Bridging the Gap Between CKD Management Paradigms in Transplant and Nontransplant Settings: Published Evidence, Challenges, and Perspectives.
Journal
Transplantation
ISSN: 1534-6080
Titre abrégé: Transplantation
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0132144
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
29 Aug 2024
29 Aug 2024
Historique:
medline:
31
8
2024
pubmed:
31
8
2024
entrez:
29
8
2024
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
Kidney transplantation (KT) is the best treatment for patients with kidney failure, associated with improved survival and quality of life compared with maintenance dialysis. However, despite constant improvements in the assessment and management of the alloimmune response, KT patients frequently demonstrate a reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate. Therefore, the usual complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD), such as anemia, hypertension, metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia, or persistent secondary hyperparathyroidism, are highly prevalent after KT. However, their underlying mechanisms are different in the transplant setting (compared with the nontransplanted CKD population), and management recommendations are based on relatively poor-quality data. In recent years, new therapies have emerged, significantly improving kidney and cardiovascular outcomes of non-KT patients with CKD. Whether those new drugs could improve the outcomes of KT patients has largely been under investigated so far. In this review, we will address the challenges of the management of a KT patient with a reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate, cover the published evidence, and highlight the critical knowledge gaps.
Identifiants
pubmed: 39198967
doi: 10.1097/TP.0000000000005186
pii: 00007890-990000000-00859
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Informations de copyright
Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts
T.D. reports research support from the Fonds National de Recherche Scientifique – FNRS (F.R.S.-FNRS) as well as travel support from Organ Recovery Systems, Diegem, Belgium. E.G. reports research support from Baxter Healthcare, conference support from Baxter Healthcare, Fresenius, Nx Stage, Dirinco, and AstraZeneca; and consulting fees from Amgen, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Baxter Healthcare, Fresenius, NxStage, and Dirinco. M.J. reports research support from AstraZeneca, speaker fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, and Menarini; consulting fees from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Cardiorenal, CSL Vifor, GlaxoSmithKline, Stada-Eurogenerics, and Vertex; and other: co-chair of Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) since January 2019. A.D. reports consultancy fees from Alnylam and Merck. E.V.R. reports support from CSL Vifor and Pharmacosmos; speaker fees from Baxter Healthcare, Astellas, and Bayer; and consulting fees from Bayer. N.K. reports consulting fees from Hansa Biopharm. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Références
Wolfe RA, Ashby VB, Milford EL, et al. Comparison of mortality in all patients on dialysis, patients on dialysis awaiting transplantation, and recipients of a first cadaveric transplant. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1725–1730.
Li Y, Menon G, Wu W, et al. Evolving trends in kidney transplant outcomes among older adults: a comparative analysis before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Transplant Direct. 2023;9:e1520.
Karthikeyan V, Karpinski J, Nair RC, et al. The burden of chronic kidney disease in renal transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2004;4:262–269.
Costa de Oliveira CM, Mota MU, Mota RS, et al. Prevalence and staging of chronic kidney disease in renal transplant recipients. Clin Transplant. 2009;23:628–636.
Kasiske BL, Chakkera HA, Roel J. Explained and unexplained ischemic heart disease risk after renal transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2000;11:1735–1743.
Opelz G, Wujciak T, Ritz E. Association of chronic kidney graft failure with recipient blood pressure. Collaborative Transplant Study. Kidney Int. 1998;53:217–222.
El-Agroudy AE, Bakr MA, Shehab El-Dein AB, et al. Death with functioning graft in living donor kidney transplantation: analysis of risk factors. Am J Nephrol. 2003;23:186–193.
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Blood Pressure Work Group. KDIGO 2021 clinical practice guideline for the management of blood pressure in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2021;99:S1–S87.
Ibrahim HN, Jackson S, Connaire J, et al. Angiotensin II blockade in kidney transplant recipients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;24:320–327.
Philipp T, Martinez F, Geiger H, et al. Candesartan improves blood pressure control and reduces proteinuria in renal transplant recipients: results from SECRET. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010;25:967–976.
Salzberg DJ, Karadsheh FF, Haririan A, et al. Specific management of anemia and hypertension in renal transplant recipients: influence of renin-angiotensin system blockade. Am J Nephrol. 2014;39:1–7.
Cross NB, Webster AC, Masson P, et al. Antihypertensive treatment for kidney transplant recipients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;2009:CD003598.
Mortensen LA, Jespersen B, Helligsoe ASL, et al. Effect of Spironolactone on Kidney Function in Kidney Transplant Recipients (the SPIREN trial): a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2024;19:755–766.
