Myths surrounding vertical dimension of occlusion in restorative dentistry: A scoping review.
TMD
VDO
full‐mouth rehabilitation
occlusal reconstruction
stomatognathic system
temporomandibular joint disorders
vertical dimension of occlusion
Journal
Journal of esthetic and restorative dentistry : official publication of the American Academy of Esthetic Dentistry ... [et al.]
ISSN: 1708-8240
Titre abrégé: J Esthet Restor Dent
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101096515
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
27 Aug 2024
27 Aug 2024
Historique:
received:
29
07
2024
accepted:
05
08
2024
medline:
27
8
2024
pubmed:
27
8
2024
entrez:
27
8
2024
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
This scoping review aims to clarify the concept of vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) in prosthetic dentistry, addressing prevalent myths, and controversies regarding its clinical management and impact on the stomatognathic system. This paper critically examines common beliefs about VDO alteration and its effects on temporomandibular disorders (TMD) through an extensive literature review and an international survey. The survey included 862 general dentists and prosthodontists and explored their approaches to altering VDO and their perceptions of the clinical implications. The literature review provided a thorough analysis of existing research on VDO modification techniques, the adaptability of the stomatognathic system, and the relationship between VDO changes and TMD. The survey revealed insights into dentists' perspectives on VDO, showing that while many practitioners test a new VDO due to concerns about patient adaptation, a significant majority observed that patients typically adjust well to a new VDO regardless of the technique used. The survey highlighted differing beliefs about the need for a gradual process and trial phase for VDO alteration, as well as the stability of modified VDO. Literature review suggests the stability and adaptability of VDO changes due to muscle adaptability and indicates no direct causal or curative link between VDO changes and TMD. Traditional methods for determining VDO in complete dentures may not be suitable for worn dentition, underscoring the need for tailored approaches. This paper suggests that the traditional belief in the need for a prolonged trial phase for VDO alterations may be reconsidered in light of evidence supporting the adaptability of the stomatognathic system. Moreover, it emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between methods suitable for complete dentures and those for managing cases of worn dentition. The purported link between VDO alterations and TMD is also found to lack scientific evidence, highlighting the need for individualized patient care based on current evidence and clinical judgment.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Informations de copyright
© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Références
The glossary of prosthodontic terms 2023. J Prosthet Dent. 2023;130(4):e1‐e3.
Greene C, Manfredini D, Ohrbach R. Creating patients: how technology and measurement approaches are misused in diagnosis and convert healthy individuals into TMD patients. Front. Dent. Med. 2023;12:4.
Manfredini D, Ercoli C, Poggio CE, Carboncini F, Ferrari M. Centric relation—a biological perspective of a technical concept. J Oral Rehabil. 2023;50(11):1355‐1361.
Greene C, Manfredini D. Treating temporomandibular disorders in the 21st century: can we finally eliminate the “third pathway”? J Oral Facial Pain Headache. 2020;34(3):206‐216.
Goldstein G, Goodacre C, MacGregor K. Occlusal vertical dimension: best evidence consensus statement. J Prosthodont. 2021;30(S1):12‐19.
Pissiotis AL, Kamalakidis SN, Kirmanidou Y, Zahari E, Karpouzi R, Michalakis K. EPA consensus project paper: the vertical dimension of occlusion. How to determine and how to alter? A systematic review. Eur J Prosthodont Restor Dent. 2023;37265247.
Alhajj MN, Khalifa N, Abduo J, Amran AG, Ismail IA. Determination of occlusal vertical dimension for complete dentures patients: an updated review. J Oral Rehabil. 2017;44(11):896‐907.
Boyanov B. Determining vertical dimension of occlusion and centric relation. J Prosthet Dent. 1970;24(1):18‐24.
Delić Z, Vukovojac S, Grzić R, Maricić D, Kovac Z, Kovacević D. Evaluation of craniometric methods for determination of vertical dimension of occlusion—part 2. Coll Antropol. 2003;27(S1):191‐194.
Delić Z, Simunović‐Soskić M, Perinić‐Grzić R, et al. Evaluation of craniometric methods for determination of vertical dimension of occlusion. Coll Antropol. 2000;24(S1):31‐35.
