What we mean when we say semantic: Toward a multidisciplinary semantic glossary.

Abrahamsen, A., & Bechtel, W. (2012). History and core themes. The Cambridge handbook of cognitive science (pp. 9–28). Cambridge University Press.

Abdel Rahman, R., & Melinger, A. (2009). Semantic context effects in language production: A swinging lexical network proposal and a review. Language and Cognitive Processes, 24(5), 713–734. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690960802597250

doi: 10.1080/01690960802597250

Alam, T. R. del J. G., Karapanagiotidis, T., Smallwood, J., & Jefferies, E. (2019). Degrees of lateralisation in semantic cognition: Evidence from intrinsic connectivity. NeuroImage, 202, Article 116089.

Albertella, L., Kirkham, R., Adler, A. B., Crampton, J., Drummond, S. P. A., Fogarty, G. J., Gross, J. J., Zaichkowsky, L., Andersen, J. P., Bartone, P. T., Boga, D., Bond, J. W., Brunyé, T. T., Campbell, M. J., Ciobanu, L. G., Clark, S. R., Crane, M. F., Dietrich, A., Doty, T. J., … Yücel, M. (2023). Building a transdisciplinary expert consensus on the cognitive drivers of performance under pressure: An international multi-panel Delphi study. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1017675

Anderson, A. J., Binder, J. R., Fernandino, L., Humphries, C. J., Conant, L. L., Raizada, R. D. S., Lin, F., & Lalor, E. C. (2019). An Integrated neural decoder of linguistic and experiential meaning. Journal of Neuroscience, 39(45), 8969–8987.

pubmed: 31570538 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2575-18.2019

Antonucci, S. M., & Reilly, J. (2008). Semantic memory and language processing: A primer. Seminars in Speech and Language, 29(1), 5–17.

pubmed: 18348088 doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1061621

Badre, D., Poldrack, R. A., Paré-Blagoev, E. J., Insler, R. Z., & Wagner, A. D. (2005). Dissociable controlled retrieval and generalized selection mechanisms in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. Neuron, 47(6), 907–918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.07.023

doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.07.023 pubmed: 16157284

Badre, D., & Wagner, A. D. (2002). Semantic retrieval, mnemonic control, and prefrontal cortex. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, 1(3), 206–218. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534582302001003002

doi: 10.1177/1534582302001003002 pubmed: 17715593

Baillargeon, R., & Wang, S. (2002). Event categorization in infancy. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6(2), 85–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01836-2

doi: 10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01836-2 pubmed: 15866192 pmcid: 4215955

Baldassano, C., Hasson, U., & Norman, K. A. (2018). Representation of real-world event schemas during narrative perception. Journal of Neuroscience, 38(45), 9689–9699.

pubmed: 30249790 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0251-18.2018

Baldwin, D. A., Markman, E. M., & Melartin, R. L. (1993). Infants’ ability to draw inferences about nonobvious object properties: Evidence from exploratory play. Child Development, 64(3), 711–728. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131213

doi: 10.2307/1131213 pubmed: 8339691

Banks, B., & Connell, L. (2023). Multi-dimensional sensorimotor grounding of concrete and abstract categories. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 378(1870), 20210366. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2021.0366

doi: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0366

Barca, L., Mazzuca, C., & Borghi, A. M. (2017). Pacifier overuse and conceptual relations of abstract and emotional concepts. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, Article 2014. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02014

Barca, L., Mazzuca, C., & Borghi, A. M. (2020). Overusing the pacifier during infancy sets a footprint on abstract words processing. Journal of Child Language, 47(5), 1084–1099. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000920000070

doi: 10.1017/S0305000920000070 pubmed: 32345380

Barsalou, L. W. (1999). Perceptual symbol systems. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22(4), 577–660.

pubmed: 11301525 doi: 10.1017/S0140525X99002149

Barsalou, L. W. (2003). Abstraction in perceptual symbol systems. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 358(1435), 1177–1187. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1319

Barsalou, L. W. (2016). On staying grounded and avoiding quixotic dead ends. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23(4), 1122–1142.

doi: 10.3758/s13423-016-1028-3

Barsalou, L. W., Dutriaux, L., & Scheepers, C. (2018). Moving beyond the distinction between concrete and abstract concepts. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 373(1752), Article 20170144. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0144

Barsalou, L. W., Santos, A., Simmons, W. K., & Wilson, C. D. (2008). Language and simulation in conceptual processing. In M. De Vega, A. M. Glenberg, & A. C. Graesser (Eds.), Symbols, embodiment, and meaning (pp. 245–283). Oxford University Press.

doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199217274.003.0013

Battaglia, P. W., Hamrick, J. B., & Tenenbaum, J. B. (2013). Simulation as an engine of physical scene understanding. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(45), 18327–18332. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1306572110

doi: 10.1073/pnas.1306572110

Becker, J., Brackbill, D., & Centola, D. (2017). Network dynamics of social influence in the wisdom of crowds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(26). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1615978114

Bedny, M., & Caramazza, A. (2011). Perception, action, and word meanings in the human brain: The case from action verbs. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1224(1), 81–95.

pubmed: 21486297 doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06013.x

Bedny, M., Caramazza, A., Grossman, E., Pascual-Leone, A., & Saxe, R. (2008). Concepts are more than percepts: The case of action verbs. Journal of Neuroscience, 28(44), 11347–11353.

pubmed: 18971476 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3039-08.2008

Bedny, M., Caramazza, A., Pascual-Leone, A., & Saxe, R. (2012). Typical neural representations of action verbs develop without vision. Cerebral Cortex, 22(2), 286–293.

pubmed: 21653285 doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhr081

Bedny, M., Koster-Hale, J., Elli, G., Yazzolino, L., & Saxe, R. (2019). There’s more to “sparkle” than meets the eye: Knowledge of vision and light verbs among congenitally blind and sighted individuals. Cognition, 189, 105–115.

pubmed: 30939375 doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2019.03.017

Bellot, E., Abassi, E., & Papeo, L. (2021). Moving toward versus away from another: How body motion direction changes the representation of bodies and actions in the visual cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 31(5), 2670–2685.

pubmed: 33401307 doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa382

Berthier, M. L. (1999). Transcortical sensory aphasia. In Transcortical aphasias (pp. 75–91). Psychology Press.

Bi, Y. (2021). Dual coding of knowledge in the human brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 25(10), 883–895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2021.07.006

doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2021.07.006 pubmed: 34509366

Bierwisch, M., & Schreuder, R. (1992). From concepts to lexical items. Cognition, 42(1/3), 23–60.

pubmed: 1582158 doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(92)90039-K

Binder, J. R., Conant, L. L., Humphries, C. J., Fernandino, L., Simons, S. B., Aguilar, M., & Desai, R. H. (2016). Toward a brain-based componential semantic representation. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 33(3/4), 130–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643294.2016.1147426

doi: 10.1080/02643294.2016.1147426 pubmed: 27310469

Binder, J. R., & Desai, R. H. (2011). The neurobiology of semantic memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15(11), 527–536.

pubmed: 22001867 pmcid: 3350748 doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2011.10.001

Binder, J. R., Desai, R. H., Graves, W. W., & Conant, L. L. (2009). Where Is the semantic system? A critical review and meta-analysis of 120 functional neuroimaging studies. Cerebral Cortex, 19, 2767–2796. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhp055

doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhp055 pubmed: 19329570 pmcid: 2774390

Bird, H., Lambon Ralph, M. A., Patterson, K., & Hodges, J. R. (2000). The rise and fall of frequency and imageability: Noun and verb production in semantic dementia. Brain and Language, 73(1), 17–49.

pubmed: 10872636 doi: 10.1006/brln.2000.2293

Blasi, D. E., Henrich, J., Adamou, E., Kemmerer, D., & Majid, A. (2022). Over-reliance on English hinders cognitive science. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 26(12), 1153–1170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2022.09.015

doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.09.015 pubmed: 36253221

Bolognesi, M., Burgers, C., & Caselli, T. (2020). On abstraction: Decoupling conceptual concreteness and categorical specificity. Cognitive Processing, 21(3), 365–381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-020-00965-9

doi: 10.1007/s10339-020-00965-9 pubmed: 32180060 pmcid: 7381448

Bolognesi, M., & Caselli, T. (2023). Specificity ratings for Italian data. Behavior Research Methods, 55, 3531–3548.

pubmed: 36163541 doi: 10.3758/s13428-022-01974-6

Borghesani, V., DeLeon, J., & Gorno-Tempini, M. L. (2022). Frontotemporal dementia: A unique window on the functional role of the temporal lobes. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 187, 429–448.

pubmed: 35964986 pmcid: 9793689 doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-823493-8.00011-0

Borghesani, V., & Piazza, M. (2017). The neuro-cognitive representations of symbols: The case of concrete words. Neuropsychologia, 105, 4–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.06.026

doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.06.026 pubmed: 28648571

Borghi, A. M. (2022). Concepts for which we need others more: The case of abstract concepts. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 31(3), 238–246. https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214221079625

doi: 10.1177/09637214221079625

Borghi, A.M. (2023). The freedom of words: Abstractness and the power of language. Cambridge University Press.

Borghi, A. M., Barca, L., Binkofski, F., Castelfranchi, C., Pezzulo, G., & Tummolini, L. (2019). Words as social tools: Language, sociality and inner grounding in abstract concepts. Physics of Life Reviews, 29, 120–153.

pubmed: 30573377 doi: 10.1016/j.plrev.2018.12.001

Borghi, A. M., & Cimatti, F. (2010). Embodied cognition and beyond: Acting and sensing the body. Neuropsychologia, 48(3), 763–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.10.029

doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.10.029 pubmed: 19913041

Borghi, A. M., & Fernyhough, C. (2023). Concepts, abstractness and inner speech. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 378(1870), Article 20210371. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2021.0371

Borghi, A. M., Flumini, A., Cimatti, F., Marocco, D., & Scorolli, C. (2011). Manipulating objects and telling words: A study on concrete and abstract words acquisition. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, Article 15.

Borghi, A. M., & Zarcone, E. (2016). Grounding abstractness: Abstract concepts and the activation of the mouth. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, Article 1498. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01498

Borgo, F., & Shallice, T. (2003). Category specificity and feature knowledge: Evidence from new sensory-quality categories. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 20(3), 327–353. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643290244000310

doi: 10.1080/02643290244000310 pubmed: 20957574

Boroditsky, L. (2001). Does language shape thought?: Mandarin and English speakers’ conceptions of time. Cognitive Psychology, 43(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.2001.0748

doi: 10.1006/cogp.2001.0748 pubmed: 11487292

Boroditsky, L. (2009). How does our language shape the way we think. What’s next, 6, 116–129.

Bozeat, S., Lambon Ralph, M. A., Graham, K. S., Patterson, K., Wilkin, H., Rowland, J., Rogers, T. T., & Hodges, J. R. (2003). A duck with four legs: Investigating the structure of conceptual knowledge using picture drawing in semantic dementia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 20(1), 27–47.

pubmed: 20957563 doi: 10.1080/02643290244000176

Bradshaw, A. C., & Georges, J. (2024). Anti-amyloid therapies for Alzheimer’s disease: An Alzheimer Europe position paper and call to action. The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease. https://doi.org/10.14283/jpad.2024.37

Breedin, S. D., Saffran, E. M., & Coslett, H. B. (1994). Reversal of the concreteness effect in a patient with semantic dementia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 11(6), 617–660.

doi: 10.1080/02643299408251987

Breedin, S. D., Saffran, E. M., & Schwartz, M. F. (1998). Semantic factors in verb retrieval: An effect of complexity. Brain and Language, 63(1), 1–31.

pubmed: 9642018 doi: 10.1006/brln.1997.1923

Bridgman, P. W. (1927). The logic of modern physics. Arno Press.