Bullo M, Tschumi S, Bucher BS, et al. Pregnancy outcome following exposure to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor antagonists: a systematic review. Hypertension. 2012;60:444–450.
Letellier T, Leborgne F, Kerleau C, et al.; Divat Consortium. Association between use of hydrochlorothiazide and risk of keratinocyte cancers in kidney transplant recipients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;15:1804–1813.
de Macedo Andrade AC, Felix FA, França GM, et al. Hydrochlorothiazide use is associated with the risk of cutaneous and lip squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2022;78:919–930.
Heinze G, Mitterbauer C, Regele H, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist therapy is associated with prolonged patient and graft survival after renal transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17:889–899.
Opelz G, Zeier M, Laux G, et al. No improvement of patient or graft survival in transplant recipients treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers: a collaborative transplant study report. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17:3257–3262.
Hiremath S, Fergusson DA, Fergusson N, et al. Renin-Angiotensin system blockade and long-term clinical outcomes in kidney transplant recipients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Kidney Dis. 2017;69:78–86.
Alzoubi B, Kharel A, Machhi R, et al. Post-transplant erythrocytosis after kidney transplantation: a review. World J Transplant. 2021;11:220–230.
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Transplant Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the care of kidney transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2009;9(Suppl 3):S1–155.
Kasiske BL, Vazquez MA, Harmon WE, et al. Recommendations for the outpatient surveillance of renal transplant recipients. American Society of Transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2000;11(Suppl 15):S1–86.
World Health Organization. Report of WHO Scientific Group. WHO Technical Report Series, No 405. WHO; 1968:1–40.
Gafter-Gvili A, Gafter U. Posttransplantation anemia in kidney transplant recipients. Acta Haematol. 2019;142:37–43.
Locatelli F, Covic A, Eckardt K-U, et al.; ERA-EDTA ERBP Advisory Board. Anaemia management in patients with chronic kidney disease: a position statement by the Anaemia Working Group of European Renal Best Practice (ERBP). Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24:348–354.
Alshamsi I. Extended literature review of the role of erythropoietin stimulating agents (ESA) use in the management of post renal transplant anaemia. Transplant Rep. 2022;7:100097.
Choukroun G, Kamar N, Dussol B, et al.; CAPRIT Study Investigators. Correction of postkidney transplant anemia reduces progression of allograft nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;23:360–368.
Tsujita M, Kosugi T, Goto N, et al. The effect of maintaining high hemoglobin levels on long-term kidney function in kidney transplant recipients: a randomized controlled trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2019;34:1409–1416.
Malyszko J, Basak G, Batko K, et al. Haematological disorders following kidney transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2022;37:409–420.
Bonomini M, Di Liberato L, Sirolli V. Treatment options for anemia in kidney transplant patients: a review. Kidney Med. 2023;5:100681.
Singh AK, Szczech L, Tang KL, et al.; CHOIR Investigators. Correction of anemia with epoetin alfa in chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:2085–2098.
Pfeffer MA, Burdmann EA, Chen CY, et al.; TREAT Investigators. A trial of darbepoetin alfa in type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:2019–2032.
Drüeke TB, Locatelli F, Clyne N, et al.; CREATE Investigators. Normalization of hemoglobin level in patients with chronic kidney disease and anemia. N Engl J Med. 2084;2006:2071.
Cassis P, Gallon L, Benigni A, et al. Erythropoietin, but not the correction of anemia alone, protects from chronic kidney allograft injury. Kidney Int. 2012;81:903–918.
Koury MJ, Haase VH. Anaemia in kidney disease: harnessing hypoxia responses to therapy. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2015;11:394–410.
Singh AK, Carroll K, McMurray JJV, et al.; ASCEND-ND Study Group. Daprodustat for the treatment of anemia in patients not undergoing dialysis. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:2313–2324.
Singh AK, Carroll K, Perkovic V, et al.; ASCEND-D Study Group. Daprodustat for the treatment of anemia in patients undergoing dialysis. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:2325–2335.
Perkovic V, Blackorby A, Cizman B, et al. The ASCEND-ND trial: study design and participant characteristics. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2022;37:2157–2170.
Taylor CT, Doherty G, Fallon PG, et al. Hypoxia-dependent regulation of inflammatory pathways in immune cells. J Clin Invest. 2016;126:3716–3724.
Ku E, Del Vecchio L, Eckardt KU, et al.; for Conference Participants. Novel anemia therapies in chronic kidney disease: conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference. Kidney Int. 2023;104:655–680.
