High prevalence of adult and nonadult scurvy in an early agricultural transition site from Mainland Southeast Asia was associated with decreased survivorship.
Vietnam
agricultural transition
demography
osteological paradox
survivorship
Journal
American journal of biological anthropology
ISSN: 2692-7691
Titre abrégé: Am J Biol Anthropol
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 101770171
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
17 Aug 2024
17 Aug 2024
Historique:
revised:
30
06
2024
received:
29
08
2023
accepted:
25
07
2024
medline:
17
8
2024
pubmed:
17
8
2024
entrez:
17
8
2024
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
The osteological paradox recognizes that the presence of lesions is not always directly related with increased mortality. When combined with the clinical, historical, and epidemiological literature on scurvy, survivorship analysis, a form of statistical analysis to assess the relationship between the presence of diseases in the archeological record and survival, helps determine the overall burden of the disease both in terms of morbidity and mortality. This article explores the relationship between scurvy and survivorship in 26 adults from Man Bac, a Neolithic site from northern Vietnam together with prepublished evidence of scurvy in the nonadult population (n = 44). Diagnosis of scurvy included differential diagnosis combined with the Snoddy, A. M. E., Buckley, H. R., Elliott, G. E., Standen, V. G., Arriaza, B. T., & Halcrow, S. E. (2018). Macroscopic features of scurvy in human skeletal remains: A literature synthesis and diagnostic guide. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 167(4), 876-895. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23699 threshold criteria and the Brickley, M. B., & Morgan, B. (2023). Assessing diagnostic certainty for scurvy and rickets in human skeletal remains. American Journal of Biological Anthropology, 181, 637-645 diagnostic certainty approaches. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were produced to assess the relationship between the presence of probable scurvy and age-at-death. The prevalence of probable scurvy in adults (35%) was considerably lower than reported for the nonadults (80%). Almost all lesions observed in the adults were in a mixed stage of healing. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated no difference in survivorship between infants and children (<15 years) with or without probable scurvy, whereas a meaningful difference was observed for the adults and adolescents (15+ years). The findings demonstrate that scurvy considerably decreased survivorship to older age categories. The degree of lesion remodeling, however, indicates that scurvy was not necessarily the direct cause of death but contributed to an overall disease burden that was ultimately fatal.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
e25011Subventions
Organisme : Australian Research Council
ID : DP110101097
Organisme : Australian Research Council
ID : FT120100299
Organisme : National Geographic Society
ID : EC-54332R-18
Informations de copyright
© 2024 The Author(s). American Journal of Biological Anthropology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Références
Agarwal, S. C. (2016). Bone morphologies and histories: Life course approaches in bioarchaeology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 159, 130–149.
Al‐Tubaikh, J. A. (2010). Scurvy. In Internal medicine: An illustrated radiological guide (pp. 225–226). Springer.
Amogne, W., Nimani, M., Shemsedin, I., Marshalo, W., Jima, D., Addissie, A., & Fogarty, J. (2021). An epidemic of scurvy, identified based on lower extremity swelling, in a southern Ethiopian prison. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 105(2), 511–516.
Appleby, J., Thomas, R., & Buikstra, J. (2015). Increasing confidence in paleopathological diagnosis—Application of the Istanbul terminological framework. International Journal of Paleopathology, 8, 19–21.
Baker, M. (2016). Statisticians issue warning on P values. Nature, 531(7593), 151.
Barlow, T. (1883). On cases described as “acute rickets,” which are probably a combination of scurvy and rickets, the scurvy being an essential, and the rickets a variable, element. Medico‐Chirurgical Transactions, 66, 159–220.1.
Brailsford, J. F. (1953). Some radiographic manifestations of early scurvy. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 28(138), 81–86.
Brickley, M., Ives, R., & Mays, S. (2020). The bioarchaeology of metabolic bone disease (2nd ed.). Academic Press.
Brickley, M., Mays, S., & Ives, R. (2007). An investigation of skeletal indicators of vitamin D deficiency in adults: Effective markers for interpreting past living conditions and pollution levels in 18th and 19th century Birmingham, England. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 132(1), 67–79.
Brickley, M., Schattmann, A., & Ingram, J. (2016). Possible scurvy in the prisoners of old Quebec: A re‐evaluation of evidence in adult skeletal remains. International Journal of Paleopathology, 15, 92–102.