Chou TM, Moore DJ, Young L, Glaros AG. A diagnostic craniometric method for determining occlusal vertical dimension. J Prosthet Dent. 1994;71(6):568‐574.
Tench RW. Dangers in dental reconstruction in‐volving increase of the vertical dimension of the lower third of the human face. J Am Dent Assoc Dent Cosmos. 1938;25(4):566‐570.
Sajjan MS, Eachempati P, Dhall R, Fulari D, Shigli K, Soe HK. An anthropometric study to evaluate the correlation of vertical dimension at rest and length of thumb: a multi‐national, multi‐centre pilot study. J Indian Prosthodont Soc. 2020;20(4):402‐408.
Haroon TM, Tiwari RC, Mahajan A, et al. Occlusal vertical dimension and its association with length of thumb: An original research. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2022;14(5):304.
Basnet B, Singh RK, Parajuli PK, Suwal P, Shrestha P, Baral D. An anthropometric study to evaluate the correlation between the occlusal vertical dimension and length of the thumb. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2015;7:33‐39.
Ladda R, Bhandari A, Kasat V, Angadi G. A new technique to determine vertical dimension of occlusion from anthropometric measurements of fingers. Indian J Dent Res. 2013;24(3):316‐320.
Ladda R, Kasat V, Bhandari AJ. A new technique to determine vertical dimension of occlusion from anthropometric measurement of interpupillary distance. J Clin Exp Dent. 2014;6:e395‐e399.
Bhat VS, Shetty S, Khizer S. Correlation of intercondylar distance and occlusal vertical dimension in dentate individuals: a clinical study. J Prosthet Dent. 2023;129(6):895.e1‐895.e6.
Heintz WD, Peters GW. Esthetic occlusion rims providing for jaw relations. J Prosthet Dent. 1959;9(4):587‐593.
Smith DE. The reliability of pre‐extraction records for complete dentures. J Prosthet Dent. 1971;25(6):592‐608.
Abdul‐Rahman DHA‐R, Abdullah DZS. Occlusal vertical dimension and its correlation with lingual Frenum. Mustansiria Dent J. 2018;4(2):188‐191.
Gupta S, Garg S, Tandan A, Dwivedi R, Gupta NK, Agarwal G. Relationship of the lingual frenum to the mandibular central incisors. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res. 2015;5(1):40‐45.
Bissasu M. Use of lingual frenum in determining the original vertical position of mandibular anterior teeth. J Prosthet Dent. 1999;82(2):177‐181.
Refenauct CR, Lee RL. Fundamentals of Esthetics. Quintessence; 1990:234.
Bissasu M. Use of a patient's old complete denture to determine vertical dimension of occlusion. J Prosthet Dent. 2001;85(4):413‐414.
Hull CA, Junghans JA. A cephalometric approach to establishing the facial vertical dimension. J Prosthet Dent. 1968;20(1):37‐42.
Strajnić L, Stanisić‐Sinobad D, Marković D, Stojanović L. Cephalometric indicators of the vertical dimension of occlusion. Coll Antropol. 2008;32(2):535‐541.
Yamashita S, Shimizu M, Katada H. A newly proposed method to predict optimum occlusal vertical dimension. J Prosthodont. 2015;24(4):287‐290.
Brzoza D, Barrera N, Contasti G, Hernández A. Predicting vertical dimension with cephalograms, for edentulous patients. Gerodontology. 2005;22(2):98‐103.
Wiro W, Habar ID. Cephalometric analysis for accurately determining the vertical dimension: a case report. J Dentomaxillofac Sci. 2017;2(1):52.
Vinnakota D, Kanneganti K, Pulagam M, Keerthi G. Determination of vertical dimension of occlusion using lateral profile photographs: a pilot study. J Indian Prosthodont Soc. 2016;16(4):323‐327.
Constantinescu FE, Savastano F, Perlea P, Constantinescu MV. Complete morphofunctional oral rehabilitation by physiological increase of occlusal vertical dimension according to computerized mandibular scanner. Rom J Morphol Embryol. 2022;63(1):245‐251.
Konchak PA, Thomas NR, Lanigan DT, Devon RM. Freeway space measurement using mandibular kinesiograph and EMG before and after TENS. Angle Orthod. 1988;58(4):343‐350.
