Review of the occurrence, treatment technologies, and detection methods for saxitoxins in freshwaters.
ELISA
HILIC-MS
freshwater
oxidation
saxitoxins
water treatment
Journal
Journal of water and health
ISSN: 1477-8920
Titre abrégé: J Water Health
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101185420
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Aug 2024
Aug 2024
Historique:
received:
17
03
2024
accepted:
10
07
2024
medline:
31
8
2024
pubmed:
31
8
2024
entrez:
30
8
2024
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
The increasing occurrence of saxitoxins in freshwaters is becoming a concern for water treatment facilities owing to its structural properties which make it resistant to oxidation at pH < 8. Hence, it is crucial to be able to monitor these toxins in surface and drinking water to protect public health. This review aims to outline the current state of knowledge related to the occurrence of saxitoxins in freshwaters and its removal strategies and provide a critical assessment of the detection methods to provide a basis for further development. Temperature and nutrient content are some of the factors that influence the production of saxitoxins in surface waters. A high dose of sodium hypochlorite with sufficient contact time or activated carbon has been shown to efficiently remove extracellular saxitoxins to meet the drinking water guidelines. While HILIC-MS has proven to be a powerful technology for more sensitive and reliable detection of saxitoxin and variants after solid phase extraction, ELISA is cost-effective and easy to use and is used by Ohio EPA for surveillance with a limit of detection of 0.015 μg/L. However, there is a need for the development of cost-effective and sensitive techniques that can quantify the variants of saxitoxin.
Identifiants
pubmed: 39212282
pii: wh_2024_106
doi: 10.2166/wh.2024.106
doi:
Substances chimiques
Water Pollutants, Chemical
0
Saxitoxin
35523-89-8
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
1472-1490Informations de copyright
© 2024 The Authors This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC BY 4.0), which permits copying, adaptation and redistribution, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts
The authors declare there is no conflict.
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