Use of sedation-awakening electroencephalography in dogs with epilepsy.
ambulatory EEG
canine electroencephalography
canine epilepsy diagnosis
epilepsy
paroxysmal
sedation
seizure
Journal
Journal of veterinary internal medicine
ISSN: 1939-1676
Titre abrégé: J Vet Intern Med
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 8708660
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
12 Aug 2024
12 Aug 2024
Historique:
received:
15
01
2024
accepted:
17
07
2024
medline:
12
8
2024
pubmed:
12
8
2024
entrez:
12
8
2024
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
Electroencephalography (EEG) recording protocols have been standardized for humans. Although the utilization of techniques in veterinary medicine is increasing, a standard protocol has not yet been established. Assessment of a sedation-awakening EEG protocol in dogs. Electroencephalography examination was performed in a research colony of 6 nonepileptic dogs (control [C]) and 12 dogs with epilepsy admitted to the clinic because of the epileptic seizures. It was a prospective study with retrospective control. Dogs with epilepsy were divided into 2 equal groups, wherein EEG acquisition was performed using a "sedation" protocol (IE-S, n = 6) and a "sedation-awakening" protocol (IE-SA, n = 6). All animals were sedated using medetomidine. In IE-SA group, sedation was reversed 5 minutes after commencing the EEG recording by injecting atipamezole IM. Type of background activity (BGA) and presence of EEG-defined epileptiform discharges (EDs) were evaluated blindly. Statistical significance was set at P > 0.05. Epileptiform discharges were found in 1 of 6 of the dogs in group C, 4 of 6 of the dogs in IE-S group, and 5 of 6 of the dogs in IE-SA group. A significantly greater number of EDs (spikes, P = .0109; polyspikes, P = .0109; sharp waves, P = .01) were detected in Phase 2 in animals subjected to the "sedation-awakening" protocol, whereas there was no statistically significant greater number of discharges in sedated animals. A "sedation-awakening" EEG protocol could be of value for ambulatory use if repeated EEG recordings and monitoring of epilepsy in dogs is needed.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
Electroencephalography (EEG) recording protocols have been standardized for humans. Although the utilization of techniques in veterinary medicine is increasing, a standard protocol has not yet been established.
HYPOTHESIS
OBJECTIVE
Assessment of a sedation-awakening EEG protocol in dogs.
ANIMALS
METHODS
Electroencephalography examination was performed in a research colony of 6 nonepileptic dogs (control [C]) and 12 dogs with epilepsy admitted to the clinic because of the epileptic seizures.
METHODS
METHODS
It was a prospective study with retrospective control. Dogs with epilepsy were divided into 2 equal groups, wherein EEG acquisition was performed using a "sedation" protocol (IE-S, n = 6) and a "sedation-awakening" protocol (IE-SA, n = 6). All animals were sedated using medetomidine. In IE-SA group, sedation was reversed 5 minutes after commencing the EEG recording by injecting atipamezole IM. Type of background activity (BGA) and presence of EEG-defined epileptiform discharges (EDs) were evaluated blindly. Statistical significance was set at P > 0.05.
RESULTS
RESULTS
Epileptiform discharges were found in 1 of 6 of the dogs in group C, 4 of 6 of the dogs in IE-S group, and 5 of 6 of the dogs in IE-SA group. A significantly greater number of EDs (spikes, P = .0109; polyspikes, P = .0109; sharp waves, P = .01) were detected in Phase 2 in animals subjected to the "sedation-awakening" protocol, whereas there was no statistically significant greater number of discharges in sedated animals.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
CONCLUSIONS
A "sedation-awakening" EEG protocol could be of value for ambulatory use if repeated EEG recordings and monitoring of epilepsy in dogs is needed.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Subventions
Organisme : Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences
Informations de copyright
© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
Références
Falco‐Walter J. Epilepsy‐definition, classification, pathophysiology, and epidemiology. Semin Neurol. 2020;40:617‐623.
Scheffer IE, Berkovic S, Capovilla G, et al. ILAE classification of the epilepsies: position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia. 2017;58:512‐521.
Koutroumanidis M, Smith S. Use and abuse of EEG in the diagnosis of idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Epilepsia. 2005;46:96‐107.