Mahony D. Re‐establishing physiologic vertical dimension for an overclosed patient. Orthod J Nepal. 2014;4(1):52‐56.
Tanaka Y, Sato H, Toyoda H, Saito M, Maeda Y, Kang Y. The mechanism for regulating the isometric contraction of masseter muscles is involved in determining the vertical dimension of occlusion. J Neurophysiol. 2023;129(1):211‐219.
Karl PJ, Foley TF. The use of a deprogramming appliance to obtain centric relation records. Angle Orthod. 1999;69(2):117‐124. discussion 124–5.
Revilla‐León M, Zeitler JM, Kois DE, Kois JC. Utilizing an additively manufactured Kois deprogrammer to record centric relation: a simplified workflow and delivery technique. J Prosthet Dent. 2022;132(1):20‐25.
Edelhoff D, Schweiger J, Prandtner O, Trimpl J, Stimmelmayr M, Güth JF. CAD/CAM splints for the functional and esthetic evaluation of newly defined occlusal dimensions. Quintessence Int. 2017;48(3):181‐191.
Crins LAMJ, Opdam NJM, Kreulen CM, Bronkhorst EM, Huysmans MDNJM, Loomans BAC. Randomised controlled trial on testing an increased vertical dimension of occlusion prior to restorative treatment of tooth wear. J Oral Rehabil. 2023;50(4):267‐275.
Silverman MM. The speaking method in measuring vertical dimension. J Prosthet Dent. 1953;3(2):193‐199.
Pound E. Let/S/be your guide. J Prosthet Dent. 1977;38(5):482‐489.
Pound E. The mandibular movements of speech and their seven related values. J Prosthet Dent. 1966;16(5):835‐843.
Burnett CA. Clinical rest and closest speech positions in the determination of occlusal vertical dimension. J Oral Rehabil. 2000;27(8):714‐719.
Souza RF d, Compagnoni MA. Relation between speaking space of the /s/ sound and freeway space in dentate and edentate subjects. Braz Oral Res. 2004;18(4):333‐337.
Ismail YH, George WA. The consistency of the swallowing technique in determining occlusal vertical relation in edentulous patients. J Prosthet Dent. 1968;19(3):230‐236.
Saunders JBDM, Davis C, Miller ER. LXXIX the mechanism of deglutition (second stage) as revealed by cine‐radiography. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1951;60(4):897‐916.
Shanahan TEJ. Physiologic vertical dimension and centric relation. J Prosthet Dent. 2004;91(3):206‐209.
Johnson A, Wildgoose DG, Wood DJ. The determination of freeway space using two different methods. J Oral Rehabil. 2002;29(10):1010‐1013.
Makzoumé JE. A procedure for directly measuring the physiologic rest position and occlusal vertical dimension. J Prosthet Dent. 2017;117(5):697‐698.
Toolson LB, Smith DE. Clinical measurement and evaluation of vertical dimension. J Prosthet Dent. 1982;47(3):236‐241.
Schuyler CH. Problems associated with opening the bite which would contraindicate it as a common procedure. J Am Dent Assoc. 1939;26(5):734‐740.
Assaf C, Fahd J, Sabbagh J. Four‐year follow‐up of increased vertical dimension of occlusion using resin composites. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2018;8(5):469‐474.
Lu DP, Wu PS. Using double occlusion checking system and bi‐digital O‐ring test to determine the vertical dimension of occlusion for maxillofacial prosthodontics for patients with long‐term pathophysiological condition. Acupunct Electrother Res. 2015;40(1):17‐33.
Nanda A, Srivastava A, Jain V. An electromyographic study to assess the minimal time duration for using the splint to raise the vertical dimension in patients with generalized attrition of teeth. Indian J Dent Res. 2011;22(2):303‐308.
Lai A, Korgaonkar M, Gomes L, et al. fMRI study on human subjects with sudden occlusal vertical dimension increase. Jacobs J Dent Res. 2015;2:20.
Poggio CE, Manfredini D. Does increasing vertical dimension of occlusion in centric relation affect muscular activity? An electromyographic study. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2024;36(1):231‐238.
Fabbri G, Sorrentino R, Cannistraro G, et al. Increasing the vertical dimension of occlusion: a multicenter retrospective clinical comparative study on 100 patients with fixed tooth‐supported, mixed, and implant‐supported full‐arch rehabilitations. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2018;38(3):323‐335.