Britt, A. E., Ferrara, C., & Mirman, D. (2016). Distinct effects of lexical and semantic competition during picture naming in younger adults, older adults, and people with aphasia. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, Article 813. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00813

Brysbaert, M., Stevens, M., Mandera, P., & Keuleers, E. (2016). How many words do we know? Practical estimates of vocabulary size dependent on word definition, the degree of language input and the participant’s age. Frontiers in Psychology, 29.

Brysbaert, M., Warriner, A. B., & Kuperman, V. (2014). Concreteness ratings for 40 thousand generally known English word lemmas. Behavior Research Methods, 46(3), 904–911.

pubmed: 24142837 doi: 10.3758/s13428-013-0403-5

Buchanan, E. M., Valentine, K. D., & Maxwell, N. P. (2019). English semantic feature production norms: An extended database of 4436 concepts. Behavior Research Methods, 51(4), 1849–1863. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-019-01243-z

doi: 10.3758/s13428-019-01243-z pubmed: 31044359

Bybee, J. (1998). The Emergent Lexicon. Chicago Linguistic Society, 34(2), 421–435.

Calzavarini, F. (2023). The conceptual format debate and the challenge from (global) supramodality: A position paper. Language, Cognition, and Neuroscience.

Campanella, F., Mondani, M., Skrap, M., & Shallice, T. (2009). Semantic access dysphasia resulting from left temporal lobe tumours. Brain, 132(1), 87–102. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awn302

doi: 10.1093/brain/awn302 pubmed: 19050031

Cantlon, J. F., Brannon, E. M., Carter, E. J., & Pelphrey, K. A. (2006). Functional imaging of numerical processing in adults and 4-y-old children. PLOS Biology, 4(5), Article e125.

Capitani, E., Laiacona, M., Mahon, B. Z., & Caramazza, A. (2003). What are the facts of semantic category-specific deficits? A critical review of the clinical evidence. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 20(3/6), 213–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643290244000266

doi: 10.1080/02643290244000266 pubmed: 20957571

Caramazza, A., & Mahon, B. Z. (2006). The organisation of conceptual knowledge in the brain: The future’s past and some future directions. Cognitive Neuro.psychology, 23(1), 13–38.

Caramazza, A., & Shelton, J. R. (1998). Domain-specific knowledge systems in the brain: The animate-inanimate distinction. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 10(1), 1–34.

pubmed: 9526080 doi: 10.1162/089892998563752

Carey, S. (2009). The origin of concepts. Oxford University Press.

doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367638.001.0001

Casasanto, D. & Lupyan, G. (2015). All concepts are ad hoc concepts. In E. Margolis & S. Laurence (Eds.), The conceptual mind: New directions in the study of the concepts (pp. 543–566). https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9383.003.0031

Catricalà, E., Conca, F., Borsa, V. M., Cotelli, M., Manenti, R., Gobbi, E., Binetti, G., Cotta Ramusino, M., Perini, G., & Costa, A. (2021). Different types of abstract concepts: Evidence from two neurodegenerative patients. Neurocase, 27(3), 270–280. https://doi.org/10.1080/13554794.2021.1931345

doi: 10.1080/13554794.2021.1931345 pubmed: 34058940

Chang, H. (2009). We have never been whiggish (about phlogiston). Centaurus, 51(4), 239–264. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0498.2009.00150.x

doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0498.2009.00150.x

Chao, L. L., & Martin, A. (2000). Representation of manipulable man-made objects in the dorsal stream. Neuroimage, 12, 478–484.

pubmed: 10988041 doi: 10.1006/nimg.2000.0635

Chen, L., Lambon Ralph, M. A., & Rogers, T. T. (2017). A unified model of human semantic knowledge and its disorders. Nature Human Behavior, 1(3), Article 0039. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-016-0039

Chen, I.-H., Zhao, Q., Long, Y., Lu, Q., & Huang, C.-R. (2019). Mandarin Chinese modality exclusivity norms. PLOS ONE, 14(2), Article e0211336. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211336

Chertkow, H., Bub, D., Deaudon, C., & Whitehead, V. (1997). On the status of object concepts in aphasia. Brain and Language, 58(2), 203–232.

pubmed: 9182748 doi: 10.1006/brln.1997.1771

Chi, M. T., Feltovich, P. J., & Glaser, R. (1981). Categorization and representation of physics problems by experts and novices. Cognitive Science, 5(2), 121–152. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog0502_2

doi: 10.1207/s15516709cog0502_2

Chiou, R., Jefferies, E., Duncan, J., Humphreys, G. F., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2023). A middle ground where executive control meets semantics: The neural substrates of semantic control are topographically sandwiched between the multiple-demand and default-mode systems. Cerebral Cortex, 33(8), 4512–4526. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhac358

doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhac358 pubmed: 36130101

Clark, E. V. (1983). Meanings and concepts. Handbook of Child Psychology: Vol 3. Cognitive Development. Wiley.

Collins, A. M., & Quillian, M. R. (1969). Retrieval time from semantic memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 8, 240–247.

doi: 10.1016/S0022-5371(69)80069-1

Coltheart, M. (1981). The MRC Psycholinguistic database. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 33, 497–505.

doi: 10.1080/14640748108400805

Coltheart, M. (2004). Are there lexicons? Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 57(7), 1153–1171.

doi: 10.1080/02724980443000007

Colunga, E., & Smith, L. B. (2003). The emergence of abstract ideas: Evidence from networks and babies. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 358(1435), 1205–1214.

doi: 10.1098/rstb.2003.1306

Colvin, M., Warren, T., & Dickey, M. W. (2019). Event knowledge and verb knowledge predict sensitivity to different aspects of semantic anomalies in aphasia. In K. Carlson, C. Charles, & J. D. Fodor (Eds.), Grammatical approaches to language processing: Essays in honor of Lyn Frazier (pp. 241–259). Springer International Publishing.

doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-01563-3_13

Conca, F., Borsa, V. M., Cappa, S. F., & Catricalà, E. (2021). The multidimensionality of abstract concepts: A systematic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 127, 474–491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.004

Conca, F., Catricalà, E., Canini, M., Petrini, A., Vigliocco, G., Cappa, S. F., & Della Rosa, P. A. (2021). In search of different categories of abstract concepts: A fMRI adaptation study. Scientific Reports, 11(1), Article 22587. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02013-8

Connell, L., & Lynott, D. (2012). Strength of perceptual experience predicts word processing performance better than concreteness or imageability. Cognition, 125(3), 452–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2012.07.010

doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2012.07.010 pubmed: 22935248

Connell, L., & Lynott, D. (2014). Principles of representation: Why you can’t represent the same concept twice. Topics in Cognitive Science, 6(3), 390–406. https://doi.org/10.1111/tops.12097

doi: 10.1111/tops.12097 pubmed: 24895329

Connell, L., Lynott, D., & Banks, B. (2018). Interoception: The forgotten modality in perceptual grounding of abstract and concrete concepts. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 373(1752), Article 20170143. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0143

Corbett, F., Jefferies, E., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2009). Exploring multimodal semantic control impairments in semantic aphasia: Evidence from naturalistic object use. Neuropsychologia, 47(13), 2721–2731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.05.020

doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.05.020 pubmed: 19500608

Cousins, K. A. Q., Ash, S., Olm, C. A., & Grossman, M. (2018). Longitudinal changes in semantic concreteness in semantic variant primary progressive aphasia (svPPA). eNeuro, 5(6). https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0197-18.2018

Cree, G. S., McNorgan, C., & McRae, K. (2006). Distinctive features hold a privileged status in the computation of word meaning: Implications for theories of semantic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 32(4), 643–658.

pubmed: 16822138

Cree, G. S., McRae, K., & McNorgan, C. (1999). An attractor model of lexical conceptual processing: Simulating semantic priming. Cognitive Science, 23(3), 371–414. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog2303_4

doi: 10.1207/s15516709cog2303_4

Cruse, D. A. (1986). Lexical semantics. Cambridge University Press.

Crutch, S. J., Troche, J., Reilly, J., & Ridgway, G. R. (2013). Abstract conceptual feature ratings: The role of emotion, magnitude, and other cognitive domains in the organization of abstract conceptual knowledge. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, Article 186. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00186

Crutch, S. J., & Warrington, E. K. (2005). Abstract and concrete concepts have structurally different representational frameworks. Brain, 128(3), 615–627.

pubmed: 15548554 doi: 10.1093/brain/awh349

Damasio, H., Tranel, D., Grabowski, T., Adolphs, R., & Damasio, A. R. (2004). Neural systems behind word and concept retrieval. Cognition, 92(1/2), 179–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2002.07.001

doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2002.07.001 pubmed: 15037130

Davey, J., Cornelissen, P. L., Thompson, H. E., Sonkusare, S., Hallam, G., Smallwood, J., & Jefferies, E. (2015). Automatic and controlled semantic retrieval: TMS reveals distinct contributions of posterior middle temporal gyrus and angular gyrus. Journal of Neuroscience, 35(46), 15230–15239.

pubmed: 26586812 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4705-14.2015

De Renzi, E., & Lucchelli, F. (1994). Are semantic systems separately represented in the brain? The case of living category impairment. Cortex, 30(1), 3–25.

pubmed: 8004989 doi: 10.1016/S0010-9452(13)80322-X

Decety, J. (1996). The neurophysiological basis of motor imagery. Behavioral Brain Research, 77(1/2), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-4328(95)00225-1

doi: 10.1016/0166-4328(95)00225-1

Dehaene, S. (2011). The number sense: How the mind creates mathematics. Oxford University Press.

Dell, G. S., Schwartz, M. F., Martin, N., Saffran, E. M., & Gagnon, D. A. (1997). Lexical access in aphasic and nonaphasic speakers. Psychological Review, 104(4), 801–838.

pubmed: 9337631 doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.104.4.801

Della Rosa, P. A., Catricalà, E., Vigliocco, G., & Cappa, S. F. (2010). Beyond the abstract—concrete dichotomy: Mode of acquisition, concreteness, imageability, familiarity, age of acquisition, context availability, and abstractness norms for a set of 417 Italian words. Behavior Research Methods, 42, 1042–1048. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.42.4.1042

doi: 10.3758/BRM.42.4.1042 pubmed: 21139171

Desai, R. H., Reilly, M., & van Dam, W. (2018). The multifaceted abstract brain. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 373(1752), Article 20170122. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0122

Dickey, M. W., & Warren, T. (2015). The influence of event-related knowledge on verb-argument processing in aphasia. Neuropsychologia, 67, 63–81.

pubmed: 25484306 doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.12.003

Diveica, V., Pexman, P. M., & Binney, R. J. (2023). Quantifying social semantics: An inclusive definition of socialness and ratings for 8388 English words. Behavior Research Methods, 55(2), 461–473. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-022-01810-x

doi: 10.3758/s13428-022-01810-x pubmed: 35286618

Dove, G. (2019). More than a scaffold: Language is a neuroenhancement. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643294.2019.1637338

Dove, G. (2022). Abstract concepts and the embodied mind: Rethinking grounded cognition. Oxford University Press.