Brickley, M. B., & Morgan, B. (2023). Assessing diagnostic certainty for scurvy and rickets in human skeletal remains. American Journal of Biological Anthropology, 181, 637–645.
Brooks, S., & Suchey, J. M. (1990). Skeletal age determination based on the Os pubis: A comparison of the Acsádi‐Nemeskéri and Suchey‐Brooks methods. Human Evolution, 5(3), 227–238. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02437238
Buchanan, W. (1898). Malaria v. Scurvy. The Indian Medical Gazette, 33(10), 399.
Buckley, H. R., & Dias, G. J. (2002). The distribution of skeletal lesions in treponemal disease: Is the lymphatic system responsible? International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 12(3), 178–188.
Buckley, H. R., Kinaston, R., Halcrow, S. E., Foster, A., Spriggs, M., & Bedford, S. (2014). Scurvy in a tropical paradise? Evaluating the possibility of infant and adult vitamin C deficiency in the Lapita skeletal sample of Teouma, Vanuatu, Pacific islands. International Journal of Paleopathology, 5, 72–85.
Buckley, H. R., Vlok, M., Petchey, P., & Ritchie, N. (2024). ‘A long want’: An archival exploration of scurvy in the Otago goldfields of New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 54(3), 368–389.
Buikstra, J. E. (2019). Ortner's identification of pathological conditions in human skeletal remains (Vol. 3). Academic Press.
Buikstra, J. E., & Ubelaker, D. H. (1994). Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains: Proceedings of a seminar at the field museum of natural history, arkansas archeological survey research series no. 44. Arkansas Archeological Survey.
Cheung, E., Mutahar, R., Assefa, F., Ververs, M.‐T., Nasiri, S. M., Borrel, A., & Salama, P. (2003). An epidemic of scurvy in Afghanistan: Assessment and response. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 24(3), 247–255.
Cohen, H. W. (2011). P values: Use and misuse in medical literature. American Journal of Hypertension, 24(1), 18–23.
Cook, A. B. (1945). Pseudo‐paralysis due to scorbutic epiphysitis. The Indian Medical Gazette, 80(5), 260–262.
Crist, T. A., & Sorg, M. H. (2014). Adult scurvy in New France: Samuel de Champlain's “Mal de la Terre” at Saint Croix Island, 1604–1605. International Journal of Paleopathology, 5, 95–105.
Dalldorf, G. (1933). A sensitive test for subclinical scurvy in man. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 46(4), 794–802.
DeWitte, S. N. (2010). Sex differentials in frailty in medieval England. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 143(2), 285–297.
DeWitte, S. N., & Hughes‐Morey, G. (2012). Stature and frailty during the black death: The effect of stature on risks of epidemic mortality in London, AD 1348–1350. Journal of Archaeological Science, 39(5), 1412–1419.
DeWitte, S. N., & Stojanowski, C. M. (2015). The osteological paradox 20 years later: Past perspectives, future directions. Journal of Archaeological Research, 23(4), 397–450.
Dwek, J. R. (2010). The periosteum: What is it, where is it, and what mimics it in its absence? Skeletal Radiology, 39(4), 319–323.
Fossitt, D. D., & Kowalski, T. J. (2014). Classic skin findings of scurvy. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 89, e61.
Fox, F. (1941). Experimental human scurvy. British Medical Journal, 1(4182), 311–313.
Francis, R. M., & Selby, P. L. (1997). Osteomalacia. Baillière's Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 11(1), 145–163.
Geber, J., & Murphy, E. (2012). Scurvy in the great Irish famine: Evidence of vitamin C deficiency from a mid‐19th century skeletal population. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 148(4), 512–524.
Göthlin, G. (1930). A method of establishing the vitamin standard and requirements of physically healthy individuals by testing the strength of their cutaneous capillaries. Scandinavian Archives for Physiology, 61, 225.
Gould, B. S. (1961). Ascorbic acid and collagen fiber formation. In Vitamins & hormones. (R. Harris, D.J. Ingle, Ed) (Vol. 18, pp. 89–120). Elsevier.
Gowland, R. L. (2015). Entangled lives: Implications of the developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis for bioarchaeology and the life course. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 158(4), 530–540.