Abduo J. Safety of increasing vertical dimension of occlusion: a systematic review. Quintessence Int. 2012;43(5):369‐380.
Greene C, Manfredini D. Overtreatment “successes”—what are the negative consequences for patients, dentists, and the profession? J Oral Facial Pain Headache. 2023;37(2):81‐90.
Moreno‐Hay I, Okeson JP. Does altering the occlusal vertical dimension produce temporomandibular disorders? A literature review. J Oral Rehabil. 2015;42(11):875‐882.
Manfredini D, Stellini E, Gracco A, Lombardo L, Nardini LG, Siciliani G. Orthodontics is temporomandibular disorder–neutral. Angle Orthod. 2016;86(4):649‐654.
Colonna A, Lobbezoo F, Gravili G, Lombardo L, Ahlberg J, Manfredini D. Effects of orthodontic aligners on 24‐hour masseter muscle activity: a multiple‐day electromyographic study. Cranio. 2024;5:1‐10.
Lassmann Ł, Pollis M, Żółtowska A, Manfredini D. Gut bless your pain‐roles of the gut microbiota, sleep, and melatonin in chronic orofacial pain and depression. Biomedicine. 2022;10(7):1528.
Greene CS, Manfredini D. Transitioning to chronic temporomandibular disorder pain: a combination of patient vulnerabilities and iatrogenesis. J Oral Rehabil. 2021;48(9):1077‐1088.
Ahlberg J, Lobbezoo F, Ahlberg K, et al. Self‐reported bruxism mirrors anxiety and stress in adults. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2013;18:e7‐e11.
Canales GDLT, Guarda‐Nardini L, Rizzatti‐Barbosa CM, Conti PCR, Manfredini D. Distribution of depression, somatization and pain‐related impairment in patients with chronic temporomandibular disorders. J Appl Oral Sci. 2019;27:e20180210.
Manfredini D, Winocur E, Ahlberg J, Guarda‐Nardini L, Lobbezoo F. Psychosocial impairment in temporomandibular disorders patients. RDC/TMD axis II findings from a multicentre study. J Dent. 2010;38(10):765‐772.
Osiewicz M, Lobbezoo F, Ciapała B, Pytko‐Polończyk J, Manfredini D. Pain predictors in a population of temporomandibular disorders patients. J Clin Med. 2020;9(2):452.
Millar BJ, Parmenter D. Mandibular distalisation for tooth wear in patients requiring mandibular protrusion for sleep apnoea. Eur J Prosthodont Restor Dent. 2023;31(3):234‐238.
Rubio‐Bueno P, Landete P, Ardanza B, et al. Maxillomandibular advancement as the initial treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea: is the mandibular occlusal plane the key? Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2017;46(11):1363‐1371.
Brevi BC, Toma L, Pau M, Sesenna E. Counterclockwise rotation of the occlusal plane in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;69(3):917‐923.
Tomiyama N, Ichida T, Yamaguchi K. Electromyographic activity of lower lip muscles when chewing with the lips in contact and apart. Angle Orthod. 2004;74(1):31‐36.
Gamboa NA, Miralles R, Valenzuela S, et al. Comparison of muscle activity between subjects with or without lip competence: electromyographic activity of lips, supra‐ and infrahyoid muscles. Cranio. 2017;35(6):385‐391.
Dawson PE. Functional Occlusion: From TMJ to Smile Design. Vol 2008. Mosby Elsevier; 2008:116‐117.
Schweitzer JM. Restorative dentistry—a half century of reflections. J Prosthet Dent. 1974;31(1):22‐51.
Caiozzo VJ, Utkan A, Chou R, et al. Effects of distraction on muscle length: mechanisms involved in sarcomerogenesis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002;403:S133‐S145.
Wisdom KM, Delp SL, Kuhl E. Use it or lose it: multiscale skeletal muscle adaptation to mechanical stimuli. Biomech Model Mechanobiol. 2015;14(2):195‐215.
Zöllner AM, Abilez OJ, Böl M, Kuhl E. Stretching skeletal muscle: chronic muscle lengthening through sarcomerogenesis. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e45661.