Dove, G. (2023). Grounding requires multimodal and multilevel representations. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2023.2247501

Drescher, J. (2015). Out of DSM: Depathologizing homosexuality. Behavioral Sciences, 5(4), 565–575. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs5040565

doi: 10.3390/bs5040565 pubmed: 26690228 pmcid: 4695779

Dreyer, F. R., & Pulvermüller, F. (2018). Abstract semantics in the motor system? An event-related fMRI study on passive reading of semantic word categories carrying abstract emotional and mental meaning. Cortex, 100, 52–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2017.10.021

doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.10.021 pubmed: 29455946

Dunning, D. (2011). The Dunning-Kruger effect: On being ignorant of one’s own ignorance. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 247–296.

doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6

Edwards, K. (2011). Higher-level concepts and their heterogeneous implementations: A polemical review of Edouard Machery’s Doing Without Concepts. Philosophical Psychology, 24(1), 119–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2010.544520

doi: 10.1080/09515089.2010.544520

Farah, M. J., & McClelland, J. L. (1991). A computational model of semantic memory impairment: Modality specificity and emergent category specificity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 120(4), 339–357.

pubmed: 1837294 doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.120.4.339

Fedorenko, E., & Varley, R. (2016). Language and thought are not the same thing: Evidence from neuroimaging and neurological patients. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1369(1), 132–153.

pubmed: 27096882 pmcid: 4874898 doi: 10.1111/nyas.13046

Feigenson, L., Dehaene, S., & Spelke, E. (2004). Core systems of number. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(7), 307–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2004.05.002

doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2004.05.002 pubmed: 15242690

Fernandino, L., Binder, J. R., Desai, R. H., Pendl, S. L., Humphries, C. J., Gross, W. L., Conant, L. L., & Seidenberg, M. S. (2016). Concept representation reflects multimodal abstraction: A framework for embodied semantics. Cerebral Cortex, 26(5), 2018–2034. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhv020

doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhv020 pubmed: 25750259

Fernandino, L., Tong, J.-Q., Conant, L. L., Humphries, C. J., & Binder, J. R. (2022). Decoding the information structure underlying the neural representation of concepts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119(6), Article e2108091119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2108091119

Fini, C., Era, V., Da Rold, F., Candidi, M., & Borghi, A. M. (2021). Abstract concepts in interaction: The need of others when guessing abstract concepts smooths dyadic motor interactions. Royal Society Open Science, 8(7), Article 201205. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201205

Fini, C., Falcinelli, I., Cuomo, G., Era, V., Candidi, M., Tummolini, L., Mazzuca, C., & Borghi, A. M. (2023). Breaking the ice in a conversation: Abstract words prompt dialogs more easily than concrete ones. Language and Cognition, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2023.3

Fiorentino, R., & Poeppel, D. (2007). Compound words and structure in the lexicon. Language and Cognitive Processes, 22(7), 953–1000.

doi: 10.1080/01690960701190215

Firth, J. R. (1957). A synopsis of linguistic theory, 1930–1955. In Studies in linguistic analysis. Blackwell. Flurie, M., Kelly, A., Olson, I. R., & Reilly, J. (2022). SymCog: An open-source toolkit for assessing human symbolic cognition. Behavior Research Methods. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-022-01853-0

Flake, J. K., & Fried, E. I. (2020). Measurement measurement: Questionable measurement practices and how to avoid them. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 3(4), 456–465. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245920952393

doi: 10.1177/2515245920952393

Frances, A. (2012, May 11). Diagnosing the DSM. New York Times, 11.

French, R. M. (1995). The subtlety of sameness: A theory and computer model of analogy-making. MIT Press.

Fried, L. S., & Holyoak, K. J. (1984). Induction of category distributions: A framework for classification learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 10(2), Article 234. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.10.2.234

Frisoni, G. B., Boccardi, M., Barkhof, F., Blennow, K., Cappa, S., Chiotis, K., Démonet, J.-F., Garibotto, V., Giannakopoulos, P., Gietl, A., Hansson, O., Herholz, K., Jack, C. R., Nobili, F., Nordberg, A., Snyder, H. M., Kate, M. T., Varrone, A., Albanese, E., … Winblad, B. (2017). Strategic roadmap for an early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease based on biomarkers. The Lancet Neurology, 16(8), 661–676. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30159-X

Fyfe, E. R., McNeil, N. M., Son, J. Y., & Goldstone, R. L. (2014). Concreteness fading in mathematics and science instruction: A systematic review. Educational Psychology Review, 26, 9–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-014-9249-3

doi: 10.1007/s10648-014-9249-3

Galantucci, B., Fowler, C. A., & Turvey, M. T. (2006). The motor theory of speech perception reviewed. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 13(3), 361–377. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193857

doi: 10.3758/BF03193857

Gallese, V., & Lakoff, G. (2005). The brain’s concepts: The role of the sensory-motor system in conceptual knowledge. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 22(3), 455–479. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643290442000310

doi: 10.1080/02643290442000310 pubmed: 21038261

Gao, Z., Zheng, L., Chiou, R., Gouws, A., Krieger-Redwood, K., Wang, X., Varga, D., Ralph, M. A. L., Smallwood, J., & Jefferies, E. (2021). Distinct and common neural coding of semantic and non-semantic control demands. NeuroImage, Article 118230. 10/gkcnwr

Garcea, F. E., & Mahon, B. Z. (2014). Parcellation of left parietal tool representations by functional connectivity. Neuropsychologia, 60, 131–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.05.018

doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.05.018 pubmed: 24892224 pmcid: 4116796

Garrard, P., Ralph, M. A. L., Patterson, K., Pratt, K. H., & Hodges, J. R. (2005). Semantic feature knowledge and picture naming in dementia of Alzheimer’s type: A new approach. Brain and Language, 93(1), 79–94.

pubmed: 15766770 doi: 10.1016/j.bandl.2004.08.003

Gatti, D., Marelli, M., Vecchi, T., & Rinaldi, L. (2022). Spatial representations without spatial computations. Psychological Science, 33(11), 1947–1958. https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976221094863

doi: 10.1177/09567976221094863 pubmed: 36201754

Gelman, S. A. (1996). Concepts and theories. Perceptual and Cognitive Development, 3, 117–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012279660-9/50022-1

doi: 10.1016/B978-012279660-9/50022-1

Gelman, S. A. (2009). Learning from others: Children’s construction of concepts. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 115–140.

pubmed: 18631027 pmcid: 2829654 doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093659

Gergely, G., & Csibra, G. (2003). Teleological reasoning in infancy: The naïve theory of rational action. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(7), 287–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00128-1

doi: 10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00128-1 pubmed: 12860186

Ghio, M., Vaghi, M. M. S., & Tettamanti, M. (2013). Fine-grained semantic categorization across the abstract and concrete domains. PLOS ONE, 8(6), Article e67090. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0067090

Gleitman, L. R., Cassidy, K., Nappa, R., Papafragou, A., & Trueswell, J. C. (2005). Hard words. Language Learning and Development, 1(1), 23–64. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15473341lld0101_4

doi: 10.1207/s15473341lld0101_4

Goldberg, A. (1995). Construction grammar: A construction grammar approach to argument structure. University of Chicago Press.

Gonnerman, L. M., Andersen, E. S., Devlin, J. T., Kempler, D., & Seidenberg, M. S. (1997). Double dissociation of semantic categories in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain and Language, 57(2), 254–279.

pubmed: 9126416 doi: 10.1006/brln.1997.1752

Gopnik, A., & Meltzoff, A. (1987). The development of categorization in the second year and its relation to other cognitive and linguistic developments. Child Development, 58(6), Article 1523. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130692

Gopnik, A., & Wellman, H. M. (1992). Why the child’s theory of mind really is a theory. Mind & Language, 7(1/2), 145–171.

doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0017.1992.tb00202.x

Gorno-Tempini, M. L., Hillis, A. E., Weintraub, S., Kertesz, A., Mendez, M., Cappa, S. F., Ogar, J. M., Rohrer, J. D., Black, S., Boeve, B. F., Manes, F., Dronkers, N. F., Vandenberghe, R., Rascovsky, K., Patterson, K., Miller, B. L., Knopman, D. S., Hodges, J. R., Mesulam, M. M., & Grossman, M. (2011). Classification of primary progressive aphasia and its variants. Neurology, 76(11), 1006–1014. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e31821103e6

doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31821103e6 pubmed: 21325651 pmcid: 3059138

Grafton, S. T., de Hamilton, A. F., & C. (2007). Evidence for a distributed hierarchy of action representation in the brain. Human Movement Science, 26(4), 590–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2007.05.009

doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2007.05.009 pubmed: 17706312 pmcid: 2042582

Grand, G., Blank, I. A., Pereira, F., & Fedorenko, E. (2022). Semantic projection recovers rich human knowledge of multiple object features from word embeddings. Nature Human Behaviour, 1–13.

Green, D. W. (1998). Mental control of the bilingual lexico-semantic system. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1(2), 67–81. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728998000133

Grossman, M., Peelle, J. E., Smith, E. E., McMillan, C. T., Cook, P., Powers, J., Dreyfuss, M., Bonner, M. F., Richmond, L., Boller, A., Camp, E., & Burkholder, L. (2013). Category-specific semantic memory: Converging evidence from bold fMRI and Alzheimer’s disease. NeuroImage, 68, 263–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.11.057

doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.11.057 pubmed: 23220494

Hafri, A., & Firestone, C. (2021). The perception of relations. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 25(6), 475–492.

pubmed: 33812770 doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2021.01.006

Harnad, S. (1990). The symbol grounding problem. Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena, 42(1/3), 335–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2789(90)90087-6

doi: 10.1016/0167-2789(90)90087-6

Harpaintner, M., Sim, E. J., Trumpp, N. M., Ulrich, M., & Kiefer, M. (2020). The grounding of abstract concepts in the motor and visual system: An fMRI study. Cortex, 124, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2019.10.014

doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.10.014 pubmed: 31821905

Harpaintner, M., Trumpp, N. M., & Kiefer, M. (2018). The semantic content of abstract concepts: A property listing study of 296 abstract words. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Article 1748. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01748

Hatano, G., & Inagaki, K. (1994). Young children’s naive theory of biology. Cognition, 50(1/3), 171–188.

pubmed: 8039360 doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(94)90027-2

Hauk, O. (2016). What does it mean? A review of the neuroscientific evidence for embodied lexical semantics. Neurobiology of Language, 777–788. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-407794-2.00062-6

Hauk, O., Johnsrude, I., & Pulvermüller, F. (2004). Somatotopic representation of action words in human motor and premotor cortex. Neuron, 41, 207–301.

doi: 10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00838-9

Hauk, O., & Tschentscher, N. (2013). The body of evidence: What can neuroscience tell us about embodied semantics? Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00050

doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00050

Henningsen-Schomers, M. R., & Pulvermüller, F. (2022). Modelling concrete and abstract concepts using brain-constrained deep neural networks. Psychological Research Psychologische Forschung, 86(8), 2533–2559. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-021-01591-6

doi: 10.1007/s00426-021-01591-6 pubmed: 34762152

Hillis, A. E., Sangjin, O., & Ken, L. (2004). Deterioration of naming nouns versus verbs in primary progressive aphasia. Annals of Neurology, 55, 268–275.

pubmed: 14755731 doi: 10.1002/ana.10812

Hirsh-Pasek, K. A., & Golinkoff, R. M. (2006). Action meets word: How children learn verbs. Oxford University Press.