Halcrow, S. E., Harris, N., Tayles, N., Ikehara‐Quebral, R., & Pietrusewsky, M. (2013). From the mouths of babes: Dental caries in infants and children and the intensification of agriculture in mainland Southeast Asia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 150(3), 409–420.
Halligan, T. J., Russell, N. G., Dunn, W. J., Caldroney, S. J., & Skelton, T. B. (2005). Identification and treatment of scurvy: A case report. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology, 100(6), 688–692.
Halsey, L. G. (2019). The reign of the p‐value is over: What alternative analyses could we employ to fill the power vacuum? Biology Letters, 15(5), 20190174.
Ham, A. C., Temple, D. H., Klaus, H. D., & Hunt, D. R. (2021). Evaluating life history trade‐offs through the presence of linear enamel hypoplasia at Pueblo Bonito and Hawikku: A biocultural study of early life stress and survival in the ancestral Pueblo southwest. American Journal of Human Biology, 33(2), e23506.
Hirschmann, J., & Raugi, G. J. (1999). Adult scurvy. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 41(6), 895–910.
Hodges, R. E., Baker, E. M., Hood, J., Sauberlich, H. E., & March, S. C. (1969). Experimental scurvy in man. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 22(5), 535–548.
Huang, C., Pickavance, C. L., & Gawkrodger, D. J. (2022). Skin disease and military conflicts: Lessons from the Crimean war. Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, 54(4), 336–340.
Huffer, D., & Oxenham, M. F. (2015). Investigating activity and mobility patterns during the mid‐Holocene in northern Vietnam. In The Routledge handbook of bioarchaeology in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands. (M.F. Oxenham, H.R. Buckley, Ed) (Vol. 110). Routledge.
Kelmelis, S., & DeWitte, S. N. (2021). Urban and rural survivorship in pre‐and post‐black death Denmark. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 38, 103089.
Klaus, H. D. (2014). Frontiers in the bioarchaeology of stress and disease: Cross‐disciplinary perspectives from pathophysiology, human biology, and epidemiology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 155(2), 294–308.
Klaus, H. D. (2017). Paleopathological rigor and differential diagnosis: Case studies involving terminology, description, and diagnostic frameworks for scurvy in skeletal remains. International Journal of Paleopathology, 19, 96–110.
Larsen, C. S. (2015). Bioarchaeology: Interpreting behavior from the human skeleton (Vol. 69). Cambridge University Press.
Lewis, M. E. (2022). Exploring adolescence as a key life history stage in bioarchaeology. American Journal of Biological Anthropology, 179(4), 519–534.
Lind, J. (1757). A treatise on the scurvy. A. Millar.
Lovejoy, C. O., Meindl, R. S., Pryzbeck, T. R., & Mensforth, R. P. (1985). Chronological metamorphosis of the auricular surface of the ilium: A new method for the determination of adult skeletal age at death. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 68(1), 15–28.
Maat, G. (2004). Scurvy in adults and youngsters: The Dutch experience. A review of the history and pathology of a disregarded disease. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 14(2), 77–81.
Magalhães, B. M., Mays, S., Stark, S., & Santos, A. L. (2023). A biocultural study of nasal fracture, violence, and gender using 19th–20th century skeletal remains from Portugal. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 33, 858–867.
Mahachoklertwattana, P., Sirikulchayanonta, V., Chuansumrit, A., Karnsombat, P., Choubtum, L., Sriphrapradang, A., Domrongkitchaiporn, S., Sirisriro, R., & Rajatanavin, R. (2003). Bone histomorphometry in children and adolescents with β‐thalassemia disease: Iron‐associated focal osteomalacia. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 88(8), 3966–3972.
Major, R. H. (1965). Classic descriptions of diseases: With biographical sketches of the authors (3rd ed.). Charles C Thomas.
Matsumura, H., & Oxenham, M. F. (2013). Population dispersal from East Asia into Southeast Asia: Evidence from cranial and dental morphology. In E. A. Pechenkina & M. Oxenham (Eds.), Bioarchaeology of East Asia: Movement, contact, health (pp. 179–212). University Press of Florida.
