Application of electronic nose technology in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal diseases: a review.

Barrett’s esophagus Colorectal cancer Electronic nose technology Gastric cancer Inflammatory bowel disease

Journal

Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology
ISSN: 1432-1335
Titre abrégé: J Cancer Res Clin Oncol
Pays: Germany
ID NLM: 7902060

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
27 Aug 2024
Historique:
received: 02 01 2024
accepted: 14 08 2024
medline: 28 8 2024
pubmed: 28 8 2024
entrez: 27 8 2024
Statut: epublish

Résumé

Electronic noses (eNoses) are electronic bionic olfactory systems that use sensor arrays to produce response patterns to different odors, thereby enabling the identification of various scents. Gastrointestinal diseases have a high incidence rate and occur in 9 out of 10 people in China. Gastrointestinal diseases are characterized by a long course of symptoms and are associated with treatment difficulties and recurrence. This review offers a comprehensive overview of volatile organic compounds, with a specific emphasis on those detected via the eNose system. Furthermore, this review describes the application of bionic eNose technology in the diagnosis and screening of gastrointestinal diseases based on recent local and international research progress and advancements. Moreover, the prospects of bionic eNose technology in the field of gastrointestinal disease diagnostics are discussed.

Identifiants

pubmed: 39192027
doi: 10.1007/s00432-024-05925-w
pii: 10.1007/s00432-024-05925-w
doi:

Substances chimiques

Volatile Organic Compounds 0

Types de publication

Journal Article Review

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

401

Informations de copyright

© 2024. The Author(s).