Hodges, J. R., Bozeat, S., Lambon Ralph, M. A., Patterson, K., & Spatt, J. (2000). The role of conceptual knowledge in object use: Evidence from semantic dementia. Brain, 123(9), 1913–1925.

pubmed: 10960055 doi: 10.1093/brain/123.9.1913

Hodges, J. R., & Patterson, K. (2007). Semantic dementia: A unique clinicopathological syndrome. Lancet Neurology, 6(11), 1004–1014. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70266-1

doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70266-1 pubmed: 17945154

Hodgson, V., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2021). Multiple dimensions underlying the functional organization of the language network. NeuroImage, 241, Article 118444.

Hoenig, K., Sim, E.-J., Bochev, V., Herrnberger, B., & Kiefer, M. (2008). Conceptual flexibility in the human brain: Dynamic recruitment of semantic maps from visual, motion and motor-related areas. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20(10), 1799–1814.

pubmed: 18370598 doi: 10.1162/jocn.2008.20123

Hoffman, P. (2018). An individual differences approach to semantic cognition: Divergent effects of age on representation, retrieval and selection. Scientific Reports, 8(1), Article 8145. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-26569-0

Hoffman, P., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2011). Reverse concreteness effects are not a typical feature of semantic dementia: Evidence for the hub-and-spoke model of conceptual representation. Cerebral Cortex, Article bhq288.

Hoffman, P., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2013). Shapes, scents and sounds: Quantifying the full multi-sensory basis of conceptual knowledge. Neuropsychologia, 51(1), 14–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.11.009

doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.11.009 pubmed: 23159700

Hoffman, P., McClelland, J. L., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2018). Concepts, control, and context: A connectionist account of normal and disordered semantic cognition. Psychological Review, 125(3), Article 293.

Hollis, G., Westbury, C., & Lefsrud, L. (2017). Extrapolating human judgments from skip-gram vector representations of word meaning. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 70(8), 1603–1619. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2016.1195417

doi: 10.1080/17470218.2016.1195417

Humphreys, G. F., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2017). Mapping domain-selective and counterpointed domain-general higher cognitive functions in the lateral parietal cortex: Evidence from fMRI comparisons of difficulty-varying semantic versus visuo-spatial tasks, and functional connectivity analyses. Cerebral Cortex, 27(8), 4199–4212. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhx107

doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhx107 pubmed: 28472382

Humphreys, G. W., & Forde, E. M. E. (2005). Naming a giraffe but not an animal: Base-level but not superordinate naming in a patient with impaired semantics. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 22(5), 539–558.

pubmed: 21038265 doi: 10.1080/02643290442000176

Humphreys, G. W., & Riddoch, M. J. (2006). Features, objects, action: The cognitive neuropsychology of visual object processing, 1984–2004. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 23(1), 156–183.

pubmed: 21049326 doi: 10.1080/02643290542000030

Huth, A. G., De Heer, W. A., Griffiths, T. L., Theunissen, F. E., & Gallant, J. L. (2016). Natural speech reveals the semantic maps that tile human cerebral cortex. Nature, 532(7600), 453–458.

pubmed: 27121839 pmcid: 4852309 doi: 10.1038/nature17637

Huth, A. G., Nishimoto, S., Vu, A. T., & Gallant, J. L. (2012). A continuous semantic space describes the representation of thousands of object and action categories across the human brain. Neuron, 76(6), 1210–1224.

pubmed: 23259955 pmcid: 3556488 doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.10.014

Ibáñez, A., Kühne, K., Miklashevsky, A., Monaco, E., Muraki, E., Ranzini, M., Speed, L. J., & Tuena, C. (2023). Ecological meanings: A consensus paper on individual differences and contextual influences in embodied language. Journal of Cognition, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.228

Isik, L., Koldewyn, K., Beeler, D., & Kanwisher, N. (2017). Perceiving social interactions in theposterior superior temporal sulcus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(43), E9145–E9152. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1714471114

doi: 10.1073/pnas.1714471114

Ivanova, A. A. (2022). The role of language in broader human cognition (PhD thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology). https://anna-ivanova.net/uploads/Anna_Ivanova_thesis.pdf )

Ivanova, A. A., Mineroff, Z., Zimmerer, V., Kanwisher, N., Varley, R., & Fedorenko, E. (2021). The language network is recruited but not required for nonverbal event semantics. Neurobiology of Language, 2(2), 176–201.

pubmed: 37216147 pmcid: 10158592 doi: 10.1162/nol_a_00030

Jack, C. R., Jr., Bennett, D. A., Blennow, K., Carrillo, M. C., Dunn, B., Haeberlein, S. B., Holtzman, D. M., Jagust, W., Jessen, F., & Karlawish, J. (2018). NIA-AA research framework: Toward a biological definition of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 14(4), 535–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2018.02.018

doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.02.018

Jackendoff, R. S. (1987). On beyond zebra: The relation of linguistic and visual information. Cognition, 26(2), 89–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(87)90026-6

doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(87)90026-6 pubmed: 3652651

Jackendoff, R. S. (1992). Semantic structures (Vol. 18). MIT Press.

Jackson, R. L. (2021). The neural correlates of semantic control revisited. NeuroImage, 224, Article 117444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117444

Jackson, R. L., Rogers, T. T., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2021). Reverse-engineering the cortical architecture for controlled semantic cognition. Nature Human Behaviour, 5(6), 774–786. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-01034-z

doi: 10.1038/s41562-020-01034-z pubmed: 33462472 pmcid: 7611056

Jefferies, E. (2013). The neural basis of semantic cognition: Converging evidence from neuropsychology, neuroimaging and TMS. Cortex, 49, 611–625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2012.10.008

doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.10.008 pubmed: 23260615

Jefferies, E., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2006). Semantic impairment in stroke aphasia versus semantic dementia: A case-series comparison. Brain, 129(8), 2132–2147.

pubmed: 16815878 doi: 10.1093/brain/awl153

Jefferies, E., Patterson, K., Jones, R. W., Bateman, D., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2004). A category-specific advantage for numbers in verbal short-term memory: Evidence from semantic dementia. Neuropsychologia, 42(5), 639–660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2003.10.002

doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2003.10.002 pubmed: 14725802

Jefferies, E., Patterson, K., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2006). The natural history of late-stage “Pure” semantic dementia. Neurocase 12, (1), 1–14.

pubmed: 16517511 doi: 10.1080/13554790500428445

Jefferies, E., Rogers, T. T., Hopper, S., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2010). “Pre-semantic” cognition revisited: Critical differences between semantic aphasia and semantic dementia. Neuropsychologia, 48(1), 248–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.09.011

Johnston, M., & Leslie, S. J. (2019). Cognitive psychology and the metaphysics of meaning. Metaphysics and Cognitive Science, 183–205. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190639679.003.0008

Katz, J. J., & Postal, P. M (1963). Semantic interpretation of idioms and sentences containing them (Quarterly Progress Report). Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Keil, F. C., Smith, W. C., Simons, D. J., & Levin, D. T. (1998). Two dogmas of conceptual empiricism: Implications for hybrid models of the structure of knowledge. Cognition, 65(2/3), 103–135.

pubmed: 9557380 doi: 10.1016/S0010-0277(97)00041-3

Kelaiditi, E., Cesari, M., Canevelli, M., Abellan van Kan, G., Ousset, P.-J., Gillette-Guyonnet, S., Ritz, P., Duveau, F., Soto, M. E., Provencher, V., Nourhashemi, F., Salva, A., Robert, P., Andrieu, S., Rolland, Y., Touchon, J., Fitten, J. L., & Vellas, B. (2013). Cognitive frailty: Rational and definition from an (I.A.N.A./I.A.G.G.) International Consensus Group. The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging, 17(9), 726–734. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-013-0367-2

Kelly, A. E., Kenett, J. N., Medaglia, J. D., Reilly, J. J., Duhat, P., & Chrysikou, E. G. (in press). Conceptual structure of emotions. Emotion.

Kemeny, F., & Lukacs, A. (2019). Abstraction in sequence learning. In A. Cleeremans, V. M. Allakhverdov, & M. Kuvaldina (Eds.), Implicit learning: 50 years on. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315628905

Kiefer, M., & Harpaintner, M. (2020). Varieties of abstract concepts and their grounding in perception or action. Open Psychology, 2(1), 119–137. https://doi.org/10.1515/psych-2020-0104

doi: 10.1515/psych-2020-0104

Kiefer, M., Kuhnke, P., & Hartwigsen, G. (2023). Distinguishing modality-specificity at the representational and input level: a commentary on Calzavarini (2023). Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, May, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2023.2209928

Kiefer, M., Pielke, L., & Trumpp, N. M. (2022). Differential temporo-spatial pattern of electrical brain activity during the processing of abstract concepts related to mental states and verbal associations. NeuroImage, 252, Article 119036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119036 .

Kiefer, M., & Pulvermüller, F. (2012). Conceptual representations in mind and brain: Theoretical developments, current evidence and future directions. Cortex, 48, 805–825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2011.04.006

doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2011.04.006 pubmed: 21621764

Kim, J. S., Aheimer, B., Montané Manrara, V., & Bedny, M. (2021). Shared understanding of color among sighted and blind adults. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(33), Article e2020192118.

Kim, J. S., Elli, G. V., & Bedny, M. (2019). Knowledge of animal appearance among sighted and blind adults. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(23), 11213–11222.

doi: 10.1073/pnas.1900952116

Kominsky, J. F., & Scholl, B. J. (2020). Retinotopic adaptation reveals distinct categories of causal perception. Cognition, 203, Article 104339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104339

Kousta, S.-T.T., Vigliocco, G., Vinson, D. P., Andrews, M., & Del Campo, E. (2011). The representation of abstract words: Why emotion matters. Journal of Experimental Psychology General, 140(1), 14–34. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021446

doi: 10.1037/a0021446 pubmed: 21171803

Korbmacher, M., Azevedo, F., Pennington, C. R., Hartmann, H., Pownall, M., Schmidt, K., Elsherif, M., Breznau, N., Robertson, O., Kalandadze, T., Yu, S., Baker, B. J., O’Mahony, A., Olsnes, J. Ø.-S., Shaw, J. J., Gjoneska, B., Yamada, Y., Röer, J. P., Murphy, J., … Evans, T. (2023). The replication crisis has led to positive structural, procedural, and community changes. Communications Psychology, 1(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44271-023-00003-2

Krieger-Redwood, K., Teige, C., Davey, J., Hymers, M., & Jefferies, E. (2015). Conceptual control across modalities: Graded specialisation for pictures and words in inferior frontal and posterior temporal cortex. Neuropsychologia, 76, 92–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.02.030

doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.02.030 pubmed: 25726898 pmcid: 4582805

Kroll, J. F., Van Hell, J. G., Tokowicz, N., & Green, D. W. (2010). The revised hierarchical model: A critical review and assessment. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13(3), 373–381. https://doi.org/10.1017/S136672891000009X

Kuhnke, P., Beaupain, M. C., Arola, J., Kiefer, M., & Hartwigsen, G. (2023). Meta-analytic evidence for a novel hierarchical model of conceptual processing. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 144, Article 104994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104994

Kuhnke, P., Kiefer, M., & Hartwigsen, G. (2020). Task-dependent recruitment of modality-specific and multimodal regions during conceptual processing. Cerebral Cortex, 30(7), 3938–3959. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhaa010

doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa010 pubmed: 32219378 pmcid: 7264643

Kuhnke, P., Kiefer, M., & Hartwigsen, G. (2021). Task-dependent functional and effective connectivity during conceptual processing. Cerebral Cortex, 31(7), 3475–3493. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhab026

doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhab026 pubmed: 33677479 pmcid: 8196308

Kurby, C. A., & Zacks, J. M. (2008). Segmentation in the perception and memory of events. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(2), 72–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2007.11.004

doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2007.11.004 pubmed: 18178125 pmcid: 2263140

Lakoff, G., & Núñez, R. (2000). Where mathematics comes from (Vol. 6). Basic Books.