McFadden, C., Buckley, H., Halcrow, S. E., & Oxenham, M. F. (2018). Detection of temporospatially localized growth in ancient Southeast Asia using human skeletal remains. Journal of Archaeological Science, 98, 93–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2018.08.010
McFadden, C., & Oxenham, M. F. (2020). A paleoepidemiological approach to the osteological paradox: Investigating stress, frailty and resilience through cribra orbitalia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 173, 205–217.
McFadden, C., Van Tiel, B., & Oxenham, M. F. (2020). A stabilized maternal mortality rate estimator for biased skeletal samples. Anthropological Science, 128(3), 113–117.
Mellinkoff, S. M. (1995). James Lind's legacy to clinical medicine. Western Journal of Medicine, 162(4), 367–369.
Miller, M., Schug, G. R., Pagani, L., & Carrara, N. (2020). A bioarchaeology of madness: Modernity, pellagra, and the rise of the manicomio system in the Veneto region of Italy. In The Routledge handbook of the bioarchaeology of climate and environmental change. (G. Robbins‐Schug, Ed) (pp. 255–276). Routledge.
Morrone, A., Torv, M., Piombino‐Mascali, D., Malve, M., Valk, H., & Oras, E. (2021). Hunger, disease, and subtle lesions: Insights into systemic metabolic disease in fetal and perinatal remains from 13th‐to 15th‐century Tartu, Estonia. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 31(4), 534–555.
Munns, C. F., Shaw, N., Kiely, M., Specker, B. L., Thacher, T. D., Ozono, K., Michigami, T., Tiosano, D., Mughal, M. Z., & Mäkitie, O. (2016). Global consensus recommendations on prevention and management of nutritional rickets. Hormone Research in Pædiatrics, 85(2), 83–106.
Murad, S., Grove, D., Lindberg, K., Reynolds, G., Sivarajah, A., & Pinnell, S. (1981). Regulation of collagen synthesis by ascorbic acid. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 78(5), 2879–2882.
Murray, S. R. (1886). Malarial scurvy and the post‐molar ulcer. The Indian Medical Gazette, 21(7), 202–204.
Olmedo, J. M., Yiannias, J. A., Windgassen, E. B., & Gornet, M. K. (2006). Scurvy: A disease almost forgotten. International Journal of Dermatology, 45(8), 909–913.
Ortner, D. J., Butler, W., Cafarella, J., & Milligan, L. (2001). Evidence of probable scurvy in subadults from archeological sites in North America. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 114(4), 343–351.
Ortner, D. J., & Ericksen, M. F. (1997). Bone changes in the human skull probably resulting from scurvy in infancy and childhood. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 7(3), 212–220.
Oxenham, M. F. (2006). Biological responses to change in prehistoric Viet Nam. Asian Perspectives, 45(2), 212–239.
Oxenham, M. F. (2016). Bioarchaeology of ancient northern Vietnam (Vol. 2781). British Archaeological Reports.
Oxenham, M. F., & Domett, K. M. (2011). Palaeohealth at Man Bac. In M. F. Oxenham, H. Matsumura, & N. Kim Dung (Eds.), Man Bac: The excavation of a neolithic site in northern Vietnam. The biology (Vol. 33, pp. 77–93). ANU ePress.
Oxenham, M. F., Hiep, T. H., Matsumura, H., Domett, K., Huffer, D., Crozier, R., Nguyen, L. C., & McFadden, C. (2021). Identity and community structure in Neolithic Man Bac, northern Vietnam. Archaeological Research in Asia, 26, 100282.
Oxenham, M. F., Matsumura, H., & Kim Dung, N. (2011). Man Bac: The excavation of a Neolithic site in northern Vietnam the biology, Terra Australia (Vol. 33). ANU ePress.
Oxenham, M. F., Trinh, H., Willis, A., Jones, R., Domett, K., Castillo, C., Wood, R., Bellwood, P., Tromp, M., Kells, A., Piper, P., Pham, S.‐T., Matsumura, H., & Buckley, H. (2018). Between foraging and farming: Strategic responses to the holocene thermal maximum in Southeast Asia. Antiquity, 92(364), 940–957.
Paine, R. R., & Brenton, B. P. (2006). The paleopathology of pellagra: Investigating the impact of prehistoric and historical dietary transitions to maize. Journal of Anthropological Sciences, 84, 125–135.
Perry, M. A., & Edwards, E. (2021). Differential diagnosis of metabolic disease in a commingled sample from 19th century Hisban, Jordan. International Journal of Paleopathology, 33, 220–233.
