-3
pubmed: 32274604
pmcid: 7677288
Breton É, Juster RP, Booij L. Gender and sex in eating disorders: A narrative review of the current state of knowledge, research gaps, and recommendations. Brain Behav. 2023;13(4): e2871. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.2871 .
doi: 10.1002/brb3.2871
pubmed: 36840375
pmcid: 10097055
Bury SM, Jellett R, Spoor JR, Hedley D. “It Defines Who I Am” or “It’s Something I Have”: What language do [Autistic] Australian adults [on the autism spectrum] prefer? J Autism Dev Disord. 2023;53(2):677–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04425-3 .
doi: 10.1007/s10803-020-04425-3
pubmed: 32112234
Carpita B, Muti D, Cremone IM, Fagiolini A, Dell’Osso L. Eating disorders and autism spectrum: links and risks. CNS Spect. 2022;27(3):272–80. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852920002011 .
doi: 10.1017/S1092852920002011
Cornwall A, Jewkes R. What is participatory research? Soc Sci Med. 1995;41(12):1667–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(95)00127-s .
doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(95)00127-s
pubmed: 8746866
Davis R, Crompton C. What do new findings about social interaction in autistic adults mean for neurodevelopmental research. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2021;16(3):649–53.
doi: 10.1177/1745691620958010
pubmed: 33560175
pmcid: 8114326
Duffy F, Gillespie-Smith K, Sharpe H, Buchan K, Nimbley E, Maloney E, Tchanturia K. Eating disorder and autism collaborative (EDAC) project outline. Promot Eat Disorder Res Embedded Neurodiversity Affirm Culture. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/yfpjn (2023)
Fletcher-Watson S, Adams J, Brook K, Charman T, Crane L, Cusak J, Leekam S, Milton D, Parr J, R., & Pellicano, E. Making the future together: shaping autism research through meaningful participation. Autism. 2019;23(4):943–53.
doi: 10.1177/1362361318786721
pubmed: 30095277
Gesi C, Carmassi C, Luciano M, Bossini L, Ricca V, Dell’Osso L. Autistic traits in patients with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder: a pilot study. Eur Psychiat. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.310 .
doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.310
Gowen E, Taylor R, Bleazard T, Greenstein A, Baimbridge P, Poole D. Guidelines for conducting research studies with the autism community. Autism Policy Practice. 2019;2:29–45.
pubmed: 32226635
pmcid: 7099931
Hemmings A, Sharpe H, Allen K, Bartel H, Campbell IC, Desrivières S, Schmidt U. EDIFY (eating disorders: delineating illness and recovery trajectories to inform personalised prevention and early intervention in young people): project outline. BJPsych Bull. 2023;47(6):328–36. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjb.2022.83 .
doi: 10.1192/bjb.2022.83
pubmed: 36545688
pmcid: 10694679
Hower H, LaMarre A, Bachner-Melman R, Harrop EN, McGilley B, Kenny TE. Conceptualizing eating disorder recovery research: current perspectives and future research directions. J Eat Disord. 2022;10(1):165. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-022-00678-8 .
doi: 10.1186/s40337-022-00678-8
pubmed: 36380392
pmcid: 9664434
Huke V, Turk J, Saedi S, Kent A, Morgan J, F. Autism spectrum disorders in eating disorder populations: a systematic review. Eur Eat Disorders Rev. 2013;21(5):345–51.
doi: 10.1002/erv.2244
Inoue T, Otani R, Iguchi T, Ishii R, Uchida S, Okada A, Kitayama S, Koyanagi K, Suzuki Y, Suzuki Y, Sumi Y, Takamiya S, Tsurumaru Y, Nagamitsu S, Fukai Y, Fujii C, Matsuoka M, Iwanami J, Wakabayashi A, Sakuta R. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder and autistic traits in children with anorexia nervosa and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder. BioPsychoSoc Med. 2021;15(1):9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13030-021-00212-3 .
doi: 10.1186/s13030-021-00212-3
pubmed: 34001197
pmcid: 8130445
Karjalainen L, Gillberg C, Råstam M, Wentz E. Eating disorders and eating pathology in young adult and adult patients with ESSENCE. Comprehensive Psychiat. 2016;66:79–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.12.009 .
doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.12.009
Kenny L, Hattersley C, Mollins B, Buckley C, Povey C, Pellicano E. Which terms should be used to describe autism? Perspectives from the UK autism community. Autism. 2016;20(4):442–62.
doi: 10.1177/1362361315588200
pubmed: 26134030
Kerr-Gaffney J, Hayward H, Jones EJH, Halls D, Murphy D, Tchanturia K. Autism symptoms in anorexia nervosa: a comparative study with females with autism spectrum disorder. Mol Autism. 2021;12(1):47. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-021-00455-5 .
doi: 10.1186/s13229-021-00455-5
pubmed: 34193255
pmcid: 8247081
Kerr-Gaffney J, Mason L, Jones E, Hayward H, Ahmad J, Harrison A, Loth E, Murphy D, Tchanturia K. Emotion recognition abilities in adults with anorexia nervosa are associated with autistic traits. J Clin Med. 2020;9(4):1057. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041057 .
doi: 10.3390/jcm9041057
pubmed: 32276387
pmcid: 7230901
Kinnaird E, Tchanturia K. Looking beneath the surface: distinguishing between common features in autism and anorexia nervosa. J Behav Cognit Therapy. 2020;31(1):1–13.
Kinnaird E, Norton C, Stewart C, Tchanturia K. Same behaviours, different reasons: what do patients with co-occurring anorexia and autism want from treatment? Int Rev Psychiat. 2019;31(4):308–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2018.1531831 .
doi: 10.1080/09540261.2018.1531831
Kinnaird E, Stewart C, Tchanturia K. Taste sensitivity in anorexia nervosa: a systematic review. Int J Eat Disord. 2018;51(8):771–84.
doi: 10.1002/eat.22886
pubmed: 29984498
pmcid: 6282513
Koomar T, Thomas TR, Pottschmidt NR, Lutter M, Michaelson JJ. Estimating the prevalence and genetic risk mechanisms of ARFID in a large autism cohort. Front Psychiat. 2021;12:849.
doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.668297
Leppanen J, Sedgewick F, Treasure J, Tchanturia K. Differences in theory of mind profiles of patients with anorexia nervosa and individuals on the autism spectrum: a meta-analytic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2018;90:146–63.
doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.04.009
pubmed: 29656033
Levine MP, Piran N. The prevention of eating disorders: toward a participatory ecology of knowledge, action, and advocacy. In: Striegel-Moore RH, Smolak L (eds), Eating disorders: innovative directions in research and practice, pp. 233–253. American Psychological Association. (2001). https://doi.org/10.1037/10403-012
Lewis HK, Foye U. From peer prevention to peer support: a systematic review exploring the involvement of lived experience in eating disorders in eating disorder interventions. Mental Health Rev J. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1108/MHRJ-04-2021-0033 .
doi: 10.1108/MHRJ-04-2021-0033
Li Z, Dandil Y, Toloza C, Carr A, Oyeleye O, Kinnaird E, Tchanturia K. Measuring clinical efficacy through the lens of audit data in different adult eating disorder treatment programmes. Front Psychiat. 2020;11: 599945. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.599945 .
doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.599945
Long J, Panese J, Ferguson J, Hamill MA, Miller J. Enabling voice and participation in autism services: using practitioner research to develop inclusive practice. Good Autism Pract. 2017;18:6–14.
Longhurst P, Clark L. Integrating the autistic experience into existing models for disordered eating. Front Psychol. 2022;13: 926415.