Kong W, Wu X, Shen Z, et al. The efficacy and safety of roxadustat for the treatment of posttransplantation anemia: a randomized Study. Kidney Int Rep. 2024;9:1705–1717.
Ardhe A, Devresse A, Crott R, et al. Impact of thrice-weekly cotrimoxazole prophylaxis on creatinine and potassium plasma levels in kidney transplant recipients. J Nephrol. 2023;36:2581–2586.
Almalki B, Cunningham K, Kapugi M, et al. Management of hyperkalemia: a focus on kidney transplant recipients. Transplant Rev (Orlando). 2021;35:100611.
Palmer BF, Clegg DJ. Hyperkalemia treatment standard. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2024;39:1097–1104.
Rizk J, Quan D, Gabardi S, et al. Novel approaches to management of hyperkalaemia in kidney transplantation. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2021;30:27–37.
Van Ende C, Van Laecke S, Marechal C, et al. Proton-pump inhibitors do not influence serum magnesium levels in renal transplant recipients. J Nephrol. 2014;27:707–711.
Lim MA, Sawinski D, Trofe-Clark J. Safety, effectiveness, and tolerability of patiromer in kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2019;103:e281–e282.
Singh P, Winters H, Pesavento TE, et al. Largest experience of safety, and & efficacy of patiromer in solid organ transplants (SOT). Am J Transplant. 2020;20:e595.
Winstead RJ, Demehin M, Yakubu I, et al. Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate use in solid organ transplant recipients and its effect on potassium and immunosuppression. Clin Transplant. 2020;34:e13791.
Swanson KJ, Aziz F, Parajuli S, et al. Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate use in kidney transplant recipients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2021;36:2151–2153.
Bouquegneau A, Salam S, Delanaye P, et al. Bone disease after kidney transplantation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;11:1282–1296.
Bellorin-Font E, Rojas E, Martin KJ. Bone disease in chronic kidney disease and kidney transplant. Nutrients. 2022;15:167.
Evenepoel P. Recovery versus persistence of disordered mineral metabolism in kidney transplant recipients. Semin Nephrol. 2013;33:191–203.
Torregrosa JV, Ferreira AC, Cucchiari D, et al. Bone mineral disease after kidney transplantation. Calcif Tissue Int. 2021;108:551–560.
Nikkel LE, Hollenbeak CS, Fox EJ, et al. Risk of fractures after renal transplantation in the United States. Transplantation. 2009;87:1846–1851.
Naylor KL, Li AH, Lam NN, et al. Fracture risk in kidney transplant recipients: a systematic review. Transplantation. 2013;95:1461–1470.
Kuppachi S, Cheungpasitporn W, Li R, et al. Kidney transplantation, immunosuppression and the risk of fracture: clinical and economic implications. Kidney Med. 2022;4:100474.
Gauthier VJ, Barbosa LM. Bone pain in transplant recipients responsive to calcium channel blockers. Ann Intern Med. 1994;121:863–865.
Goffin E, vande Berg B, Pirson Y, et al. Epiphyseal impaction as a cause of severe osteoarticular pain of lower limbs after renal transplantation. Kidney Int. 1993;44:98–106.
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD-MBD Update Work Group. KDIGO 2017 Clinical Practice Guideline Update for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, Prevention, and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD). Kidney Int Suppl. 2017;7:1–59.
Lou I, Foley D, Odorico SK, et al. How well does renal transplantation cure hyperparathyroidism? Ann Surg. 2015;262:653–659.
Evenepoel P, Claes K, Kuypers D, et al. Natural history of parathyroid function and calcium metabolism after kidney transplantation: a single-centre study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004;19:1281–1287.
Kovvuru K, Kanduri SR, Vaitla P, et al. Risk factors and management of osteoporosis post-transplant. Medicina (Kaunas). 2020;56:302.
Evenepoel P, Sprangers B, Lerut E, et al. Mineral metabolism in renal transplant recipients discontinuing cinacalcet at the time of transplantation: a prospective observational study. Clin Transplant. 2012;26:393–402.
Delaey P, Devresse A, Morelle J, et al. Etelcalcetide use during maintenance hemodialysis and incidence of parathyroidectomy after kidney transplantation. Kidney Int Rep. 2024;9:2146–2156.
Cianciolo G, Galassi A, Capelli I, et al. Vitamin D in kidney transplant recipients: mechanisms and therapy. Am J Nephrol. 2016;43:397–407.