Phenice, T. W. (1969). A newly developed visual method of sexing the Os pubis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 30(2), 297–301.
Pickavance, C., Huang, C., & Gawkrodger, D. (2021). The high impact of skin disease on British forces in the Crimean war. British Journal of Dermatology, 1854–1856.
Pimentel, L. (2003). Scurvy: Historical review and current diagnostic approach. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 21(4), 328–332.
Ran, M., & Chen, L. (2019). The 4.2 ka BP climatic event and its cultural responses. Quaternary International, 521, 158–167.
Rinehart, J. F., & Greenberg, L. D. (1942). The detection of subclinical scurvy or vitamin C deficiency. Annals of Internal Medicine, 17(4), 672–680.
Robbins Schug, G., Buikstra, J. E., DeWitte, S. N., Baker, B. J., Berger, E., Buzon, M. R., Davies‐Barrett, A. M., Goldstein, L., Grauer, A. L., & Gregoricka, L. A. (2023). Climate change, human health, and resilience in the Holocene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(4), e2209472120.
Simonit, R., Maudet, S., Giuffra, V., & Riccomi, G. (2023). Infantile scurvy as a consequence of agricultural intensification in the 1st millennium BCE Etruria Campana. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 21396.
Smith, R. J. (2020). P>.05: The incorrect interpretation of “not significant” results is a significant problem. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 172, e24092.
Snoddy, A., Beaumont, J., Buckley, H., Colombo, A., Halcrow, S., Kinaston, R., & Vlok, M. (2020). Comment on Charlier et al., 2019: “The Mandible of Saint‐Louis (1270 AD): Retrospective diagnosis and circumstances of death”. Journal of Stomatology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 121(2), 192–194.
Snoddy, A. M. E., Buckley, H. R., Elliott, G. E., Standen, V. G., Arriaza, B. T., & Halcrow, S. E. (2018). Macroscopic features of scurvy in human skeletal remains: A literature synthesis and diagnostic guide. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 167(4), 876–895. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23699
Snoddy, A. M. E., Halcrow, S. E., Buckley, H. R., Standen, V. G., & Arriaza, B. T. (2017). Scurvy at the agricultural transition in the Atacama Desert (ca 3600–3200 BP): Nutritional stress at the maternal‐Foetal interface? International Journal of Paleopathology, 18, 108–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2017.05.011
Srienc‐Ściesiek, M. T., Richards, N., Ladstätter, S., & Kirchengast, S. (2024). Evidence of non‐adult vitamin C deficiency in three early medieval sites in the Jaun/Podjuna Valley, Carinthia, Austria. International Journal of Paleopathology, 45, 18–29.
Stark, R. J. (2014). A proposed framework for the study of paleopathological cases of subadult scurvy. International Journal of Paleopathology, 5, 18–26.
Tayles, N., Domett, K., & Nelsen, K. (2000). Agriculture and dental caries? The case of rice in prehistoric Southeast Asia. World Archaeology, 32(1), 68–83.
Temple, D. H. (2014). Plasticity and constraint in response to early‐life stressors among late/final jomon period foragers from Japan: Evidence for life history trade‐offs from incremental microstructures of enamel. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 155(4), 537–545.
Temple, D. H. (2019). Bioarchaeological evidence for adaptive plasticity and constraint: Exploring life‐history trade‐offs in the human past. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews, 28(1), 34–46.
Tilley, L., & Oxenham, M. F. (2011). Survival against the odds: Modeling the social implications of care provision to seriously disabled individuals. International Journal of Paleopathology, 1(1), 35–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2011.02.003
Trenouth, M. (1975). Goundou‐tertiary yaws in the maxila. British Journal of Oral Surgery, 13(2), 166–171.
UN HCHR. (2004). Istanbul protocol: Manual on the effective investigation and documentation of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. United Nations Publication.
Vaupel, J. W. (1988). Inherited frailty and longevity. Demography, 25(2), 277–287.
Vilumets, L., Aguraiuja‐Lätti, Ü., & Lewis, M. (2024). Growing up in the suburbs: Growth faltering and disease burden in the children from 16th to 18th century Tallinn, Estonia. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 34(1), e3270.
Vlok, M. (2020). Implications of human interaction for health of past populations in Asia. University of Otago.