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.926415
pubmed: 35800941
pmcid: 9255270
Mandy W, Tchanturia K. Do women with eating disorders who have social and flexibility difficulties really have autism? A case series. Mol Autism. 2015;6(1):6.
doi: 10.1186/2040-2392-6-6
pubmed: 26056560
pmcid: 4459459
Mansour S, Rozenblat V, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M, Paganini C, Treasure J, Krug I. Emotions mediate the relationship between autistic traits and disordered eating: a new autistic-emotional model for eating pathology. Psychiat Res. 2016;245:119–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.08.021 .
doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.08.021
McGregor K, McKenna JL, Barrera EP, Williams CR, Hartman-Munick SM, Guss CE. Disordered eating and considerations for the transgender community: a review of the literature and clinical guidance for assessment and treatment. J Eat Disord. 2023;11(1):75. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-023-00793-0 .
doi: 10.1186/s40337-023-00793-0
pubmed: 37189185
pmcid: 10186736
Milton D. On the ontological status of autism: The ‘double empathy problem.’ Disabil Soc. 2012;27(6):883–7.
doi: 10.1080/09687599.2012.710008
Milton D, Maclean D, E. ‘Filling in the gaps’: a micro-sociological analysis of autism. Auton Crit J Interdiscipl Autism Studies. 2013;1(2):1–7.
Nagata JM, Ganson KT, Murray SB. Eating disorders in adolescent boys and young men: an update. Curr Opin Pediat. 2020;32(4):476–81. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0000000000000911 .
doi: 10.1097/MOP.0000000000000911
National Institute for Health and Care Research (2021) Guidance on co-producing a research project. [ https://www.learningforinvolvement.org.uk/content/resource/nihr-guidance-on-co-producing-a-research-project/ ], (Accessed on 9th April 2024).
Nazar BP, Peynenburg V, Rhind C, Hibbs R, Schmidt U, Gowers S, Macdonald P, Goddard E, Todd G, Micali N, Treasure J. An examination of the clinical outcomes of adolescents and young adults with broad autism spectrum traits and autism spectrum disorder and anorexia nervosa: a multi-centre study. Int J Eat Disord. 2018;51(2):174–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22823 .
doi: 10.1002/eat.22823
pubmed: 29331075
Nicolaidis C, Raymaker D, Kapp SK, Baggs A, Ashkenazy E, McDonald K, Weiner M, Maslak J, Hunter M, Joyce A. The AASPIRE practice-based guidelines for the inclusion of autistic adults in research as co-researchers and study participants. Autism. 2019;23(8):2007–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361319830523 .
doi: 10.1177/1362361319830523
pubmed: 30939892
pmcid: 6776684
Nimbley E, Golds L, Sharpe H, Gillespie-Smith K, Duffy F. Sensory processing and eating behaviours in autism: a systematic review. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2022;30(5):538–59.
doi: 10.1002/erv.2920
pubmed: 35737818
pmcid: 9545673
Nimbley E, Sharpe H, Maloney E, Gillespie-Smith K, Tchanturia K, Duffy F. Treatment outcomes in Autistic people with an eating disorder: A mixed methods systematic review. Manuscript submitted for publication (2024).
Oldershaw A, Hambrook D, Tchanturia K, Treasure J, Schmidt U. Emotional theory of mind and emotional awareness in recovered anorexia nervosa patients. Psychosomat Med. 2010;72(1):73–9.
doi: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181c6c7ca
Oliver K, Kothari A, Mays N. The dark side of coproduction: do the costs outweigh the benefits for health research? Health Res Policy Syst. 2019;17(1):33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-019-0432-3 .
doi: 10.1186/s12961-019-0432-3
pubmed: 30922339
pmcid: 6437844
Papastavrou Brooks C, Kafle E, Butt N, Chawner D, Day A, Elsby-Pearson C, Elson E, Hammond J, Herbert P, Jenkins CL, Johnson Z, Keith-Roach SH, Papasileka E, Reeves S, Stewart N, Gilbert N, Startup H. Co-producing principles to guide health research: an illustrative case study from an eating disorder research clinic. Res Involve Engage. 2023;9(1):84. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40900-023-00460-3 .
doi: 10.1186/s40900-023-00460-3
Parsons MA. Autism diagnosis in females by eating disorder professionals. J Eat Disord. 2023;11(1):73. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-023-00785-0 .
doi: 10.1186/s40337-023-00785-0
pubmed: 37170136
pmcid: 10173598
Pellicano L, Dinsmore A, Charman T. A Future made together: shaping autism research in the UK. London: Institute of Education; 2013.