Lambon Ralph, M. A., Jefferies, E., Patterson, K., & Rogers, T. T. (2016). The neural and computational bases of semantic cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 18, 42–55. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2016.150

doi: 10.1038/nrn.2016.150

Lambon Ralph, M. A., Lowe, C., & Rogers, T. T. (2007). Neural basis of category-specific semantic deficits for living things: Evidence from semantic dementia, HSVE and a neural network model. Brain, 130(4), 1127–1137. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awm025

doi: 10.1093/brain/awm025 pubmed: 17438021

Lambon Ralph, M. A., McClelland, J. L., Patterson, K., Galton, C. J., & Hodges, J. R. (2001). No right to speak? The relationship between object naming and semantic impairment: Neuropsychological evidence and a computational model. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13(3), 341–356.

pubmed: 11371312 doi: 10.1162/08989290151137395

Lambon Ralph, M. A., Patterson, K., Garrard, P., & Hodges, J. R. (2003). Semantic dementia with category specificity: A comparative case-series study. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 20(3/6), 307–326.

doi: 10.1080/02643290244000301

Lambon Ralph, M. A., Patterson, K., & Hodges, J. R. (1997). The relationship between naming and semantic knowledge for different categories in dementia of Alzheimer’s type. Neuropsychologia, 35(9), 1251–1260.

pubmed: 9364495 doi: 10.1016/S0028-3932(97)00052-3

Lambon Ralph, M. A., Cipolotti, L., Manes, F., & Patterson, K. (2010). Taking both sides: Do unilateral anterior temporal lobe lesions disrupt semantic memory? Brain, 133(11), 3243–3255. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awq264

doi: 10.1093/brain/awq264 pubmed: 20952378

Landau, B., Smith, L. B., & Jones, S. S. (1988). The importance of shape in early lexical learning. Cognitive Development, 3(3), 299–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/0885-2014(88)90014-7

doi: 10.1016/0885-2014(88)90014-7

Landau, B., Gleitman, L. R., & Landau, B. (2009). Language and experience: Evidence from the blind child (Vol. 8). Harvard University Press.

Landauer, T. K., & Dumais, S. T. (1997). Solution to Plato’s problem: The latent semantic analysis theory of acquisition, induction, and representation of knowledge. Psychological Review, 104, 211–240.

doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.104.2.211

Langland-Hassan, P., Faries, F. R., Gatyas, M., Dietz, A., & Richardson, M. J. (2021). Assessing abstract thought and its relation to language with a new nonverbal paradigm: Evidence from aphasia. Cognition, 211, Article 104622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104622

Laurence, S., & Margolis, E. (2012). Abstraction and the origin of general ideas. Philosopher’s Imprint, 12(19).

Lazareva, O. F., Freiburger, K. L., & Wasserman, E. A. (2004). Pigeons concurrently categorize photographs at both basic and superordinate levels. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 11(6), 1111–1117. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196745

doi: 10.3758/BF03196745

Lee, C., Middleton, E., Mirman, D., Kalénine, S., & Buxbaum, L. J. (2013). Incidental and context-responsive activation of structure-and function-based action features during object identification. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 39(1), 257. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027533

doi: 10.1037/a0027533 pubmed: 22390294

Lev-Ari, S., & Keysar, B. (2010). Why don’t we believe non-native speakers? The influence of accent on credibility. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(6), 1093–1096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2010.05.025

doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2010.05.025

Liberman, A. M., Cooper, F. S., Shankweiler, D. P., & Studdert-Kennedy, M. (1967). Perception of the speech code. Psychological Review, 74(6), 431–461.

pubmed: 4170865 doi: 10.1037/h0020279

Liesefeld, H. R., Lamy, D., Gaspelin, N., Geng, J. J., Kerzel, D., Schall, J. D., Allen, H. A., Anderson, B. A., Boettcher, S., Busch, N. A., Carlisle, N. B., Colonius, H., Draschkow, D., Egeth, H., Leber, A. B., Müller, H. J., Röer, J. P., Schubö, A., Slagter, H. A., … Wolfe, J. (2024). Terms of debate: Consensus definitions to guide the scientific discourse on visual distraction. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-023-02820-3

Linstone, H. A., & Turoff, M. (1975). The Delphi method. Addison-Wesley. https://www.academia.edu/download/29694542/delphibook.pdf

Liu, S., & Spelke, E. S. (2017). Six-month-old infants expect agents to minimize the cost of their actions. Cognition, 160, 35–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2016.12.007

doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.12.007 pubmed: 28040551

Liu, Y., Dolan, R. J., Kurth-Nelson, Z., & Behrens, T. E. (2019). Human replay spontaneously reorganizes experience. Cell, 178(3), 640–652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.06.012

doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.06.012 pubmed: 31280961 pmcid: 6657653

Liu, Y., Vannuscorps, G., Caramazza, A., & Striem-Amit, E. (2020). Evidence for an effector-independent action system from people born without hands. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(45), 28433–28441. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2017789117

doi: 10.1073/pnas.2017789117

Locke, J. (1685). An essay on human understanding: Chapter 7: Of abstract and concrete terms. http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Philosophy/Locke/echu/

Louwerse, M. M. (2018). Knowing the meaning of a word by the linguistic and perceptual company it keeps. Topics in Cognitive Science, 10(3), 573–589. https://doi.org/10.1111/tops.12349

doi: 10.1111/tops.12349 pubmed: 29851286

Lund, T. C., Sidhu, D. M., & Pexman, P. M. (2019). Sensitivity to emotion information in children’s lexical processing. Cognition, 190, 61–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2019.04.017

doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2019.04.017 pubmed: 31026671

Lupyan, G. (2012). Linguistically modulated perception and cognition: The label-feedback hypothesis. Frontiers in Psychology, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00054

Lupyan, G., & Mirman, D. (2013). Linking language and categorization: Evidence from aphasia. Cortex, 49(5), 1187–1194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2012.06.006

doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.06.006 pubmed: 22846462

Lynott, D., Connell, L., Brysbaert, M., Brand, J., & Carney, J. (2020). The Lancaster sensorimotor norms: Multidimensional measures of perceptual and action strength for 40,000 English words. Behavior Research Methods, 52(3), 1271–1291. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-019-01316-z

doi: 10.3758/s13428-019-01316-z pubmed: 31832879

Machery, E. (2009). Doing without Concepts. Oxford University Press.

doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306880.001.0001

Machery, E. (2016). The amodal brain and the offloading hypothesis. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23(4), 1090–1095. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-015-0878-4

doi: 10.3758/s13423-015-0878-4

Mahon, B. Z., Anzellotti, S., Schwarzbach, J., Zampini, M., & Caramazza, A. (2009). Category-specific organization in the human brain does not require visual experience. Neuron, 63(3), 397–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.07.012

doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.07.012 pubmed: 19679078 pmcid: 2743253

Majid, A., Boster, J. S., & Bowerman, M. (2008). The cross-linguistic categorization of everyday events: A study of cutting and breaking. Cognition, 109(2), 235–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2008.08.009

doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2008.08.009 pubmed: 18947824

Malt, B. C. (2020). Words, thoughts, and brains. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 37(5/6), 241–253.

pubmed: 30964738 doi: 10.1080/02643294.2019.1599335

Malt, B. C., Gennari, S. P., Imai, M., Ameel, E., Saji, N., & Majid, A. (2015). Where are the concepts? What words can and can’t reveal. In E. Margolis & S. Laurence (Eds.), The conceptual mind: New directions in the study of concepts (p. 291). MIT Press.

Malt, B. C., & Smith, E. E. (1984). Correlated properties in natural categories. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 23(2), 250–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(84)90170-1

doi: 10.1016/S0022-5371(84)90170-1

Mariën, P., Ackermann, H., Adamaszek, M., Barwood, C. H. S., Beaton, A., Desmond, J., De Witte, E., Fawcett, A. J., Hertrich, I., Küper, M., Leggio, M., Marvel, C., Molinari, M., Murdoch, B. E., Nicolson, R. I., Schmahmann, J. D., Stoodley, C. J., Thürling, M., Timmann, D., … Ziegler, W. (2014). Consensus paper: Language and the cerebellum: An ongoing enigma. The Cerebellum, 13(3), 386–410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-013-0540-5

Marantz, A. (1997). No escape from syntax: Don’t try morphological analysis in the privacy of your own lexicon. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics, 4(2), 14.

Martin, A. (2015). GRAPES—Grounding representations in action, perception, and emotion systems: How object properties and categories are represented in the human brain. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-015-0842-3

Martínez-Ferreiro, S., Arslan, S., Fyndanis, V., Howard, D., Kraljević, J. K., Škorić, A. M., Munarriz-Ibarrola, A., Norvik, M., Peñaloza, C., Pourquié, M., Simonsen, H. G., Swinburn, K., Varlokosta, S., & Soroli, E. (2024). Guidelines and recommendations for cross-linguistic aphasia assessment: A review of 10 years of comprehensive aphasia test adaptations. Aphasiology, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2024.2343456

Mazzuca, C., Falcinelli, I., Michalland, A.-H., Tummolini, L., & Borghi, A. M. (2022). Bodily, emotional, and public sphere at the time of COVID-19. An investigation on concrete and abstract concepts. Psychological Research, 86(7), 2266–2277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-021-01633-z

McKhann, G. M., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., & Stadlan, E. M. (1984). Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA work group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology, 34, 939–944.

pubmed: 6610841 doi: 10.1212/WNL.34.7.939

McKhann, G. M., Knopman, D. S., Chertkow, H., Hyman, B. T., Jack, C. R., Jr., Kawas, C. H., Klunk, W. E., Koroshetz, W. J., Manly, J. J., Mayeux, R., Mohs, R. C., Morris, J. C., Rossor, M. N., Scheltens, P., Carrillo, M. C., Thies, B., Weintraub, S., & Phelps, C. H. (2011). The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s and Dementia, 7(3), 263–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.005

doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.005 pubmed: 21514250

McRae, K., Cree, G. S., Seidenberg, M. S., & McNorgan, C. (2005). Semantic feature production norms for a large set of living and nonliving things. Behavior Research Methods, 37(4), 547–559.

pubmed: 16629288 doi: 10.3758/BF03192726

McRae, K., De Sa, V. R., & Seidenberg, M. S. (1997). On the nature and scope of featuralrepresentations of word meaning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 126(2), 99.

pubmed: 9163932 doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.126.2.99

Medin, D. L., & Coley, J. D. (1998). Concepts and categorization. In J. Hochberg (Ed.), Perception and cognition at century’s end: Handbook of perception and cognition *403–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012301160-2/50015-0