Références

Aleixandre M, Lozano J, Gutiérrez J, Sayago I, Fernández MJ, Horrillo MC (2008) Portable e-nose to classify different kinds of wine. Sens Actuators B 131:71–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2007.12.027
doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2007.12.027
Amal H, Leja M, Funka K, Skapars R, Sivins A, Ancans G et al (2016) Detection of precancerous gastric lesions and gastric cancer through exhaled breath. Gut 65:400–407. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308536
doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308536 pubmed: 25869737
Amal H, Leja M, Funka K, Skapars R, Liepniece-Karele I, Kikuste I, et al (2014) Sa1896 nanomaterial-based sensor technology can detect gastric cancer and peptic ulcer disease with a high accuracy from an exhaled air sample. Gastroenterology 146:S–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(14)61165-3
Amann A, del Costello B, Miekisch W, Schubert J, Buszewski B, Pleil J et al (2014) The human volatilome: volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath, skin emanations, urine, feces and saliva. J Breath Res 8:034001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1752-7155/8/3/034001
doi: 10.1088/1752-7155/8/3/034001 pubmed: 24946087
Arasaradnam RP, Ouaret N, Thomas MG, Quraishi N, Heatherington E, Nwokolo CU et al (2013) A novel tool for noninvasive diagnosis and tracking of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 19:999–1003. https://doi.org/10.1097/MIB.0b013e3182802b26
doi: 10.1097/MIB.0b013e3182802b26 pubmed: 23478806
Behera B, Joshi R, Anil Vishnu GKA, Bhalerao S, Pandya HJ (2019) Electronic nose: a non-invasive technology for breath analysis of diabetes and lung cancer patients. J Breath Res 13:024001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1752-7163/aafc77
doi: 10.1088/1752-7163/aafc77 pubmed: 30620934
Boeckxstaens G, El-Serag HB, Smout AJPM, Kahrilas PJ (2014) Symptomatic reflux disease: the present, the past and the future. Gut 63:1185–1193. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2013-306393
doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-306393 pubmed: 24607936
Broza YY, Haick H (2013) Nanomaterial-based sensors for detection of disease by volatile organic compounds. Nanomedicine (lond) 8:785–806. https://doi.org/10.2217/nnm.13.64
doi: 10.2217/nnm.13.64 pubmed: 23656265
Broza YY, Vishinkin R, Barash O, Nakhleh MK, Haick H (2018) Synergy between nanomaterials and volatile organic compounds for non-invasive medical evaluation. Chem Soc Rev 47:4781–4859. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cs00317c
doi: 10.1039/c8cs00317c pubmed: 29888356
Bruins M, Rahim Z, Bos A, van de Sande WWJ, Endtz HP, van Belkum A (2013) Diagnosis of active tuberculosis by e-nose analysis of exhaled air. Tuberculosis (edinb) 93:232–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tube.2012.10.002
doi: 10.1016/j.tube.2012.10.002 pubmed: 23127779
Buck LB (2004) Olfactory receptors and odor coding in mammals. Nutr Rev 62:S184–S188; discussion S224. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00097.x
Buszewski B, Kesy M, Ligor T, Amann A (2007) Human exhaled air analytics: biomarkers of diseases. Biomed Chromatogr 21:553–566. https://doi.org/10.1002/bmc.835
doi: 10.1002/bmc.835 pubmed: 17431933
Chen X, Cao M, Li Y, Hu W, Wang P, Ying K, Pan H (2005) A study of an electronic nose for detection of lung cancer based on a virtual SAW gas sensors array and imaging recognition method. Meas Sci Technol 16:1535–1546. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/16/8/001
doi: 10.1088/0957-0233/16/8/001
Chow JS, Chen CC, Ahsan H, Neugut AI (1996) A population-based study of the incidence of malignant small bowel tumours: SEER, 1973–1990. Int J Epidemiol 25:722–728. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/25.4.722
doi: 10.1093/ije/25.4.722 pubmed: 8921448
Chung J, Akter S, Han S, Shin Y, Choi TG, Kang I, Kim SS (2022) Diagnosis by volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath in exhaled breath from patients with gastric and colorectal cancers. Int J Mol Sci 24:129. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010129
doi: 10.3390/ijms24010129 pubmed: 36613569 pmcid: 9820758
Consales M, Campopiano S, Cutolo A et al (2006) Carbon nanotubes thin films fiber optic and acoustic VOCs sensors: performances analysis. Sens Actuators, B Chem 118:232–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2006.04.028
doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2006.04.028
Daniel DAP, Thangavel K (2016) Breathomics for gastric cancer classification using back-propagation neural network. J Med Signals Sens 6:172–182. https://doi.org/10.4103/2228-7477.186879
doi: 10.4103/2228-7477.186879 pubmed: 27563574 pmcid: 4973461
de Meij TG, Larbi IB, van der Schee MP, Lentferink YE, Paff T, Terhaar sive Droste JS, et al (2014) Electronic nose can discriminate colorectal carcinoma and advanced adenomas by fecal volatile biomarker analysis: Proof of principle study. Int J Cancer 134:1132–1138. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.28446
doi: 10.1002/ijc.28446 pubmed: 23959518
Desmond BJ, Dennett ER, Danielson KM (2019) Circulating extracellular vesicle microRNA as diagnostic biomarkers in early colorectal cancer-A review. Cancers (basel) 12:52. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12010052
doi: 10.3390/cancers12010052 pubmed: 31878015
Dumoulin FL, Rodriguez-Monaco FD, Ebigbo A, Steinbrück I (2022) Artificial intelligence in the management of Barrett’s esophagus and early esophageal adenocarcinoma. Cancers (basel) 14:1918. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14081918
doi: 10.3390/cancers14081918 pubmed: 35454824
Einoch Amor R, Nakhleh MK, Barash O, Haick H (2019) Breath analysis of cancer in the present and the future. Eur Respir Rev 28:190002. https://doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0002-2019
doi: 10.1183/16000617.0002-2019 pubmed: 31243094 pmcid: 9489002
Gardner JW, Bartlett PN (1994) A brief history of electronic noses. Sens Actuators B 18:210–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0925-4005(94)87085-3
doi: 10.1016/0925-4005(94)87085-3
Gardner JW, Shin HW, Hines EL (2000) An electronic nose system to diagnose illness. Sens Actuators B 70:19–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4005(00)00548-7
doi: 10.1016/S0925-4005(00)00548-7
Gouzerh F, Bessière JM, Ujvari B, Thomas F, Dujon AM, Dormont L (2022) Odors and cancer: current status and future directions. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 1877:188644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188644
doi: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188644 pubmed: 34737023
Grate JW (2000) Acoustic wave microsensor arrays for vapor sensing. Chem Rev 100:2627–2648. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr980094j
doi: 10.1021/cr980094j pubmed: 11749298
Haddad G, Schouwenburg S, Altesha A, Xu W, Liu G (2020) Using breath analysis as a screening tool to detect gastric cancer: A systematic review. J Breath Res 15. https://doi.org/10.1088/1752-7163/abc4d5
Haick H, Broza YY, Mochalski P, Ruzsanyi V, Amann A (2014) Assessment, origin, and implementation of breath volatile cancer markers. Chem Soc Rev 43:1423–1449. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cs60329f
doi: 10.1039/c3cs60329f pubmed: 24305596
Hakim M, Broza YY, Barash O, Peled N, Phillips M, Amann A, Haick H (2012) Volatile organic compounds of lung cancer and possible biochemical pathways. Chem Rev 112:5949–5966. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr300174a
doi: 10.1021/cr300174a pubmed: 22991938
Hayeck TJ, Kong CY, Spechler SJ, Gazelle GS, Hur C (2010) The prevalence of Barrett’s esophagus in the US: Estimates from a simulation model confirmed by SEER data. Dis Esophagus 23:451–457. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-2050.2010.01054.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1442-2050.2010.01054.x pubmed: 20353441
He J, Xu L, Wang P, Wang Q (2017) A high precise E-nose for daily indoor air quality monitoring in living environment. Integration 58:286–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vlsi.2016.12.010
doi: 10.1016/j.vlsi.2016.12.010
Huang J, Ngai CH, Deng Y, Tin MS, Lok V, Zhang L et al (2022) Cancer incidence and mortality in Asian countries: a trend analysis. Cancer Control 29:10732748221095956. https://doi.org/10.1177/10732748221095955
doi: 10.1177/10732748221095955 pubmed: 35770775 pmcid: 9252010
Khaled AY, Parrish CA, Adedeji A (2021) Emerging nondestructive approaches for meat quality and safety evaluation-A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 20:3438–3463. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12781
doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12781 pubmed: 34151512
Kou L, Zhang D, Liu D (2017) A novel medical E-nose signal analysis system. Sensors (basel) 17:402. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17040402