Pickard H, Pellicano E, Den Houting K, Crane L. Participatory autism research: early career and established researchers’ views and experiences. Autism. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361321101959 .
doi: 10.1177/1362361321101959
pubmed: 34961348
pmcid: 8750139
Rim SJ, Kwak K, Park S. Risk of psychiatric comorbidity with autism spectrum disorder and its association with diagnosis timing using a nationally representative cohort. Res Autism Spect Disord. 2023;104: 102134.
doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2023.102134
Rose D, Kalathil J. Power, privilege and knowledge: the untenable promise of co-production in mental “health.” Front Sociol. 2019;4:57. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2019.00057 .
doi: 10.3389/fsoc.2019.00057
pubmed: 33869380
pmcid: 8022626
Sedgewick F, Leppanen J, Tchanturia K. Gender differences in mental health prevalence in autism. Adv Autism. 2021;7(3):208–24.
doi: 10.1108/AIA-01-2020-0007
Solmi F, Bentivegna F, Bould H, Mandy W, Kothari R, Lewis G. Trajectories of autistic social traits in childhood and adolescence and disordered eating behaviours at age 14 years: a UK general population cohort study. J Child Psychol Psychiat. 2021;62(1):75–85.
doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13255
pubmed: 32361997
Solmi M, Wade TD, Byrne S, Del Giovane C, Fairburn CG, Ostinelli EG, De Crescenzo F, Johnson C, Schmidt U, Treasure J, Favaro A, Zipfel S, Cipriani A. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of psychological interventions for the treatment of adult outpatients with anorexia nervosa: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lance Psychiat. 2021;8(3):215–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30566-6 .
doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30566-6
Spek A, A., van Rijnsoever, W., van Laarhoven, L., & Klep, M. Eating problems in men and women with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2019;50(5):1748–55.
doi: 10.1007/s10803-019-03931-3
Stark E, Ali D, Ayre A, Schneider N, Parveen S, Marais K, Pender R. Coproduction with autistic adults: Reflections from the authentistic research collective. Autism Adulthood. 2021;3(2):195–203.
doi: 10.1089/aut.2020.0050
pubmed: 36601467
pmcid: 8992895
Strother E, Lemberg R, Stanford SC, Turberville D. Eating disorders in men: underdiagnosed, undertreated, and misunderstood. Eat Disord. 2012;20(5):346–55.
doi: 10.1080/10640266.2012.715512
pubmed: 22985232
pmcid: 3479631
Tchanturia K, Adamson J, Leppanen J, Westwood H. Characteristics of autism spectrum disorder in anorexia nervosa: a naturalistic study in an inpatient treatment programme. Autism. 2019;23(1):123–30.
doi: 10.1177/1362361317722431
pubmed: 29105513
Tennant JP, Waldner F, Jacques DC, Masuzzo P, Collister LB, Hartgerink CH. The academic, economic and societal impacts of open access: an evidence-based review. F1000Research 5, 632 (2016). https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.8460.3
Vuillier L, Carter Z, Teixeira A, R., Mosesly, R, L. Alexithymia may explain the relationship between autistics traits and eating disorder pathology. Mol Autism. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-020-00364-z .
doi: 10.1186/s13229-020-00364-z
pubmed: 32758290
pmcid: 7406391
Weissman RS, Becker AE, Bulik CM, Frank GK, Klump KL, Steiger H, Strober M, Thomas J, Waller G, Walsh BT. Speaking of that: terms to avoid or reconsider in the eating disorders field. Int J Eat Disord. 2016;49(4):349–53. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22528 .
doi: 10.1002/eat.22528
pubmed: 27084795
Westwood H, Tchanturia K. Autism spectrum disorder in anorexia nervosa: an updated literature review. Curr Psychiat Rep. 2017;19(7):41.
doi: 10.1007/s11920-017-0791-9
Zhang, R., Birgegard, A., Fundin, B., Landen, M., Thornton, L, M., Bulik, C, M., & Dinkler, L. Association of autism diagnosis and polygenic scores with eating disorder severity. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2022;30(5):442–58.
doi: 10.1002/erv.2941
pubmed: 35855524