Research on government regulation methods for the spatial layout of retail pharmacies: practice in Shanghai, China.
GIS
Government regulation
Retail pharmacies
Spatial layout
Journal
International journal for equity in health
ISSN: 1475-9276
Titre abrégé: Int J Equity Health
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101147692
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
28 Aug 2024
28 Aug 2024
Historique:
received:
11
12
2023
accepted:
14
08
2024
medline:
28
8
2024
pubmed:
28
8
2024
entrez:
27
8
2024
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
In China, retail pharmacies are critical sources for obtaining medications and play a vital role in residents' daily access to drugs and treatment of common illnesses. Effectively guiding the placement of these pharmacies in areas of need through government regulation is crucial for enhancing medication access. In this study, we used population and retail pharmacy spatial distribution data from Shanghai to design guidance and supplementary methods for optimizing the spatial layout of retail pharmacies and medical insurance designated pharmacies based on regional characteristics. Population distribution, road traffic network, administrative division and retail pharmacy data from Shanghai in 2018 were collected from relevant government departments. ArcGIS 10.3 was used to map the retail pharmacies and population distribution. Based on the spatial distribution of population and the service standards of pharmacies, service circles with insufficient pharmacies were identified, and supplementary methods for retail pharmacies and medical insurance designated pharmacies were developed. In 2018, Shanghai had 3009 retail pharmacies, each serving an average of 6412 residents. The city was divided into 2188 basic pharmaceutical service circles, each within a 15-minute walking distance. The results indicated that there were 1387 service circles without any pharmacies, 151 of which had populations exceeding 5000. Additionally, 356 service circles had pharmacies but lacked medical insurance designated ones. After supplementation, 841 retail pharmacies were planned to be added in residential areas. Compared with before, the coverage area and population served of the pharmacies increased significantly. This study mapped the spatial distribution of population and retail pharmacies in Shanghai, and designed government guidance and supplementary methods for optimizing the layout of retail pharmacies. The findings offer valuable insights for government agencies in low- and middle-income countries to improve the spatial distribution of retail pharmacies.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
In China, retail pharmacies are critical sources for obtaining medications and play a vital role in residents' daily access to drugs and treatment of common illnesses. Effectively guiding the placement of these pharmacies in areas of need through government regulation is crucial for enhancing medication access. In this study, we used population and retail pharmacy spatial distribution data from Shanghai to design guidance and supplementary methods for optimizing the spatial layout of retail pharmacies and medical insurance designated pharmacies based on regional characteristics.
METHODS
METHODS
Population distribution, road traffic network, administrative division and retail pharmacy data from Shanghai in 2018 were collected from relevant government departments. ArcGIS 10.3 was used to map the retail pharmacies and population distribution. Based on the spatial distribution of population and the service standards of pharmacies, service circles with insufficient pharmacies were identified, and supplementary methods for retail pharmacies and medical insurance designated pharmacies were developed.
RESULTS
RESULTS
In 2018, Shanghai had 3009 retail pharmacies, each serving an average of 6412 residents. The city was divided into 2188 basic pharmaceutical service circles, each within a 15-minute walking distance. The results indicated that there were 1387 service circles without any pharmacies, 151 of which had populations exceeding 5000. Additionally, 356 service circles had pharmacies but lacked medical insurance designated ones. After supplementation, 841 retail pharmacies were planned to be added in residential areas. Compared with before, the coverage area and population served of the pharmacies increased significantly.
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS
This study mapped the spatial distribution of population and retail pharmacies in Shanghai, and designed government guidance and supplementary methods for optimizing the layout of retail pharmacies. The findings offer valuable insights for government agencies in low- and middle-income countries to improve the spatial distribution of retail pharmacies.
Identifiants
pubmed: 39192277
doi: 10.1186/s12939-024-02254-9
pii: 10.1186/s12939-024-02254-9
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
173Subventions
Organisme : China Postdoctoral Science Foundation
ID : 2023M730627
Organisme : National Natural Science Foundation of China
ID : 72204048
Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
Goel P, Ross-Degnan D, Berman P, Soumerai S. Retail pharmacies in developing countries: a behavior and intervention framework. Soc Sci Med. 1996;42(8):1155–61.
doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(95)00388-6
pubmed: 8737433
Rutta E, Liana J, Embrey M, Johnson K, Kimatta S, Valimba R, et al. Accrediting retail drug shops to strengthen Tanzania’s public health system: an ADDO case study. J Pharm Policy Pract. 2015;8(1):23.
doi: 10.1186/s40545-015-0044-4
pubmed: 26413304
pmcid: 4582893
Sabde YD, Diwan V, Saraf VS, Mahadik VK, Diwan VK, De Costa A. Mapping private pharmacies and their characteristics in Ujjain district, Central India. BMC Health Serv Res. 2011;11(1):351.
doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-11-351
pubmed: 22204447
pmcid: 3272060
Chimbuco BN, Ferreira MA, Sacomboio ENM, Ekundi-Valentim E. Community Pharmacy Services in Malanje City, Angola: a Survey of practices, Facilities, Equipment, and staff. Pharmacy. 2022;10(2):35.
doi: 10.3390/pharmacy10020035
pubmed: 35314616
pmcid: 8938818
Kamat VR, Nichter M. Pharmacies, self-medication and pharmaceutical marketing in Bombay, India. Soc Sci Med. 1998;47(6):779–94.
doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(98)00134-8
pubmed: 9690824
Igun UA. Why we seek treatment here: Retail pharmacy and clinical practice in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Soc Sci Med. 1987;24(8):689–95.
doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(87)90312-1
pubmed: 3603091
Smith F. The quality of private pharmacy services in low and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Pharm World Sci. 2009;31(3):351–61.
doi: 10.1007/s11096-009-9294-z
pubmed: 19343530
Frempong BK, Amalba A, Donkor N, Akuffo KO. Regulatory compliance among over-the-counter medicine sellers facilities within the Upper East Region of Ghana. J Pharm Policy Pract. 2021;14:72.
doi: 10.1186/s40545-021-00363-2
pubmed: 34429161
pmcid: 8383477
Stenson B, Syhakhang L, Eriksson B, Tomson G. Real world pharmacy: assessing the quality of private pharmacy practice in the Lao people’s Democratic Republic. Soc Sci Med. 2001;52(3):393–404.
doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00142-8
pubmed: 11330774
Feng Z, Ye Y, Ye H, Tang Z. Changes in pharmaceutical retail market and regional inequality of community pharmacists accessibility in mainland China: a retrospective cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2022;12(11):e063739.
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063739
pubmed: 36410821
pmcid: 9680178
Deng J, Wen Z. Annual report on China’s pharmaceutical distribution industry [Chinese]. Beijing, China: Social Sciences Academic Press (China); 2020.
National Bureau of Statistics. Total retail sales of consumer goods increase by 12.5% in 2021. http://www.stats.gov.cn/xxgk/sjfb/zxfb2020/202201/t20220117_1826441.html .
Qato DM, Zenk S, Wilder J, Harrington R, Gaskin D, Alexander GC. The availability of pharmacies in the United States: 2007–2015. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(8):e0183172.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183172
pubmed: 28813473
pmcid: 5559230
Rudavsky R, Pollack CE, Mehrotra A. The geographic distribution, ownership, prices, and scope of practice at retail clinics. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151(5):315–20.
doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-151-5-200909010-00005
pubmed: 19721019
pmcid: 2746672
Hesso I, Gebara SN, Kayyali R. Impact of community pharmacists in COPD management: inhalation technique and medication adherence. Respir Med. 2016;118:22–30.
doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2016.07.010
pubmed: 27578467
Newman TV, Hernandez I, Keyser D, San-Juan-Rodriguez A, Swart ECS, Shrank WH, et al. Optimizing the role of community pharmacists in managing the health of populations: barriers, facilitators, and Policy recommendations. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2019;25(9). https://doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.2019.25.9.995 .
Piquer-Martinez C, Urionagüena A, Benrimoj SI, Calvo B, Martinez-Martinez F, Fernandez-Llimos F, et al. Integration of community pharmacy in primary health care: the challenge. Res Social Administrative Pharm. 2022;18(8):3444–7.
doi: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.12.005
Qato DM, Daviglus ML, Wilder J, Lee T, Qato D, Lambert B. Pharmacy deserts are prevalent in Chicago’s predominantly minority communities, raising medication access concerns. Health Aff (Millwood). 2014;33(11):1958–65.
doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2013.1397
pubmed: 25367990
Law MR, Dijkstra A, Douillard JA, Morgan SG. Geographic Accessibility of Community pharmacies in Ontario. Healthc Policy. 2011;6(3):36–46.
pubmed: 22294990
pmcid: 3082386
Okoro RN. Comparative analysis of private Retail Community Pharmacies’ participation in the National Health Insurance Scheme of Nigeria and Ghana: implications for Access to essential Medicines. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2019;29(3):401–8.
pubmed: 31447509
pmcid: 6689714
Osenton T. The death of demand: finding growth in a saturated global economy. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: FT; 2004.
Jin Wu. Research on distribution and development strategy of retail drugstores in China. China Pharm. 2013;24(17):1627–9.
Bilka M, Duarte AP, Lábaj M. Entry and competition of retail pharmacies: a case study of OTC drugs sales and ownership deregulation1. Ceska Slov Farm. 2023;72(1):11–20.
pubmed: 36858976
Ward K, Sanders D, Leng H, Pollock AM. Assessing equity in the geographical distribution of community pharmacies in South Africa in preparation for a national health insurance scheme. Bull World Health Organ. 2014;92(7):482–9.
doi: 10.2471/BLT.13.130005
pubmed: 25110373
pmcid: 4121866
Miramontes Carballada Á, Lois-González RC. Liberalization and governance in the geographical distribution of pharmacies in Spain. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(1):34.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph19010034
González Alonso I, Bara MP. Modelos De farmacia en la Unión Europea. Análisis comparativo. Farmacia Profesional. 2008;22(8):10–5.
Shanghai Municipal Health Commission. Reply to the proposal of No. 0585 representative of the Fifth Session of the 15th Municipal People’s Congress. 2021. https://wsjkw.sh.gov.cn/rddbjydf/20210608/8076c5b8858043dcb8fa4cbec3aea749.html .
General Office of the State Council. Notice of the General Office of the State Council on Printing and Distributing the Key Task Division Plan for. Deepening the Reform of Decentralization, Management, and Service and Optimizing the Business Environment of the National Television and Telephone Conference. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2020-11/10/content_5560234.htm .
Penchansky R, Thomas JW. The Concept of Access: definition and relationship to consumer satisfaction. Med Care. 1981;19(2):127–40.
doi: 10.1097/00005650-198102000-00001
pubmed: 7206846
Hosseinpoor AR, Bergen N, Magar V. Monitoring inequality: an emerging priority for health post-2015. Bull World Health Organ. 2015;93(9):591.
doi: 10.2471/BLT.15.162081
pubmed: 26478619
pmcid: 4581651