doi: 10.3390/s17040402 pubmed: 28379168
Leopold JH, Bos LDJ, Sterk PJ, Schultz MJ, Fens N, Horvath I et al (2015) Comparison of classification methods in breath analysis by electronic nose. J Breath Res 9:046002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1752-7155/9/4/046002
doi: 10.1088/1752-7155/9/4/046002 pubmed: 26669708
Leunis N, Boumans ML, Kremer B, Din S, Stobberingh E, Kessels AGH, Kross KW (2014) Application of an electronic nose in the diagnosis of head and neck cancer. Laryngoscope 124:1377–1381. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.24463
doi: 10.1002/lary.24463 pubmed: 24142627
Li D, Lei T, Zhang S, Shao X, Xie C (2015) A novel headspace integrated E-nose and its application in discrimination of Chinese medical herbs. Sens Actuators B 221:556–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2015.06.144
doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2015.06.144
Majumdar SR, Fletcher RH, Evans AT (1999) How does colorectal cancer present? Symptoms, duration, and clues to location. Am J Gastroenterol 94:3039–3045. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.01454.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.01454.x pubmed: 10520866
McWilliams A, Beigi P, Srinidhi A, Lam S, MacAulay CE (2015) Sex and smoking status effects on the early detection of early lung cancer in high-risk smokers using an electronic nose. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 62:2044–2054. https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2015.2409092
doi: 10.1109/TBME.2015.2409092 pubmed: 25775482
Miekisch W, Schubert JK, Noeldge-Schomburg GFE (2004) Diagnostic potential of breath analysis–Focus on volatile organic compounds. Clin Chim Acta 347:25–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cccn.2004.04.023
doi: 10.1016/j.cccn.2004.04.023 pubmed: 15313139
Montuschi P, Mores N, Trové A, Mondino C, Barnes PJ (2013) The electronic nose in respiratory medicine. Respiration 85:72–84. https://doi.org/10.1159/000340044
doi: 10.1159/000340044 pubmed: 23018197
Nakhleh MK, Broza YY, Haick H (2014) Monolayer-capped gold nanoparticles for disease detection from breath. Nanomedicine (lond) 9:1991–2002. https://doi.org/10.2217/nnm.14.121
doi: 10.2217/nnm.14.121 pubmed: 25343349
Ogunwobi OO, Mahmood F, Akingboye A (2020) Biomarkers in colorectal cancer: current research and future prospects. Int J Mol Sci 21:5311. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155311
doi: 10.3390/ijms21155311 pubmed: 32726923 pmcid: 7432436
Okunieff P, Fenton B, Chen Y (2005) Past, present, and future of oxygen in cancer research. Adv Exp Med Biol 566:213–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-26206-7_29
doi: 10.1007/0-387-26206-7_29 pubmed: 16594155
Öztürk S, Kösemen A, Kösemen ZA, Kılınç N, Öztürk ZZ, Penza M (2016) Electrochemically growth of Pd doped ZnO nanorods on QCM for room temperature VOC sensors. Sens Actuators B 222:280–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2015.08.083
doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2015.08.083
Pan SY, Morrison H (2011) Epidemiology of cancer of the small intestine. World J Gastrointest Oncol 3:33–42. https://doi.org/10.4251/wjgo.v3.i3.33
doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v3.i3.33 pubmed: 21461167 pmcid: 3069308
Park EJ, Baek JH, Choi GS, Park WC, Yu CS, Kang SB et al (2020) The role of primary tumor resection in colorectal cancer patients with asymptomatic, synchronous, unresectable metastasis: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Cancers (basel) 12:2306. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12082306
doi: 10.3390/cancers12082306 pubmed: 32824392
Pauling L, Robinson AB, Teranishi R, Cary P (1971) Quantitative analysis of urine vapor and breath by gas-liquid partition chromatography. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 68:2374–2376. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.68.10.2374
doi: 10.1073/pnas.68.10.2374 pubmed: 5289873 pmcid: 389425
Peng G, Hakim M, Broza YY, Billan S, Abdah-Bortnyak R, Kuten A et al (2010) Detection of lung, breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers from exhaled breath using a single array of nanosensors. Br J Cancer 103:542–551. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6605810
doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605810 pubmed: 20648015 pmcid: 2939793
Persaud K, Dodd G (1982) Analysis of discrimination mechanisms in the mammalian olfactory system using a model nose. Nature 299:352–355. https://doi.org/10.1038/299352a0