Liu C, Huang D, Zhou L, Liu G, Wang Y, Jiang T. Two‐year observation of the occlusal vertical dimension after bite raising via cone‐beam computerized tomography: a preliminary study. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):3509.
Yagi T, Morimoto T, Hidaka O, et al. Adjustment of the occlusal vertical dimension in the bite‐raised Guinea pig. J Dent Res. 2003;82(2):127‐130.
Ramfjord SP, Blankenship JR. Increased occlusal vertical dimension in adult monkeys. J Prosthet Dent. 1981;45(1):74‐83.
Matano T, Tamai K, Kurokawa T. Adaptation of skeletal muscle in limb lengthening: a light diffraction study on the sarcomere lengthIn situ. J Orthop Res. 1994;12(2):193‐196.
Takahashi M, Yasui N, Enishi T, et al. Diverse muscle architecture adaptations in a rabbit tibial lengthening model. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 2014;4(4):433‐437.
Boakes JL, Foran J, Ward SR, Lieber RL. CASE REPORT: muscle adaptation by serial sarcomere addition 1 year after femoral lengthening. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;456:250‐253.
Yabushita T, Zeredo JL, Toda K, Soma K. Role of occlusal vertical dimension in spindle function. J Dent Res. 2005;84(3):245‐249.
Yabushita T, Zeredo JL, Fujita K, Toda K, Soma K. Functional adaptability of jaw‐muscle spindles after bite‐raising. J Dent Res. 2006;85(9):849‐853.
Rebibo M, Darmouni L, Jouvin J, Orthlieb JD. Vertical dimension of occlusion: the keys to decision. Int J Stomatol Occlusion Med. 2009;2(3):147‐159.
Kois JCPK. Occlusal vertical dimension: alteration concerns. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 1997;18(12):1169‐1174.
Harzer W, Augstein A, Olbert C, Juenger D, Keil C, Weiland B. Satellite cell capacity for functional adaptation of masseter muscle in class II and class III patients after orthognathic surgery—a pilot study. Eur J Orthod. 2021;43(2):234‐240.
Breuel W, Krause M, Schneider M, Harzer W. Genetic stretching factors in masseter muscle after orthognathic surgery. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;51(6):530‐535.
Marewski M, Petto C, Schneider M, Harzer W. Genetic response in masseter muscle after orthognathic surgery in comparison with healthy controls—a microarray study. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2017;45(4):547‐551.
Lobbezoo F, Naeije M. Bruxism is mainly regulated centrally, not peripherally. J Oral Rehabil. 2001;28(12):1085‐1091.
Lobbezoo F, Ahlberg J, Manfredini D, Winocur E. Are bruxism and the bite causally related? J Oral Rehabil. 2012;39(7):489‐501.
Lavigne GJ, Khoury S, Abe S, Yamaguchi T, Raphael K. Bruxism physiology and pathology: an overview for clinicians. J Oral Rehabil. 2008;35(7):476‐494.
Lobbezoo F, Ahlberg J, Raphael KG, et al. International consensus on the assessment of bruxism: report of a work in progress. J Oral Rehabil. 2018;45(11):837‐844.
Manfredini D, Ahlberg J, Lobbezoo F. Bruxism definition: past, present, and future—what should a prosthodontist know? J Prosthet Dent. 2022;128(5):905‐912.
Manfredini D, Visscher CM, Guarda‐Nardini L, Lobbezoo F. Occlusal factors are not related to self‐reported bruxism. J Orofac Pain. 2012;26(3):163‐167.
Manfredini D, Ahlberg J, Aarab G, et al. Standardised tool for the assessment of bruxism. J Oral Rehabil. 2024;51(1):29‐58.
Levers BGH, Darling AI. Continuous eruption of some adult human teeth of ancient populations. Arch Oral Biol. 1983;28(5):401‐408.
Margvelashvili A, Zollikofer CPE, Lordkipanidze D, Peltomäki T, Ponce de León MS. Tooth wear and dentoalveolar remodeling are key factors of morphological variation in the Dmanisi mandibles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(43):17278‐17283.
Kaifu Y. Tooth wear and compensatory modification of the anterior dentoalveolar complex in humans. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2000;111(3):369‐392.