Medin, D. L., & Schaffer, M. M. (1978). Context theory of classification learning. Psychological Review, 85(3), 207. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.85.3.207

doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.85.3.207

Meteyard, L., Rodriguez Cuadrado, S., Bahrami, B., Vigliocco, G., & Cuadrado, S. R. (2012). Coming of age: A review of embodiment and the neuroscience of semantics. Cortex, 48(7), 788–804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2010.11.002

doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2010.11.002 pubmed: 21163473

Mikolov, T., Sutskever, I., Chen, K., Corrado, G., & Dean, J. (2013). Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality. ArXiv. http://arxiv.org/abs/1310.4546

Miller, G. A. (1995). WordNet: A lexical database for English. Communications of the ACM, 38(11), 39–41. https://doi.org/10.1145/219717.219748

doi: 10.1145/219717.219748

Mitchell, T. M., Shinkareva, S. V., Carlson, A., Chang, K.-M., Malave, V. L., Mason, R. A., & Just, M. A. (2008). Predicting human brain activity associated with the meanings of nouns. Science, 320(5880), 1191–1195. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1152876

doi: 10.1126/science.1152876 pubmed: 18511683

Montefinese, M., Gregori, L., Ravelli, A. A., Varvara, R., & Radicioni, D. P. (2023). CONcreTEXT norms: Concreteness ratings for Italian and English words in context. PLOS ONE, 18(10), Article e0293031. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0293031

Montefinese, M., Vinson, D., Vigliocco, G., & Ambrosini, E. (2019). Italian age of acquisition norms for a large set of words (ItAoA). Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 278. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00278

Montefinese, M., Zannino, G. D., & Ambrosini, E. (2015). Semantic similarity between old and new items produces false alarms in recognition memory. Psychological Research Psychologische Forschung, 79, 785–794. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-014-0615-z

doi: 10.1007/s00426-014-0615-z pubmed: 25267547

Moss, H. E., Tyler, L. K., Durrant-Peatfield, M., & Bunn, E. M. (1998). “Two eyes of a see-through”: Impaired and intact semantic knowledge in a case of selective deficit for living things. Neurocase, 4(4), 291–310.

doi: 10.1093/neucas/4.4.291

Möttönen, R., & Watkins, K. E. (2009). Motor representations of articulators contribute to categorical perception of speech sounds. Journal of Neuroscience, 29(31), 9819–9825. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6018-08.2009

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6018-08.2009 pubmed: 19657034

Moulton, S. T., & Kosslyn, S. M. (2009). Imagining predictions: Mental imagery as mental emulation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1521), 1273–1280. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0314

doi: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0314

Muraki, E. J., Cortese, F., Protzner, A. B., & Pexman, P. M. (2020). Heterogeneity in abstract verbs: An ERP study. Brain and Language, 211, Article 104863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2020.104863

Muraki, E. J., Siddiqui, I. A., & Pexman, P. M. (2022a). Quantifying children’s sensorimotor experience: Child body–object interaction ratings for 3359 English words. Behavior Research Methods, 54(6), 2864–2877.

pubmed: 35112287 doi: 10.3758/s13428-022-01798-4

Muraki, E. J., Sidhu, D. M., & Pexman, P. M. (2022b). Heterogenous abstract concepts: Is “ponder” different from “dissolve”? Psychological Research Psychologische Forschung, 86(8), 2478–2494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-020-01398-x

doi: 10.1007/s00426-020-01398-x pubmed: 32776257

Murdoch, B. E., Chenery, H. J., Wilks, V., & Boyle, R. S. (1987). Language disorders in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Brain and Language, 31(1), 122–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-934X(87)90064-2

doi: 10.1016/0093-934X(87)90064-2 pubmed: 2437993

Murphy, G. L. (2002). The big book of concepts. MIT Press.

doi: 10.7551/mitpress/1602.001.0001

Newcombe, P. I., Campbell, C., Siakaluk, P. D., & Pexman, P. M. (2012). Effects of emotional and sensorimotor knowledge in semantic processing of concrete and abstract nouns. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, Article 275. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00275

Nicolescu, B. (2006). Transdisciplinarity: Past, present and future. Moving Worldviews: Reshaping Sciences, Policies and Practices for Endogenous Sustainable Development, ETC/COMPAS, Leusden, 142–166.

Noonan, K. A., Jefferies, E., Visser, M., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2013). Going beyond inferior prefrontal involvement in semantic control: Evidence for the additional contribution of dorsal angular gyrus and posterior middle temporal cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 25(11), 1824–1850. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00442

doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_00442 pubmed: 23859646

Oberauer, K., & Lewandowsky, S. (2019). Addressing the theory crisis in psychology. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 26(5), 1596–1618. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-019-01645-2

doi: 10.3758/s13423-019-01645-2

Ogden, C. K., & Richards, I. A. (1923). The meaning of meaning. Harcourt, Brace & World.

Onishi, K. H., & Baillargeon, R. (2005). Do 15-month-old infants understand false beliefs? Science, 308(5719), 255–258.

pubmed: 15821091 pmcid: 3357322 doi: 10.1126/science.1107621

Paivio, A. (1985). Mental representations: A dual coding approach. Oxford University Press.

Paivio, A. (2013). Dual coding theory, word abstractness, and emotion: A critical review of Kousta et al. (2011). Journal of Experimental Psychology General, 142(1), 282–287. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027004

Paivio, A., Yuille, J. C., & Madigan, S. A. (1968). Concreteness, imagery, and meaningfulness values for 925 nouns. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 76, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0025327

doi: 10.1037/h0025327

Papagno, C., Capasso, R., & Miceli, G. (2009). Reversed concreteness effect for nouns in a subject with semantic dementia. Neuropsychologia, 47(4), 1138–1148.

pubmed: 19350708 doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.01.019

Papeo, L. (2020). Twos in human visual perception. Cortex, 132, 473–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2020.06.005

doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.06.005 pubmed: 32698947

Patterson, K., Graham, N., & Hodges, J. R. (1994). The impact of semantic memory loss on phonological representations. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 6(1), 57–69.

pubmed: 23962330 doi: 10.1162/jocn.1994.6.1.57

Patterson, K., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2016). The hub-and-spoke hypothesis of semantic memory. In G. Hickok & S. L. Small (Eds.), Neurobiology of language (pp. 765–775). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-407794-2.00061-4

Patterson, K., Lambon Ralph, M. A., Jefferies, E., Woollams, A., Jones, R., Hodges, J. R., & Rogers, T. T. (2006). “Presemantic” cognition in semantic dementia: Six deficits in search of an explanation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18(2), 169–183.

pubmed: 16494679 doi: 10.1162/jocn.2006.18.2.169

Patterson, K., Nestor, P. J., & Rogers, T. T. (2007). Where do you know what you know? The representation of semantic knowledge in the human brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8(12), 976–987.

pubmed: 18026167 doi: 10.1038/nrn2277

Pennington, J., Socher, R., & Manning, C. D. (2014). GloVe: Global vectors for word representation. In A. Moschitti, B. Pang, & W. Daelemans (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), 1532–1543. https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/D14-1162

Pereira, F., Gershman, S., Ritter, S., & Botvinick, M. (2016). A comparative evaluation of off-the-shelf distributed semantic representations for modelling behavioural data. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 33(3/4), 175–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643294.2016.1176907

doi: 10.1080/02643294.2016.1176907 pubmed: 27686110

Persichetti, A. S., Shao, J., Denning, J. M., Gotts, S. J., & Martin, A. (2024). Taxonomic structure in a set of abstract concepts. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, Article 1278744. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1278744

Pexman, P. M., Muraki, E., Sidhu, D. M., Siakaluk, P. D., & Yap, M. J. (2019). Quantifying sensorimotor experience: Body–object interaction ratings for more than 9,000 English words. Behavior Research Methods, 51, 453–466.

pubmed: 30484218 doi: 10.3758/s13428-018-1171-z

Piaget, J. (1972). The epistemology of interdisciplinary relationships (pp. 127–139). Problems of Teaching and Research in Universities.

Piaget, J. (2014). Studies in reflecting abstraction. Psychology Press.

doi: 10.4324/9781315800509

Piazza, M. (2010). Neurocognitive start-up tools for symbolic number representations. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14(12), 542–551.

pubmed: 21055996 doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2010.09.008

Pitcher, D., & Ungerleider, L. G. (2021). Evidence for a third visual pathway specialized for social perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 25(2), 100–110.

pubmed: 33334693 doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2020.11.006

Plaut, D. C., & Shallice, T. (1993). Deep dyslexia: A case study of connectionist neuropsychology. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 10(5), 377–500. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643299308253469

doi: 10.1080/02643299308253469

Ponari, M., Norbury, C. F., & Vigliocco, G. (2018). Acquisition of abstract concepts is influenced by emotional valence. Developmental Science, 21(2), Article e12549. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12549

Popham, S. F., Huth, A. G., Bilenko, N. Y., Deniz, F., Gao, J. S., Nunez-Elizalde, A. O., & Gallant, J. L. (2021). Visual and linguistic semantic representations are aligned at the border of human visual cortex. Nature Neuroscience, 24(11), 1628–1636. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-021-00921-6

doi: 10.1038/s41593-021-00921-6 pubmed: 34711960

Popper, K. (2005). The logic of scientific discovery. Routledge.

doi: 10.4324/9780203994627

Price, C. J., Noppeney, U., Phillips, J., & Devlin, J. T. (2003). How is the fusiform gyrus related to category-specificity? Cognitive Neuropsychology, 20(3), 561–574. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643290244000284

doi: 10.1080/02643290244000284 pubmed: 20957585

Primativo, S., Reilly, J., & Crutch, S. J. (2016). Abstract conceptual feature ratings predict gaze within written word arrays: Evidence from a Visual Wor(l)d paradigm. Cognitive Science, 41(3), 659–685. https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12348

doi: 10.1111/cogs.12348 pubmed: 26901571 pmcid: 5156577

Prinz, J. J. (2004). Furnishing the mind: Concepts and their perceptual basis. MIT Press.

Pulford, B. D., Colman, A. M., Buabang, E. K., & Krockow, E. M. (2018). The persuasive power of knowledge: Testing the confidence heuristic. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 147(10), 1431–1444. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000471

doi: 10.1037/xge0000471 pubmed: 30138002 pmcid: 6166527

Pulvermüller, F., Cooper-Pye, E., Dine, C., Hauk, O., Nestor, P. J., & Patterson, K. (2009). The word processing deficit in semantic dementia: All categories are equal, but some categories are more equal than others. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22(9), 2027–2041. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21339

doi: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21339

Pulvermüller, F., Shtyrov, Y., & Ilmoniemi, R. (2005). Brain signatures of meaning access in action word recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17(6), 884–892.

pubmed: 15969907 doi: 10.1162/0898929054021111

Quesque, F., Apperly, I., Baillargeon, R., Baron-Cohen, S., Becchio, C., Bekkering, H., Bernstein, D., Bertoux, M., Bird, G., Bukowski, H., Burgmer, P., Carruthers, P., Catmur, C., Dziobek, I., Epley, N., Erle, T. M., Frith, C., Frith, U., Galang, C. M., … Brass, M. (2024). Defining key concepts for mental state attribution. Communications Psychology, 2(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44271-024-00077-6

Radford, A., Wu, J., Child, R., Luan, D., Amodei, D., & Sutskever, I. (2019). Language models are unsupervised multitask learners. OpenAI Blog, 1(8), 9.