doi: 10.1038/299352a0 pubmed: 7110356
Peters Y, Schrauwen RWM, Tan AC, Bogers SK, de Jong B, Siersema PD (2020) Detection of Barrett’s oesophagus through exhaled breath using an electronic nose device. Gut 69:1169–1172. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2019-320273
doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-320273 pubmed: 32098798
Pizzini A, Filipiak W, Wille J, Ager C, Wiesenhofer H, Kubinec R et al (2018) Analysis of volatile organic compounds in the breath of patients with stable or acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Breath Res 12:036002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1752-7163/aaa4c5
doi: 10.1088/1752-7163/aaa4c5 pubmed: 29295966
Polaka I, Bhandari MP, Mezmale L, Anarkulova L, Veliks V, Sivins A et al (2022) Modular point-of-care breath analyzer and shape taxonomy-based machine learning for gastric cancer detection. Diagnostics (basel, Switzerland) 12:491. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12020491
doi: 10.3390/diagnostics12020491 pubmed: 35204584
Rauch S, Jasny E, Schmidt KE, Petsch B (2018) New vaccine technologies to combat outbreak situations. Front Immunol 9:1963. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01963
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01963 pubmed: 30283434 pmcid: 6156540
Ruszkiewicz DM, Sanders D, O’Brien R, Hempel F, Reed MJ, Riepe AC et al (2020) Diagnosis of COVID-19 by analysis of breath with gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry—a feasibility study. Eclinicalmedicine 29:100609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100609
doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100609 pubmed: 33134902
Sanaeifar A, Zakidizaji H, Jafari A, Guardia M (2017) Early detection of contamination and defect in foodstuffs by electronic nose: a review. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 97:257–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2017.09.014
doi: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.09.014
Van Der Schee M, Pinheiro H, Gaude E (2018) Breath biopsy for early detection and precision medicine in cancer. Ecancermedicalscience 12:ed84. https://doi.org/10.3332/ecancer.2018.ed84
Scheepers MHMC, Al-Difaie Z, Brandts L, Peeters A, van Grinsven B, Bouvy ND (2022) Diagnostic performance of electronic noses in cancer diagnoses using exhaled breath: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open 5:e2219372. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.19372
doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.19372 pubmed: 35767259 pmcid: 9244610
Schuermans VNE, Li Z, Jongen ACHM, Wu Z, Shi J, Ji J, Bouvy ND (2018) Pilot study: Detection of gastric cancer from exhaled air analyzed with an electronic nose in Chinese patients. Surg Innov 25:429–434. https://doi.org/10.1177/1553350618781267
doi: 10.1177/1553350618781267 pubmed: 29909757 pmcid: 6166235
Shreffler J, Huecker MR (2020) Diagnostic testing accuracy: Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and likelihood ratios. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island, FL
Tiele A, Wicaksono A, Kansara J, Arasaradnam RP, Covington JA (2019) Breath analysis using eNose and ion mobility technology to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease-a pilot study. Biosensors (basel) 9:55. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios9020055
doi: 10.3390/bios9020055 pubmed: 31013848
Turner AP, Magan N (2004) Electronic noses and disease diagnostics. Nat Rev Microbiol 2:161–166. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro823
doi: 10.1038/nrmicro823 pubmed: 15040263
Tyagi H, Daulton E, Bannaga AS, Arasaradnam RP, Covington JA (2021) Non-invasive detection and staging of colorectal cancer using a portable electronic nose. Sensors (basel) 21:5440. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21165440
doi: 10.3390/s21165440 pubmed: 34450881
V A B, Subramoniam M, Mathew L, (2021) Detection of COPD and Lung Cancer with electronic nose using ensemble learning methods. Clin Chim Acta 523:231–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2021.10.005
doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.10.005 pubmed: 34627826
Vaddiraju S, Gleason KK (2010) Selective sensing of volatile organic compounds using novel conducting polymer-metal nanoparticle hybrids. Nanotechnology 21:125503. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/21/12/125503