Altman AM, Sprague SM. Mineral and bone disease in kidney transplant recipients. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2018;16:703–711.
Trillini M, Cortinovis M, Ruggenenti P, et al. Paricalcitol for secondary hyperparathyroidism in renal transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;26:1205–1214.
Amer H, Griffin MD, Stegall MD, et al. Oral paricalcitol reduces the prevalence of posttransplant hyperparathyroidism: results of an open label randomized trial. Am J Transplant. 2013;13:1576–1585.
Zavvos V, Fyssa L, Papasotiriou M, et al. Long-term use of cinacalcet in kidney transplant recipients with hypercalcemic secondary hyperparathyroidism: a single-center prospective study. Exp Clin Transplant. 2018;16:287–293.
Cohen JB, Gordon CE, Balk EM, et al. Cinacalcet for the treatment of hyperparathyroidism in kidney transplant recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Transplantation. 2012;94:1041–1048.
Evenepoel P, Cooper K, Holdaas H, et al. A randomized study evaluating cinacalcet to treat hypercalcemia in renal transplant recipients with persistent hyperparathyroidism. Am J Transplant. 2014;14:2545–2555.
Kilford P, Khoshaein N, Southall R, et al. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models of CYP2D6 substrate and inhibitors nebivolol, cinacalcet and mirabegron to simulate drug-drug interactions. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2022;47:699–710.
Cruzado JM, Moreno P, Torregrosa JV, et al. A randomized study comparing parathyroidectomy with cinacalcet for treating hypercalcemia in kidney allograft recipients with hyperparathyroidism. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;27:2487–2494.
Jung S, Kim H, Kwon H, et al. Parathyroidectomy versus cinacalcet in the treatment of tertiary hyperparathyroidism after kidney transplantation: a retrospective study. Kidney Res Clin Pract. 2022;41:473–481.
Jørgensen HS, Evenepoel P. Persistent hyperparathyroidism: a reality calling for additional evidence. Am J Kidney Dis. 2023;81:256–258.
Dobre M, Yang W, Chen J, et al.; CRIC Investigators. Association of serum bicarbonate with risk of renal and cardiovascular outcomes in CKD: a report from the chronic renal insufficiency cohort (CRIC) study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2013;62:670–678.
Moranne O, Froissart M, Rossert J, et al.; NephroTest Study Group. Timing of onset of CKD-related metabolic complications. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20:164–171.
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int. 2024;105:S117–S314.
Wilson DR, Siddiqui AA. Renal tubular acidosis after kidney transplantation. Natural history and significance. Ann Intern Med. 1973;79:352–361.
Kocyigit I, Unal A, Kavuncuoglu F, et al. Renal tubular acidosis in renal transplantation recipients. Ren Fail. 2010;32:687–690.
Park S, Kang E, Park S, et al. Metabolic acidosis and long-term clinical outcomes in kidney transplant recipients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;28:1886–1897.
Watanabe S, Tsuruoka S, Vijayakumar S, et al. Cyclosporin A produces distal renal tubular acidosis by blocking peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity of cyclophilin. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2005;288:F40–F47.
Mohebbi N, Mihailova M, Wagner CA. The calcineurin inhibitor FK506 (tacrolimus) is associated with transient metabolic acidosis and altered expression of renal acid-base transport proteins. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2009;297:F499–F509.
Schulte K, Püchel J, Schüssel K, et al. Effect of sodium bicarbonate in kidney transplant recipients with chronic metabolic acidosis. Transplant Direct. 2019;5:e464.
Bohling R, Grafals M, Moreau K, et al. A pilot study of the safety and efficacy of alkali therapy on vascular function in kidney transplant recipients. Kidney Int Rep. 2021;6:2323–2330.
Mohebbi N, Ritter A, Wiegand A, et al. Sodium bicarbonate for kidney transplant recipients with metabolic acidosis in Switzerland: a multicentre, randomised, single-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2023;401:557–567.
Starke A, Corsenca A, Kohler T, et al. Correction of metabolic acidosis with potassium citrate in renal transplant patients and its effect on bone quality. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;7:1461–1472.
Mark PB, Sarafidis P, Ekart R, et al. SGLT2i for evidence-based cardiorenal protection in diabetic and non-diabetic chronic kidney disease: a comprehensive review by EURECA-m and ERBP working groups of ERA. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2023;38:2444–2455.
van Raalte DH, Bjornstad P, Cherney DZI, et al. Combination therapy for kidney disease in people with diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2024;20:433–446.
Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, et al.; EMPA-REG OUTCOME Investigators. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2117–2128.
Mahaffey KW, Neal B, Perkovic V, et al.; CANVAS Program Collaborative Group. Canagliflozin for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events: results from the CANVAS Program (Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study). Circulation. 2018;137:323–334.
Perkovic V, Jardine MJ, Neal B, et al.; CREDENCE Trial Investigators. Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2019;380:2295–2306.
Heerspink HJL, Stefánsson BV, Correa-Rotter R, et al.; DAPA-CKD Trial Committees and Investigators. Dapagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:1436–1446.
The EMPA-KIDNEY Collaborative Group. Empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2023;388:117–127.
Nuffield Department of Population Health Renal Studies Group; SGLT2 inhibitor Meta-Analysis Cardio-Renal Trialists’ Consortium. Impact of diabetes on the effects of sodium glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors on kidney outcomes: collaborative meta-analysis of large placebo-controlled trials. Lancet. 2022;400:1788–1801.
Lim JH, Kwon S, Jeon Y, et al. The efficacy and safety of SGLT2 inhibitor in diabetic kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2022;106:e404–e412.
Chewcharat A, Prasitlumkum N, Thongprayoon C, et al. Efficacy and safety of SGLT-2 inhibitors for treatment of diabetes mellitus among kidney transplant patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Med Sci (Basel). 2020;8:47.
Lim JH, Kwon S, Jeon Y, et al. Cardioprotective effect of SGLT2 inhibitor in diabetic kidney transplant recipients: a multicenter propensity score matched study. Kidney Int Rep. 2024;9:2474.
Ramakrishnan P, Garg N, Pabich S, et al. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor use in kidney transplant recipients. World J Transplant. 2023;13:239–249.
Polychronopoulou E, Bourdon F, Teta D. SGLT2 inhibitors in diabetic and non-diabetic kidney transplant recipients: current knowledge and expectations. Front Nephrol. 2024;4:1332397.
Halden TAS, Kvitne KE, Midtvedt K, et al. Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin in renal transplant recipients with posttransplant diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2019;42:1067–1074.
Kapoor S, Rodriguez D, Riwanto M, et al. Effect of sodium-glucose cotransport inhibition on polycystic kidney disease progression in PCK rats. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0125603.
Aoun M, Jadoul M, Anders HJ. Erythrocytosis and CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2024;10:1053.
Chen X, Li X, Zhang K, et al. The role of a novel mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, finerenone, in chronic kidney disease: mechanisms and clinical advances. The role of a novel mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, finerenone, in chronic kidney disease: mechanisms and clinical advances. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2024;28:125–135.
Bakris GL, Agarwal R, Anker SD, et al.; FIDELIO-DKD Investigators. Effect of finerenone on chronic kidney disease outcomes in Type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:2219–2229.
Pitt B, Filippatos G, Agarwal R, et al.; FIGARO-DKD Investigators. Cardiovascular events with finerenone in kidney disease and type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:2252–2263.
Green JB, Mottl AK, Bakris G, et al. Design of the COmbinatioN effect of FInerenone anD EmpaglifloziN in participants with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes using a UACR Endpoint study (CONFIDENCE). Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2023;38:894–903.
Cases A. Glucagon-like peptide 1(GLP-1) receptor agonists in the management of the patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease: an approach for the nephrologist. Nefrologia (Engl Ed). 2023;43:399–412.
Kristensen SL, Rørth R, Jhund PS, et al. Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;7:776–785.
Sattar N, Lee MMY, Kristensen SL, et al. Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9:653–662.
Perkovic V, Tuttle KR, Rossing P, et al. Effects of semaglutide on chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2024;391:109–121.
Dotan I, Rudman Y, Turjeman A, et al. Glucagon-like Peptide 1 receptor agonists and cardiovascular outcomes in solid organ transplant recipients with diabetes mellitus. Transplantation. 2024;108:e121–e128.
Heerspink HJL, Parving HH, Andress DL, et al.; SONAR Committees and Investigators. Atrasentan and renal events in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (SONAR): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2019;393:1937–1947.
Heerspink HJL, Kiyosue A, Wheeler DC, et al. Zibotentan in combination with dapagliflozin compared with dapagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease (ZENITH-CKD): a multicentre, randomised, active-controlled, phase 2b, clinical trial. Lancet. 2023;402:2004–2017.
Tuttle KR, Hauske SJ, Canziani ME, et al.; ASi in CKD group. Efficacy and safety of aldosterone synthase inhibition with and without empagliflozin for chronic kidney disease: a randomised, controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2024;403:379–390.
Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, et al.; STEP 1 Study Group. Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:989–1002.
Pi-Sunyer X, Astrup A, Fujioka K, et al.; SCALE Obesity and Prediabetes NN8022-1839 Study Group. A randomized, controlled trial of 3.0 mg of liraglutide in weight management. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:11–22.
Diwan TS, Lee TC, Nagai S, et al. Obesity, transplantation, and bariatric surgery: an evolving solution for a growing epidemic. Am J Transplant. 2020;20:2143–2155.
Goncalves E, Bell DSH. Combination treatment of SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists: symbiotic effects on metabolism and cardiorenal risk. Diabetes Ther. 2018;9:919–926.
Ludvik B, Frías JP, Francisco J, et al. Dulaglutide as add-on therapy to SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes (AWARD-10): a 24-week, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6:370–381.
van Raalte DH, Bjornstad P, Cherney DZI, et al. Combination therapy for kidney disease in people with diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2024;20:433–446.
Epstein M. Aldosterone and mineralocorticoid receptor signaling as determinants of cardiovascular and renal injury: from Hans Selye to the present. Am J Nephrol. 2021;52:209–216.
Kasiske BL, Zeier MG, Chapman JR, et al.; Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the care of kidney transplant recipients: a summary. Kidney Int. 2010;77:299–311.
Sureshkumar KK, Chopra B, Josephson MA, et al. Recipient obesity and kidney transplant outcomes: a mate-kidney analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2021;78:501–510.e1.
Baum CL, Thielke K, Westin E, et al. Predictors of weight gain and cardiovascular risk in a cohort of racially diverse kidney transplant recipients. Nutrition. 2002;18:139–146.
Cashion AK, Hathaway DK, Stanfill A, et al. Pre-transplant predictors of one yr weight gain after kidney transplantation. Clin Transplant. 2014;28:1271–1278.
Zelle DM, Kok T, Dontje ML, et al. The role of diet and physical activity in post-transplant weight gain after renal transplantation. Clin Transplant. 2013;27:E484–E490.
Dolgos S, Hartmann A, Jenssen T, et al. Determinants of short-term changes in body composition following renal transplantation. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2009;43:76–83.
Vincenti F, Schena F, Paraskevas S, et al. A randomized, multicenter study of steroid avoidance, early steroid withdrawal or standard steroid therapy in kidney transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2008;8:307–316.
Orazio L, Hickman I, Armstrong K, et al. Higher levels of physical activity are associated with a lower risk of abnormal glucose tolerance in renal transplant recipients. J Ren Nutr. 2009;19:304–313.
Cofan F, Vela E, Cleries M; Catalan Renal Registry. Obesity in renal transplantation: analysis of 2691 patients. Transplant Proc. 2005;37:3695–3697.
Chan W, Bosch JA, Jones D, et al. Obesity in kidney transplantation. J Ren Nutr. 2014;24:1–12.
Hoogeveen EK, Aalten J, Rothman KJ, et al. Effect of obesity on the outcome of kidney transplantation: a 20-year follow-up. Transplantation. 2011;91:869–874.
Ducloux D, Kazory A, Simula-Faivre D, et al. One-year post-transplant weight gain is a risk factor for graft loss. Am J Transplant. 2005;5:2922–2928.
Masajtis-Zagajewska A, Muras K, Nowicki M. Effects of a structured physical activity program on habitual physical activity and body composition in patients with chronic kidney disease and in kidney transplant recipients. Exp Clin Transplant. 2019;17:155–164.
Granak K, Beliancinova MVM, Dedinska I. Effect of regular physical activity and lifestyle changes on insulin resistance in patients after kidney transplantation. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2024;125:250–257.
Zelle DM, Corpeleijn E, Stolk RP, et al. Low physical activity and risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in renal transplant recipients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6:898–905.
Kang AW, Garber CE, Eaton CB, et al. Physical activity and cardiovascular risk among kidney transplant patients. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2019;51:1154–1161.
Goldfarb Cyrino L, Galpern J, Moore L, et al. A narrative review of dietary approaches for kidney transplant patients. Kidney Int Rep. 2021;6:1764–1774.
Oste MC, Corpeleijn E, Navis GJ, et al. Mediterranean style diet is associated with low risk of new-onset diabetes after renal transplantation. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2017;5:e000283.
Gomes-Neto AW, Osté MCJ, Sotomayor CG, et al. Mediterranean style diet and kidney function loss in kidney transplant recipients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;15:238–246.