Vlok, M. (2023). The use and misuse of threshold diagnostic criteria in paleopathology. American Journal of Biological Anthropology, 181, 326–335.
Vlok, M., & Buckley, H. R. (2022). Palaeoepidemiological considerations of mobility and population interaction in the spread of infectious diseases in the prehistoric past. Bioarchaeology International, 6(1–2), 77–107. https://doi.org/10.5744/bai.2020.0026
Vlok, M., Buckley, H. R., Domett, K., Willis, A., Tromp, M., Trinh, H. H., Minh, T. T., Mai Huong, N. T., Nguyen, L. C., & Matsumura, H. (2022). Hydatid disease (Echinococcosis granulosis) diagnosis from skeletal osteolytic lesions in an early seventh‐millennium BP forager community from preagricultural northern Vietnam. American Journal of Biological Anthropology, 177(1), 100–115.
Vlok, M., Buckley, H. R., Miszkiewicz, J. J., Walker, M., Domett, K., Matsumura, H., Hiep, T., Minh, T., Mai Huong, N. T., Huu, N. T., & Oxenham, M. F. (2021). Forager and farmer evolutionary adaptations to malaria evidenced by 7000 years of thalassemia in Southeast Asia. Scientific Reports, 11, 5677.
Vlok, M., McFadden, C., Matsumura, H., & Buckley, H. R. (2024). Nutritional deficiency and ecological stress in the middle to final western Jōmon. Antiquity, 98, 1–15.
Vlok, M., Oxenham, M., Domett, K., Trinh, H. H., Minh, T. T., Huong, N. T. M., Matsumura, H., Huu, N. T., Cuong, N. L., & Willis, A. (2023). Scurvy in the tropics: Evidence for increasing non‐adult micronutrient deficiency with the transition to agriculture in northern Vietnam. American Journal of Biological Anthropology, 180, 715–732. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24698
Vlok, M., Oxenham, M., McFadden, C., Domett, K., Trinh, H. H., Minh, T. T., Huong, N. T. M., Matsumura, H., & Buckley, H. (2024). Hypomineralization disorder in tropical Southeast Asia during the agricultural revolution: Analysis of morbidity and mortality. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 34(2), e3288.
Vlok, M., Oxenham, M. F., Domett, K., Tran, M. T., Mai Huong, N. T., Matsumura, H., Trinh, H. H., Higham, T., Higham, C. F., Huu, N. T., & Buckley, H. R. (2020). Two probable cases of infection with Treponema pallidum during the Neolithic period in northern Vietnam (ca. 2000‐1500B.C.). Bioarchaeology International, 4(1), 15–39.
Vlok, M., Snoddy, A. M. E., Ramesh, N., Wheeler, B. J., Standen, V. G., & Arriaza, B. T. (2023). The role of dietary calcium in the etiology of childhood rickets in the past and the present. American Journal of Human Biology, 35(2), e23819.
Walrath, D. E., Turner, P., & Bruzek, J. (2004). Reliability test of the visual assessment of cranial traits for sex determination. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 125(2), 132–137.
Wang, T., McFadden, C., Buckley, H., Domett, K., Willis, A., Trinh, H. H., Matsumura, H., Vlok, M., & Oxenham, M. F. (2023). Paleoepidemiology of cribra orbitalia: Insights from early seventh millennium BP Con Co Ngua, Vietnam. American Journal of Biological Anthropology, 181, 250–261.
Wood, J. W., Milner, G. R., Harpending, H. C., Weiss, K. M., Cohen, M. N., Eisenberg, L. E., Hutchinson, D. L., Jankauskas, R., Cesnys, G., & Česnys, G. (1992). The osteological paradox: Problems of inferring prehistoric health from skeletal samples [and comments and reply]. Current Anthropology, 33(4), 343–370.
World Health Organization. (2020). WHO COVID‐19 case definition. WHO.
Wright, L. E., & Yoder, C. J. (2003). Recent Progress in bioarchaeology: Approaches to the osteological paradox. Journal of Archaeological Research, 11(1), 43–70.
Yaussy, S. L., DeWitte, S. N., & Hughes‐Morey, G. (2023). Survivorship and the second epidemiological transition in industrial‐era London. American Journal of Biological Anthropology, 181, 646–652.