Radvansky, G. A., & Zacks, J. M. (2011). Event perception. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 2(6), 608–620. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.133

doi: 10.1002/wcs.133 pubmed: 23082236

Raffaele, T., Moritz, W., Elisa, B., & Angelika, L. (2019). The representational space of observed actions. ELife, 8, e47686. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.47686

doi: 10.7554/eLife.47686

Raffman, D. (2010). Can we do without concepts? Comments on Edouard Machery. Doing Without Concepts. Philosophical Studies, 149(3), 423–427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-010-9529-9

doi: 10.1007/s11098-010-9529-9

Raia, R. (2023). An analysis of conceptual ambiguities in the debate on the format of concepts. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-023-09938-7

doi: 10.1007/s11097-023-09938-7

Ramey, C. H., Chrysikou, E. G., & Reilly, J. (2013). Snapshots of children’s changing biases during language development: Differential weighting of perceptual and linguistic factors predicts noun age of acquisition. Journal of Cognition and Development, 14(4), 573–592. https://doi.org/10.1080/15248372.2012.689386

doi: 10.1080/15248372.2012.689386

Rattermann, M. J., & Gentner, D. (1998). More evidence for a relational shift in the development of analogy: Children’s performance on a causal-mapping task. Cognitive Development, 13(4), 453–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0885-2014(98)90003-X

doi: 10.1016/S0885-2014(98)90003-X

Reggin, L. D., Muraki, E. J., & Pexman, P. M. (2021). Development of abstract word knowledge. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 686478. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.686478

Regier, T., & Kay, P. (2009). Language, thought, and color: Whorf was half right. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(10), 439–446.

pubmed: 19716754 doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2009.07.001

Reijnierse, W. G., Burgers, C., Bolognesi, M., & Krennmayr, T. (2019). How polysemy affects concreteness ratings: The case of metaphor. Cognitive Science, 43(8), Article e12779. https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12779

Renoult, L., Irish, M., Moscovitch, M., & Rugg, M. D. (2019). From knowing to remembering: The semantic–episodic distinction. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 23(12), 1041–1057.

pubmed: 31672430 doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2019.09.008

Renoult, L., & Rugg, M. D. (2020). An historical perspective on Endel Tulving’s episodic-semantic distinction. Neuropsychologia, 139, Article 107366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107366

Reilly, J., & Kean, J. (2007). Formal distinctiveness of high- and low-imageability nouns: Analyses and theoretical implications. Cognitive Science, 31(1), 157–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/03640210709336988

doi: 10.1080/03640210709336988 pubmed: 21635291

Reilly, J., Finley, A. M., Zuckerman, B., Kelly, A., & Flurie, M. (2021). The semantics of smell: A neuropsychological case-control study of lexical-semantic processing in total anosmia. Neurocase, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/13554794.2020.1871491

Reilly, J., Litovsky, C., Finley, A. M., & Kenett, Y. N. (2023). Bigram semantic distance as an index of continuous semantic flow in natural language: Theory, tools, and applications. Journal of Experimental Psychology General, 152(9), 2578–2590. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001389

doi: 10.1037/xge0001389 pubmed: 37079833 pmcid: 10790181

Reilly, J., & Peelle, J. E. (2008). Effects of semantic impairment on language processing in semantic dementia. Seminars in Speech and Language, 29, 32–43.

pubmed: 18348090 doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1061623

Reilly, J., Peelle, J. E., Garcia, A., & Crutch, S. J. (2016). Linking somatic and symbolic representation in semantic memory: The dynamic multilevel reactivation framework. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23(4), 1002–1014. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-015-0824-5

doi: 10.3758/s13423-015-0824-5

Rissman, L., & Majid, A. (2019). Thematic roles: Core knowledge or linguistic construct? Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 26(6), 1850–1869. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-019-01634-5

doi: 10.3758/s13423-019-01634-5

Rizzolatti, G., & Craighero, L. (2004). The mirror neuron system. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 27(1), 169–192. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144230

doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144230 pubmed: 15217330

Rogers, T. T., Lambon Ralph, M. A., Garrard, P., Bozeat, S., McClelland, J. L., Hodges, J. R., & Patterson, K. (2004a). Structure and deterioration of semantic memory: A neuropsychological and computational investigation. Psychological Review, 111(1), 205–235.

pubmed: 14756594 doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.111.1.205

Rogers, T. T., Lambon Ralph, M. A., Hodges, J. R., & Patterson, K. (2004b). Natural selection: The impact of semantic impairment on lexical and object decision. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 21(2/4), 331–352.

pubmed: 21038209 doi: 10.1080/02643290342000366

Rogers, T. T., Patterson, K., & Graham, K. (2007). Colour knowledge in semantic dementia: It is not all black and white. Neuropsychologia, 45(14), 3285–3298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.06.020

doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.06.020 pubmed: 17804024

Rollwage, M., Loosen, A., Hauser, T. U., Moran, R., Dolan, R. J., & Fleming, S. M. (2020). Confidence drives a neural confirmation bias. Nature Communications, 11(1), Article 2634. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16278-6

Rosch, E. H. (1973). Natural categories. Cognitive Psychology, 4(3), 328–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(73)90017-0

doi: 10.1016/0010-0285(73)90017-0

Rosch, E., & Lloyd, B. B. (1978). Principles of categorization. Erlbaum.

Ross, L., & Ward, A. (1996). Naive realism in everyday life: Implications for social conflict and misunderstanding. In E. S. Reed, E. Turiel, & T. Brown (Eds.), Values and knowledge (pp. 103–135). Erlbaum.

Rueschemeyer, S.-A., Pfeiffer, C., & Bekkering, H. (2010). Body schematics: On the role of the body schema in embodied lexical–semantic representations. Neuropsychologia, 48(3), 774–781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.09.019

doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.09.019 pubmed: 19782094

Sacchett, C., & Humphreys, G. W. (1992). Calling a squirrel a squirrel but a canoe a wigwam: A category-specific deficit for artefactual objects and body parts. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 9(1), 73–86.

doi: 10.1080/02643299208252053

Sadoski, M., Kealy, W. A., Goetz, E. T., & Paivio, A. (1997). Concreteness and imagery effects in the written composition of definitions. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89(3), 518–526.

doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.89.3.518

Sadoski, M., & Paivio, A. (1994). A dual coding view of imagery and verbal processes in reading comprehension. Ruddell, Robert B.

Saffran, E. M. (1982). Neuropsychological approaches to the study of language. British Journal of Psychology, 73(3), 317–337. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1982.tb01815.x

doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1982.tb01815.x pubmed: 7116081

Sartori, G., Gnoato, F., Mariani, I., Prioni, S., & Lombardi, L. (2007). Semantic relevance, domain specificity and the sensory/functional theory of category-specificity. Neuropsychologia, 45(5), 966–976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.08.028

doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.08.028 pubmed: 17069865

Saussure, F. D. (1916). Cours de linguistique generale (1907) (C. Bally & A. Sechehaye, Eds.). Philosophical Library.

Saxe, R., Carey, S., & Kanwisher, N. (2004). Understanding other minds: Linking developmental psychology and functional neuroimaging. Annual. Review of Psychology, 55, 87–124.

pubmed: 14744211 doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.142044

Saygin, A. P., Wilson, S. M., Hagler, D. J., Bates, E., & Sereno, M. I. (2004). Point-light biological motion perception activates human premotor cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 24(27), 6181–6188. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0504-04.2004

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0504-04.2004 pubmed: 15240810

Scholz, R. W., & Steiner, G. (2015). Transdisciplinarity at the crossroads. Sustainability Science, 10(4), 521–526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-015-0338-0

doi: 10.1007/s11625-015-0338-0

Schwanenflugel, P. J., & Stowe, R. W. (1989). Context availability and the processing of abstract and concrete words in sentences. Reading Research Quarterly, 24(1), 114–126.

doi: 10.2307/748013

Schwartz, D. L., & Black, J. B. (1996). Shuttling between depictive models and abstract rules: Induction and fallback. Cognitive Science, 20(4), 457–497. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog2004_1

doi: 10.1207/s15516709cog2004_1

Searle, J. R. (1980). Minds, brains, and programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3(3), 417–457.

doi: 10.1017/S0140525X00005756

Shallice, T., & Cooper, R. P. (2013). Is there a semantic system for abstract words? Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7(May), 175. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00175

doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00175 pubmed: 23658539 pmcid: 3647111

Simmons, W. K., & Barsalou, L. W. (2003). The similarity-in-topography principle: Reconcilingtheories of conceptual deficits. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 20(3–6), 451–486. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643290342000032

doi: 10.1080/02643290342000032 pubmed: 20957580

Sloutsky, V. M., & Fisher, A. V. (2004). Induction and categorization in young children: A Similarity-based model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133(2), 166–188. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.133.2.166

doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.133.2.166 pubmed: 15149249

Smith, E. E., & Medin, D. L. (1981). Categories and concepts. Harvard University Press.

doi: 10.4159/harvard.9780674866270

Snowden, J. S., Goulding, P. J., & Neary, D. (1989). Semantic dementia: A form of circumscribed cerebral atrophy. Behavioural Neurology, 2, 167–182.

doi: 10.1155/1989/124043

Snowden, J. S., Harris, J. M., Saxon, J. A., Thompson, J. C., Richardson, A. M., Jones, M., & Kobylecki, C. (2019). Naming and conceptual understanding in frontotemporal dementia. Cortex, 120, 22–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2019.04.027

doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.04.027 pubmed: 31220614 pmcid: 6838679

Snyder, H. R., Feigenson, K., & Thompson-Schill, S. L. (2007). Prefrontal cortical response to conflict during semantic and phonological tasks. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19(5), 761–775.

pubmed: 17488203 doi: 10.1162/jocn.2007.19.5.761

Soja, N. N., Carey, S., & Spelke, E. S. (1991). Ontological categories guide young children’s inductions of word meaning: Object terms and substance terms. Cognition, 38(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(91)90051-5

doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(91)90051-5 pubmed: 2049905

Son, J. Y., Smith, L. B., & Goldstone, R. L. (2008). Simplicity and generalization: Short-cutting abstraction in children’s object categorizations. Cognition, 108(3), 626–638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2008.05.002

doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2008.05.002 pubmed: 18565504 pmcid: 2584368

Sowa, J. F. (1993). Lexical structures and conceptual structures. In J. Pustejovsky (Ed.), Semantics and the lexicon (pp. 223–262). Springer.

doi: 10.1007/978-94-011-1972-6_12

Speed, L. J., & Brysbaert, M. (2022). Dutch sensory modality norms. Behavior Research Methods, 54(3), 1306–1318.

pubmed: 34505998 doi: 10.3758/s13428-021-01656-9

Spelke, E. S. (2022). What babies know: Core knowledge and composition (Vol. 1). Oxford University Press.

Springer, K., & Keil, F. C. (1991). Early differentiation of causal mechanisms appropriate to biological and nonbiological kinds. Child Development, 62(4), 767–781.

pubmed: 1935342 doi: 10.2307/1131176

Stampoulidis, G. . (2020). Polysemiotic communication vs. multimodality. SAUC–StreetArt and Urban Creativity, 5(2), 26–31.

Striem-Amit, E., Wang, X., Bi, Y., & Caramazza, A. (2018). Neural representation of visual concepts in people born blind. Nature communications, 9(1), Article 5250.

Strickland, B., & Scholl, B. J. (2015). Visual perception involves event-type representations: The case of containment versus occlusion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144(3), Article 570. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037750

Surowiecki, J. (2005). The wisdom of crowds. Anchor.