De Risio L, Bhattii S, Muñana K, et al. International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force consensus proposal: diagnostic approach to epilepsy in dogs. BMC Vet Res. 2015;11:148.
Sinha SR, Sullivan L, Sabau D, et al. American clinical neurophysiology society guideline 1: minimum technical requirements for performing clinical electroencephalography. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2016;33:303‐307.
Packer RMA, Berendt M, Bhatti S, et al. Inter‐observer agreement of canine and feline paroxysmal event semiology and classification by veterinary neurology specialists and non‐specialists. BMC Vet Res. 2015;11:39.
Potschka H, Fischer A, Löscher W, et al. International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force consensus proposal: outcome of therapeutic interventions in canine and feline epilepsy. BMC Vet Res. 2015;11:177.
Wrzosek M. Electroencephalography as a diagnostic technique for canine neurological diseases. J Vet Res. 2016;60:181‐187.
James F. Introduction to electroencephalography. In: De Risio L, Platt S, eds. Canine and Feline Epilepsy: Diagnosis and Treatment. Oxfordshire, UK: CABI; 2014:325‐346.
Hasegawa D. Diagnostic techniques to detect the epileptogenic zone: pathophysiological and presurgical analysis of epilepsy in dogs and cats. Vet J. 2016;215:64‐75.
Pellegrino FC, Sica REP. Canine electroencephalographic recording technique: findings in normal and epileptic dogs. Clin Neurophysiol. 2004;115:477‐487.
James FM, Allen DG, Bersenas AM, et al. Investigation of the use of three electroencephalographic electrodes for long‐term electroencephalographic recording in awake and sedated dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2011;72:384‐390.
James FM, Cortez MA, Monteith G, et al. Diagnostic utility of wireless video—electroencephalography in unsedated dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2017;31:1469‐1476.
Lyon E, Pochat H, Blot S, et al. Use of video‐electroencephalography as a first‐line examination in veterinary neurology: development and standardization of electroencephalography in unsedated dogs and cats. Front Vet Sci. 2024;11:01‐16.
Wrzosek M, Ives JR, Karczewski M, Dziadkowiak E, Gruszka E. The relationship between epileptiform discharges and background activity in the visual analysis of electroencephalographic examinations in dogs with seizures of different etiologies. Vet J. 2017;222:41‐51.
Utsugi S, Saito M, Sato T, Kunimi M. Relationship between interictal epileptiform discharges under medetomidine sedation and clinical seizures in canine idiopathic epilepsy. Vet Rec. 2020;187:67.
Itamoto K, Taura Y, Wada N, et al. Effect of medetomidine on electroencephalography and use of a quantitative electroencephalograph for evaluating sedation levels in dogs. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med. 2001;48:525‐535.
Nordli DR, Riviello J, Niedermeyer E. Seizures and epilepsy in infants to adolescents. In: Schomer DL, Da Silva FL, eds. Niedermeyer's Electroencephalography. Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and Related Fields. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott; 2011:479‐540.
Kobau R, Luncheon C, Greenlund K. Active epilepsy prevalence among U.S. adults is 1.1% and differs by educational level—National Health Interview Survey, United States, 2021. Epilepsy Behav. 2023;142:109180.
Vera‐González A. Pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the etiologies of seizures and epilepsy. In: Czuczwar SJ, ed. Epilepsy. Brisbane (AU): Exon Publications; 2022.
Uriarte A, Maestro Saiz I. Canine versus human epilepsy: are we up to date? J Small Anim Pract. 2016;57:115‐121.
Kearsley‐Fleet L, O'Neill DG, Volk HA, Church DB, Brodbelt DC. Prevalence and risk factors for canine epilepsy of unknown origin in the UK. Vet Rec. 2013;172:338.
Heske L, Nødtvedt A, Jäderlund KH, Berendt M, Egenvall A. A cohort study of epilepsy among 665,000 insured dogs: incidence, mortality and survival after diagnosis. Vet J. 2014;202:471‐476.
Smith SJ. EEG in the diagnosis, classification, and management of patients with epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76:2‐7.
Mesraoua B, Deleu D, Al Hail H, et al. Electroencephalography in epilepsy: look for what could be beyond the visual inspection. Neurol Sci. 2019;40:2287‐2291.