Crothers A, Sandham A. Vertical height differences in subjects with severe dental wear. Eur J Orthod. 1993;15(6):519‐525.
Spear F. Approaches to vertical dimension. Adv Esthet Interdiscip Dent. 2006;2(3):1‐14.
Pröschel PA, Maul T, Morneburg T. Predicted incidence of excursive occlusal errors in common modes of articulator adjustment. Int J Prosthodont. 2000;13(4):303‐310.
Vinnakota D, Edamadaka N, Reddy P, Duggineni C. Comparison of patient satisfaction between complete dentures fabricated using “conventional” and “cephalometric angular reconstruction” vertical dimension procedures: a multicenter randomized clinical trial. J Indian Prosthodont Soc. 2022;22(1):82.
Misch CE. Clinical indications for altering vertical dimension of occlusion. Objective vs subjective methods for determining vertical dimension of occlusion. Quintessence Int. 2000;31(4):280‐282.
Ormianer Z, Gross M. A 2‐year follow‐up of mandibular posture following an increase in occlusal vertical dimension beyond the clinical rest position with fixed restorations. J Oral Rehabil. 1998;25(11):877‐883.
Gross MD, Ormianer Z. A preliminary study on the effect of occlusal vertical dimension increase on mandibular postural rest position. Int J Prosthodont. 1994;7(3):216‐226.
Silverman MM. Accurate measurement of vertical dimension by phonetics and the speaking centric space. Part I. Dent Dig. 1951;57(6):261‐265.
Christensen J. Effect of occlusion‐raising procedures on the chewing system. Dent Pract Dent Rec. 1970;20(7):233‐238.
Carlsson GE, Ingervall B, Kocak G. Effect of increasing vertical dimension on the masticatory system in subjects with natural teeth. J Prosthet Dent. 1979;41(3):284‐289.
Manns A, Miralles R, Guerrero F. The changes in electrical activity of the postural muscles of the mandible upon varying the vertical dimension. J Prosthet Dent. 1981;45(4):438‐445.
Michelotti A, Farella M, Vollaro S, Martina R. Mandibular rest position and electrical activity of the masticatory muscles. J Prosthet Dent. 1997;78(1):48‐53.
Lindauer SJ, Gay T, Rendell J. Effect of jaw opening on masticatory muscle EMG‐force characteristics. J Dent Res. 1993;72(1):51‐55.
Nakamura T, Inoue T, Ishigaki S, Maruyama T. The effect of vertical dimension change on mandibular movements and muscle activity. Int J Prosthodont. 1988;1(3):297‐301.
Abduljabbar T, Mehta NR, Forgione AG, et al. Effect of increased maxillo‐mandibular relationship on isometric strength in TMD patients with loss of vertical dimension of occlusion. Cranio. 1997;15(1):57‐67.
Manfredini D, Cocilovo F, Stellini E, Favero L, Guarda‐Nardini L. Surface electromyography findings in unilateral myofascial pain patients: comparison of painful vs non painful sides. Pain Med. 2013;14(12):1848‐1853.
Manfredini D, Cocilovo F, Favero L, Ferronato G, Tonello S, Guarda‐Nardini L. Surface electromyography of jaw muscles and kinesiographic recordings: diagnostic accuracy for myofascial pain. J Oral Rehabil. 2011;38(11):791‐799.
Manfredini D, Castroflorio T, Perinetti G, Guarda‐Nardini L. Dental occlusion, body posture and temporomandibular disorders: where we are now and where we are heading for. J Oral Rehabil. 2012;39(6):463‐471.
Farella M, Palla S, Erni S, Michelotti A, Gallo LM. Masticatory muscle activity during deliberately performed oral tasks. Physiol Meas. 2008;29(12):1397‐1410.
Svensson P, Graven‐Nielsen T. Craniofacial muscle pain: review of mechanisms and clinical manifestations. J Orofac Pain. 2001;15(2):117‐145.
Suvinen TI, Kemppainen P. Review of clinical EMG studies related to muscle and occlusal factors in healthy and TMD subjects. J Oral Rehabil. 2007;34(9):631‐644.
Suvinen TI, Reade PC, Könönen M, Kemppainen P. Vertical jaw separation and masseter muscle electromyographic activity: a comparative study between asymptomatic controls & patients with temporomandibular pain & dysfunction. J Oral Rehabil. 2003;30(8):765‐772.