Taft, M., & Forster, K. I. (1976). Lexical storage and retrieval of polymorphemic and polysyllabic words. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 15(6), 607–620.

doi: 10.1016/0022-5371(76)90054-2

Tang, J., LeBel, A., Jain, S., & Huth, A. G. (2023). Semantic reconstruction of continuous language from non-invasive brain recordings. Nature Neuroscience, 26(5), 858–866. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-023-01304-9

doi: 10.1038/s41593-023-01304-9 pubmed: 37127759 pmcid: 11304553

Thompson, H. E., Noonan, K. A., Halai, A. D., Hoffman, P., Stampacchia, S., Hallam, G., Rice, G. E., Perez, B. D. D., Ralph, M. A. L., & Jefferies, E. (2022). Damage to temporoparietal cortex is sufficient for impaired semantic control. Cortex, 156, 71–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2022.05.022

doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2022.05.022 pubmed: 36183573

Thompson-Schill, S. L. (1999). A neural basis for category and modality specificity of semantic knowledge. Neuropsychologia, 560–565.

Thompson-Schill, S. L., D’Esposito, M., Aguirre, G. K., & Farah, M. J. (1997). Role of left inferiorprefrontal cortex in retrieval of semantic knowledge: A reevaluation. Proceedings of the NationalAcademy of Sciences, 94(26), 14792–14797. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.26.14792

doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.26.14792

Troche, J., Crutch, S. J., & Reilly, J. (2017). Defining a conceptual topography of word concreteness: Clustering properties of emotion, sensation, and magnitude among 750 English words. Frontiers in Psychology, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01787

Trumpp, N. M., Kliese, D., Hoenig, K., Haarmaier, T., & Kiefer, M. (2013). Losing the sound of concepts: Damage to auditory association cortex impairs the processing of sound-related concepts. Cortex, 49, 474–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2012.02.002

Trumpp, N. M., Ulrich, M., & Kiefer, M. (2024). Experiential grounding of abstract concepts: Processing of abstract mental state concepts engages brain regions involved in mentalizing, automatic speech, and lip movements. NeuroImage, 288, Article 120539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120539

Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and semantic memory. In E. Tulving & W. Donaldson (Eds.), Organization of memory. Academic Press.

Tyler, L. K., Moss, H. E., Durrant-Peatfield, M. R., & Levy, J. P. (2000). Conceptual structure and the structure of concepts: A distributed account of category-specific deficits. Brain and Language, 75(2), 195–231.

pubmed: 11049666 doi: 10.1006/brln.2000.2353

Ulrich, M., Harpaintner, M., Trumpp, N. M., Berger, A., & Kiefer, M. (2022). Academic training increases grounding of scientific concepts in experiential brain systems. Cerebral Cortex. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhac449

doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhac449

Urcuioli, P. J. (2006). Responses and acquired equivalence classes. In E. A. Wasserman & T. R. Zentall (Eds.), Comparative cognition: Experimental explorations of animal intelligence (pp. 405–421). Oxford University Press.

Van Overwalle, F., Manto, M., Cattaneo, Z., Clausi, S., Ferrari, C., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Guell, X., Heleven, E., Lupo, M., Ma, Q., Michelutti, M., Olivito, G., Pu, M., Rice, L. C., Schmahmann, J. D., Siciliano, L., Sokolov, A. A., Stoodley, C. J., van Dun, K., … Leggio, M. (2020). Consensus paper: Cerebellum and social cognition. The Cerebellum, 19(6), 833–868. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-020-01155-1

Varley, R., & Siegal, M. (2020). Evidence for cognition without grammar from causal reasoning and ‘theory of mind’ in an agrammatic aphasic patient. Current Biology, 10(12), 723–726.

doi: 10.1016/S0960-9822(00)00538-8

Vatansever, D., Smallwood, J., & Jefferies, E. (2021). Varying demands for cognitive control reveals shared neural processes supporting semantic and episodic memory retrieval. Nature Communications, 12(1), Article 2134. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22443-2

Vigliocco, G., Vinson, D. P., Lewis, W., & Garrett, M. F. (2004). Representing the meanings of object and action words: The featural and unitary semantic space hypothesis. Cognitive Psychology, 48(4), 422–488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2003.09.001

doi: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2003.09.001 pubmed: 15099798

Vigliocco, G., Kousta, S.-T., Della Rosa, P. A., Vinson, D. P., Tettamanti, M., Devlin, J. T., & Cappa, S. F. (2014). The neural representation of abstract words: The role of emotion. Cerebral Cortex, 24(7), 1767–1777. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bht025

doi: 10.1093/cercor/bht025 pubmed: 23408565

Villani, C., Loia, A., Bolognesi, M. (2024). The semantic content of concrete, abstract, specific, and generic concepts. Language & Cognition, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2023.64 .

Villani, C., Lugli, L., Liuzza, M. T., & Borghi, A. M. (2019). Varieties of abstract concepts and their multiple dimensions. Language and Cognition, 11(3), 403–430. https://doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2019.23

doi: 10.1017/langcog.2019.23

Villani, C., Lugli, L., Liuzza, M. T., Nicoletti, R., & Borghi, A. M. (2021). Sensorimotor and interoceptive dimensions in concrete and abstract concepts. Journal of Memory and Language, 116, Article 104173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2020.104173

Villani, C., Orsoni, M., Lugli, L., Benassi, M., & Borghi, A. M. (2022). Abstract and concrete concepts in conversation. Scientific Reports, 12(1), Article 17572. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-20785-5

Vinson, D. P., Vigliocco, G., Cappa, S., & Siri, S. (2003). The breakdown of semantic knowledge: Insights from a statistical model of meaning representation. Brain and Language, 86(3), 347–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-934X(03)00144-5

doi: 10.1016/S0093-934X(03)00144-5 pubmed: 12972366

Viskontas, I. V., Morrison, R. G., Holyoak, K. J., Hummel, J. E., & Knowlton, B. J. (2004). Relational integration, inhibition, and analogical reasoning in older adults. Psychology and Aging, 19(4), Article 581. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.19.4.581

Walker, I., & Hulme, C. (1999). Concrete words are easier to recall than abstract words: Evidence for a semantic contribution to short-term serial recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 25(5), 1256–1271.

Wang, X., Men, W., Gao, J., Caramazza, A., & Bi, Y. (2020). Two forms of knowledge representations in the human brain. Neuron, 107(2), 383–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2020.04.010

doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.04.010 pubmed: 32386524

Warren, T., & Dickey, M. W. (2021). The use of linguistic and world knowledge in language processing. Language and Linguistics Compass, 15(4), Article e12411.

Warrington, E. K. (1975). The selective impairment of semantic memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 27(4), 635–657.

pubmed: 1197619 doi: 10.1080/14640747508400525

Warrington, E. K., & Cipolotti, L. (1996). Word comprehension: The distinction between refractory and storage impairments. Brain, 119(2), 611–625. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/119.2.611

doi: 10.1093/brain/119.2.611 pubmed: 8800952

Warrington, E. K., & Crutch, S. J. (2004). A circumscribed refractory access disorder: A verbal semantic impairment sparing visual semantics. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 21(2/4), 299–315.

pubmed: 21038207 doi: 10.1080/02643290342000546

Warrington, E. K., & Shallice, T. (1979). Semantic access dyslexia. Brain, 102, 42–63.

doi: 10.1093/brain/102.1.43

Warrington, E. K., & Shallice, T. (1984). Category specific semantic impairments. Brain, 107(3), 829–854.

pubmed: 6206910 doi: 10.1093/brain/107.3.829

Watson, C. E., & Buxbaum, L. J. (2014). Uncovering the architecture of action semantics. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 40(5), 1832. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037449

doi: 10.1037/a0037449 pubmed: 25045905

Wauters, L. N., Tellings, A. E., Van Bon, W. H., & Van Haaften, A. W. (2003). Mode of acquisition of word meanings: The viability of a theoretical construct. Applied Psycholinguistics, 24(3), 385–406. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716403000201

doi: 10.1017/S0142716403000201

Whitney, C., Kirk, M., O’Sullivan, J., Lambon Ralph, M. A., & Jefferies, E. (2011). The neural organization of semantic control: TMS evidence for a distributed network in left inferior frontal and posterior middle temporal gyrus. Cerebral Cortex, 21(5), 1066–1075.

pubmed: 20851853 doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhq180

Wingfield, C., & Connell, L. (2022). Sensorimotor distance: A grounded measure of semantic similarity for 800 million concept pairs. Behavior Research Methods, 55, 3416–3432. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-022-01965-7

doi: 10.3758/s13428-022-01965-7 pubmed: 36131199 pmcid: 10615916

Wittgenstein, L. (1953). Philosophical investigations. Blackwell.

Woodward, A. L. (1998). Infants selectively encode the goal object of an actor’s reach. Cognition, 69(1), 1–34.

pubmed: 9871370 doi: 10.1016/S0010-0277(98)00058-4

Woollams, A. M., Cooper-Pye, E., Hodges, J. R., & Patterson, K. (2008). Anomia: A doubly typical signature of semantic dementia. Neuropsychologia, 46(10), 2503–2514.

pubmed: 18499196 doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.04.005

Wurm, M. F., & Caramazza, A. (2019). Distinct roles of temporal and frontoparietal cortex in representing actions across vision and language. Nature Communications, 10(1), 289. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08084-y

doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-08084-y pubmed: 30655531 pmcid: 6336825

Wurm, M. F., & Caramazza, A. (2022). Two ‘what’ pathways for action and object recognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 26(2), 103–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2021.10.003

doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2021.10.003 pubmed: 34702661

Xiong, Z., Tian, Y., Wang, X., Wei, K., & Bi, Y. (2023). Gravity matters for the neural representations of action semantics. Cerebral Cortex, 33(11), 6862–6871. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhad006

doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhad006 pubmed: 36682884

Yates, T. S., Sherman, B. E., & Yousif, S. R. (2023). More than a moment: What does it mean to call something an ‘event’? Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-023-02311-4

Yee, E., & Thompson-Schill, S. L. (2016). Putting concepts into context. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23, 1015–1027. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-015-0948-7

doi: 10.3758/s13423-015-0948-7

Zartha Sossa, J. W., Halal, W., & Hernandez Zarta, R. (2019). Delphi method: Analysis of rounds, stakeholder and statistical indicators. Foresight, 21(5), 525–544. https://doi.org/10.1108/FS-11-2018-0095

doi: 10.1108/FS-11-2018-0095

Zdrazilova, L., Sidhu, D. M., & Pexman, P. M. (2018). Communicating abstract meaning: Concepts revealed in words and gestures. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 373(1752), Article 20170138. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0138

Zhang, M., Varga, D., Wang, X., Krieger-Redwood, K., Gouws, A., Smallwood, J., & Jefferies, E. (2021). Knowing what you need to know in advance: The neural processes underpinning flexible semantic retrieval of thematic and taxonomic relations. NeuroImage, 224, Article 117405.

Zwaan, R. A. (2014). Embodiment and language comprehension: Reframing the discussion. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(5), 229–234.

pubmed: 24630873 doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2014.02.008

What we mean when we say semantic: Toward a multidisciplinary semantic glossary.

Journal

Informations de publication

Résumé

Identifiants

Types de publication

Langues

Sous-ensembles de citation

Informations de copyright

Références

Auteurs

Classifications MeSH