doi: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/12/125503 pubmed: 20203352
van de Goor RM, Leunis N, van Hooren MR, Francisca E, Masclee A, Kremer B, Kross KW (2017) Feasibility of electronic nose technology for discriminating between head and neck, bladder, and colon carcinomas. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 274:1053–1060. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-016-4320-y
doi: 10.1007/s00405-016-4320-y pubmed: 27730323
van Keulen KE, Jansen ME, Schrauwen RWM, Kolkman JJ, Siersema PD (2020) Volatile organic compounds in breath can serve as a non-invasive diagnostic biomarker for the detection of advanced adenomas and colorectal cancer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 51:334–346. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15622
doi: 10.1111/apt.15622 pubmed: 31858615
Vousden KH, Ryan KM (2009) p53 and metabolism. Nat Rev Cancer 9:691–700. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc2715
doi: 10.1038/nrc2715 pubmed: 19759539
Wang Y, Huang Y, Chase RC, Li T, Ramai D, Li S et al (2023) Global burden of digestive diseases: a systematic analysis of the global burden of diseases study, 1990 to 2019. Gastroenterology 165:773-783.e15. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2023.05.050
doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.05.050 pubmed: 37302558
Wilson AD (2012) Review of electronic-nose technologies and algorithms to detect hazardous chemicals in the environment. Procedia Technol 1:453–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2012.02.101
doi: 10.1016/j.protcy.2012.02.101
Wilson AD, Baietto M (2011) Advances in electronic-nose technologies developed for biomedical applications. Sensors (basel) 11:1105–1176. https://doi.org/10.3390/s110101105
doi: 10.3390/s110101105 pubmed: 22346620 pmcid: 3274093
Xiang L, Wu S, Hua Q, Bao C, Liu H (2021) Volatile organic compounds in human exhaled breath to diagnose gastrointestinal cancer: a meta-analysis. Front Oncol 11:606915. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2021.606915
doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.606915 pubmed: 33747921 pmcid: 7970758
Xu ZQ, Broza YY, Ionsecu R, Tisch U, Ding L, Liu H et al (2013) A nanomaterial-based breath test for distinguishing gastric cancer from benign gastric conditions. Br J Cancer 108:941–950. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2013.44
doi: 10.1038/bjc.2013.44 pubmed: 23462808 pmcid: 3590679
Yan J, Guo X, Duan S, Jia P, Wang L, Peng C, Zhang S (2015) Electronic nose feature extraction methods: a review. Sensors (basel) 15:27804–27831. https://doi.org/10.3390/s151127804
doi: 10.3390/s151127804 pubmed: 26540056
Yang HY, Chen WC, Tsai RC (2021) Accuracy of the electronic nose breath tests in clinical application: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biosensors (basel) 11:469. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11110469
doi: 10.3390/bios11110469 pubmed: 34821685
Yu IJ, Lee JY, Chung YH, Kim KJ, Han JH, Cha GY et al (1999) Co-administration of toluene and xylene antagonized the testicular toxicity but not the hematopoietic toxicity caused by ethylene glycol monoethyl ether in Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol Lett 109:11–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4274(99)00063-6
doi: 10.1016/s0378-4274(99)00063-6 pubmed: 10514026
Zhang J, Tian Y, Luo Z, Qian C, Li W, Duan Y (2021) Breath volatile organic compound analysis: An emerging method for gastric cancer detection. J Breath Res 15. https://doi.org/10.1088/1752-7163/ac2cde

Auteurs

Tan-Tan Ma (TT)

Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.

Zhiyong Chang (Z)

Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China.

Nan Zhang (N)

Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China. zhangnan@jlu.edu.cn.

Hong Xu (H)

Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China. x_hong@jlu.edu.cn.

Articles similaires

[Redispensing of expensive oral anticancer medicines: a practical application].

Lisanne N van Merendonk, Kübra Akgöl, Bastiaan Nuijen
1.00
Humans Antineoplastic Agents Administration, Oral Drug Costs Counterfeit Drugs

Smoking Cessation and Incident Cardiovascular Disease.

Jun Hwan Cho, Seung Yong Shin, Hoseob Kim et al.
1.00
Humans Male Smoking Cessation Cardiovascular Diseases Female
Humans United States Aged Cross-Sectional Studies Medicare Part C
1.00
Humans Yoga Low Back Pain Female Male

Classifications MeSH