Flink R, Pedersen B, Guekht AB, et al. Guidelines for the use of EEG methodology in the diagnosis of epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand. 2012;106:1‐7.
Brauer C, Kastner SB, Schenk HC, et al. Electroencephalographic recordings in dogs: prevention of muscle artifacts and evaluation of two activation techniques in healthy individuals. Res Vet Sci. 2011;90:306‐311.
Tatum WO, Dworetzky BA, Schomer DL. Artifact and recording concepts in EEG. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2011;28:252‐263.
Brauer C, Kastner SB, Rohn K, et al. Electroencephalographic recordings in dogs suffering from idiopathic and symptomatic epilepsy: diagnostic value of interictal short time EEG protocols supplemented by two activation techniques. Vet J. 2012;193:185‐192.
Wrzosek M, Płonek M, Nicpoń J, Cizinauskas S, Pakozdy A. Retrospective multicenter evaluation of the “fly‐catching syndrome” in 24 dogs: EEG, BAER, MRI, CSF findings and response to anti‐epileptic and anti‐depressant treatment. Epilepsy Behav. 2015;12:184‐189.
Pakozdy A, Thalhammer JG, Leschnik M, et al. Electroencephalographic examination of epileptic dogs under propofol restraint. Acta Vet Hung. 2012;60:309‐324.
Wrzosek M, Nicpon J, Bergamasco L, Sammartano F, Cizinauskas S, Jaggy A. Visual and quantitative electroencephalographic analysis of healthy young and adult cats under medetomidine sedation. Vet J. 2009;180:221‐230.
Jeserevics J, Viitmaa RR, Cizinauskas S, et al. Electroencephalography findings in healthy and Finnish Spitz dogs with epilepsy: visual and background quantitative analysis. J Vet Intern Med. 2007;21:1299‐1306.
Wrzosek M, Płonek M, Nicpoń J. Electroencephalographic features of metabolic encephalopathy in dogs. Med Weter. 2015;71:100‐103.
Bergamasco L, Accatino A, Priano L, Neiger‐Aeschbacher G, Cizinauskas S, Jaggy A. Quantitative electroencephalographic findings in beagles anaesthetized with propofol. Vet J. 2003;166:58‐66.
Leijten FS, Teunissen NW, Wieneke GH, et al. Activation of interictal spiking in mesiotemporal lobe epilepsy by propofol‐induced sleep. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2001;18:291‐298.
Kaplan PW, Rossetti AO. EEG patterns and imaging correlations in encephalopathy: encephalopathy part II. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2011;28:233‐251.
Berendt M, Hogenhaven H, Flagstad A, et al. Electroencephalography in dogs with epilepsy: similarities between human and canine findings. Acta Neurol Scand. 1999;99:276‐283.
Morita T, Shimada A, Takeuchi T, et al. Cliniconeuropathologic findings of familial frontal lobe epilepsy in Shetland sheepdogs. Can J Vet Res. 2002;66:35‐41.
Vendrame M, Kothare SV. Epileptic and nonepileptic paroxysmal events out of sleep in children. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2011;28:111‐119.
Parmentier T, Monteith G, Cortez MA, et al. Effect of prior general anesthesia or sedation and antiseizure drugs on the diagnostic utility of wireless video electroencephalography in dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2020;34:1967‐1974.
Vainio O, Vӓhӓ‐Vahe T. Reversal medetomidine sedation by atipamezole in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 1990;13:15‐22.
Ranheim B, Soli NE, Ryeng KA, et al. Pharmacokinetics of medetomidine and atipamezole in dairy calves: an agonist‐antagonist interaction. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 1998;21:428‐432.
Johnson RA, Kennedy MJ. Dexmedetomidine & Atipamezole. Clinician's Brief; 2015:65‐67.
Nissinen J, Andrade P, Natunen T, et al. Disease‐modifying effect of atipamezole in a model of post‐traumatic epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2017;136:18‐34.
Miyazaki Y, Adachi T, Kurata J, Utsumi J, Shichino T, Segawa H. Dexmedetomidine reduces seizure threshold during enflurane anaesthesia in cats. Br J Anaesth. 1999;82:935‐937.