Ferrario VF, Sforza C, Tartaglia GM, Dellavia C. Immediate effect of a stabilization splint on masticatory muscle activity in temporomandibular disorder patients. J Oral Rehabil. 2002;29(9):810‐815.
Hiyama S, Ono T, Ishiwata Y, Kato Y, Kuroda T. First night effect of an interocclusal appliance on nocturnal masticatory muscle activity. J Oral Rehabil. 2003;30(2):139‐145.
Carlson N, Moline D, Huber L, Jacobson J. Comparison of muscle activity between conventional and neuromuscular splints. J Prosthet Dent. 1993;70(1):39‐43.
Hamata MM, Zuim PRJ, Garcia AR. Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of occlusal splints fabricated in centric relation or maximum intercuspation in temporomandibular disorders patients. J Appl Oral Sci. 2009;17(1):32‐38.
Kovaleski WC, De Boever J. Influence of occlusal splints on jaw position and musculature in patients with temporomandibular joint dysfunction. J Prosthet Dent. 1975;33(3):321‐327.
Greene CS, Menchel HF. The use of oral appliances in the management of temporomandibular disorders. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2018;30(3):265‐277.
Casares G, Thomas A, Carmona J, Acero J, Vila CN. Influence of oral stabilization appliances in intra‐articular pressure of the temporomandibular joint. Cranio. 2014;32(3):219‐223.
Nitzan DW. Intraarticular pressure in the functioning human temporomandibular joint and its alteration by uniform elevation of the occlusal plane. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1994;52(7):671‐679.
Guguvcevski L, Gigovski N, Mijoska A, Zlatanovska K, Gigovska AA. Temporomandibular disorders treatment with correction of decreased occlusal vertical dimension. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2017;5(7):983‐986.
Türp JC, Greene CS, Strub JR. Dental occlusion: a critical reflection on past, present and future concepts. J Oral Rehabil. 2008;35(6):446‐453.
Manfredini D, Lombardo L, Siciliani G. Temporomandibular disorders and dental occlusion. A systematic review of association studies: end of an era? J Oral Rehabil. 2017;44(11):908‐923.
Michael LA. A perspective jaws revisited: costen's syndrome. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1997;106(10):820‐822.
Sicher H. Temporomandibular articulation in mandibular overclosure. J Am Dent Assoc. 1948;36(2):131‐139.
Shapiro HH, Truex RC. The temporomandibular joint and the auditory function. J Am Dent Assoc. 1943;30(15):1147‐1168.
Nelson DA, Landau WM. Jaws: diversities of gnathological history and temporomandibular joint enterprise. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999;67(2):141‐147.
Nguyen MS, Saag M, Jagomägi T, Nguyen QH, Voog‐Oras Ü. The impact of occlusal support on temporomandibular disorders: a literature review. Proc Singap Healthc. 2022;15(31):201010582110237.
Manfredini D, Piccotti F, Ferronato G, Guarda‐Nardini L. Age peaks of different RDC/TMD diagnoses in a patient population. J Dent. 2010;38(5):392‐399.
Rivera‐Morales WC, Mohl ND. Restoration of the vertical dimension of occlusion in the severely worn dentition. Dent Clin N Am. 1992;36(3):651‐664.
Manfredini D, De Laat A, Winocur E, Ahlberg J. Why not stop looking at bruxism as a black/white condition? Aetiology could be unrelated to clinical consequences. J Oral Rehabil. 2016;43(10):799‐801.
Abe S, Yamaguchi T, Rompré PH, De Grandmont P, Chen YJ, Lavigne GJ. Tooth wear in young subjects: a discriminator between sleep bruxers and controls? Int J Prosthodont. 2009;22(4):342‐350.
Schierz O, John MT, Schroeder E, Lobbezoo F. Association between anterior tooth wear and temporomandibular disorder pain in a German population. J Prosthet Dent. 2007;97(5):305‐309.
Manfredini D, Saracutu OI, Ferrari Cagidiaco E, Ferrari M. EPA consensus project paper: the relationship between prosthodontic rehabilitations and temporomandibular disorders. Eur J Prosthodont Restor Dent. 2023;1‐8.