Children's Health in London and Luton (CHILL) cohort: a 12-month natural experimental study of the effects of the Ultra Low Emission Zone on children's travel to school.
Active travel
Children’s health
Clean air zones
Health policy
Natural experiment
Journal
The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity
ISSN: 1479-5868
Titre abrégé: Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101217089
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
05 Sep 2024
05 Sep 2024
Historique:
received:
19
09
2023
accepted:
27
06
2024
medline:
5
9
2024
pubmed:
5
9
2024
entrez:
5
9
2024
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
The Ultra-Low Emission Zone (ULEZ), introduced in Central London in April 2019, aims to enhance air quality and improve public health. The Children's Health in London and Luton (CHILL) study evaluates the impact of the ULEZ on children's health. This analysis focuses on the one-year impacts on the shift towards active travel to school. CHILL is a prospective parallel cohort study of ethnically diverse children, aged 6-9 years attending 84 primary schools within or with catchment areas encompassing London's ULEZ (intervention) and Luton (non-intervention area). Baseline (2018/19) and one-year follow-up (2019/20) data were collected at school visits from 1992 (58%) children who reported their mode of travel to school 'today' (day of assessment). Multilevel logistic regressions were performed to analyse associations between the introduction of the ULEZ and the likelihood of switching from inactive to active travel modes, and vice-versa. Interactions between intervention group status and pre-specified effect modifiers were also explored. Among children who took inactive modes at baseline, 42% of children in London and 20% of children in Luton switched to active modes. For children taking active modes at baseline, 5% of children in London and 21% of children in Luton switched to inactive modes. Relative to the children in Luton, children in London were more likely to have switched from inactive to active modes (OR 3.64, 95% CI 1.21-10.92). Children in the intervention group were also less likely to switch from active to inactive modes (OR 0.11, 0.05-0.24). Moderator analyses showed that children living further from school were more likely to switch from inactive to active modes (OR 6.06,1.87-19.68) compared to those living closer (OR 1.43, 0.27-7.54). Implementation of clean air zones can increase uptake of active travel to school and was particularly associated with more sustainable and active travel in children living further from school.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
The Ultra-Low Emission Zone (ULEZ), introduced in Central London in April 2019, aims to enhance air quality and improve public health. The Children's Health in London and Luton (CHILL) study evaluates the impact of the ULEZ on children's health. This analysis focuses on the one-year impacts on the shift towards active travel to school.
METHODS
METHODS
CHILL is a prospective parallel cohort study of ethnically diverse children, aged 6-9 years attending 84 primary schools within or with catchment areas encompassing London's ULEZ (intervention) and Luton (non-intervention area). Baseline (2018/19) and one-year follow-up (2019/20) data were collected at school visits from 1992 (58%) children who reported their mode of travel to school 'today' (day of assessment). Multilevel logistic regressions were performed to analyse associations between the introduction of the ULEZ and the likelihood of switching from inactive to active travel modes, and vice-versa. Interactions between intervention group status and pre-specified effect modifiers were also explored.
RESULTS
RESULTS
Among children who took inactive modes at baseline, 42% of children in London and 20% of children in Luton switched to active modes. For children taking active modes at baseline, 5% of children in London and 21% of children in Luton switched to inactive modes. Relative to the children in Luton, children in London were more likely to have switched from inactive to active modes (OR 3.64, 95% CI 1.21-10.92). Children in the intervention group were also less likely to switch from active to inactive modes (OR 0.11, 0.05-0.24). Moderator analyses showed that children living further from school were more likely to switch from inactive to active modes (OR 6.06,1.87-19.68) compared to those living closer (OR 1.43, 0.27-7.54).
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS
Implementation of clean air zones can increase uptake of active travel to school and was particularly associated with more sustainable and active travel in children living further from school.
Identifiants
pubmed: 39232801
doi: 10.1186/s12966-024-01621-7
pii: 10.1186/s12966-024-01621-7
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
89Subventions
Organisme : National Institute for Health Research Public Health Research Programme
ID : 16/139/01
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : Unit Programme number MC_UU_00006/7
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MC_UU_12015/6
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MC_UU_12015/7
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology
ID : NIHR203330
Organisme : National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health
ID : MR/S0196669/1
Organisme : National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health
ID : 2019-2024
Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
Rodriguez-Ayllon M, Cadenas-Sánchez C, Estévez-López F, Muñoz NE, Mora-Gonzalez J, Migueles JH, et al. Role of physical activity and sedentary behavior in the mental health of preschoolers, children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2019;49(9):1383–410. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40279-019-01099-5 .
doi: 10.1007/S40279-019-01099-5
pubmed: 30993594
Janssen I, LeBlanc AG. Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2010;7(1):1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-7-40 .
doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-7-40
Hills AP, Andersen LB, Byrne NM. Physical activity and obesity in children. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45(11):866–70. https://doi.org/10.1136/BJSPORTS-2011-090199 .
doi: 10.1136/BJSPORTS-2011-090199
pubmed: 21836171
National Health Services England. National Child Measurement Programme, England, Provisional 2021/22 School Year Outputs . Published 2022. https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/national-child-measurement-programme/england-provisional-2021-22-school-year-outputs . Accessed 11 May 2023.
Department of Health and Social Care. UK Chief Medical Officers’ Physical Activity Guidelines; 2019. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/832868/uk-chief-medical-officers-physical-activity-guidelines.pdf . Accessed 7 May 2023.
Office for Health Improvement & Disparities. Physical activity data tool: statistical commentary, January 2022. Physical activity data tool 2022. Published January 11, 2022. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/physical-activity-data-tool-january-2022-update/physical-activity-data-tool-statistical-commentary-january-2022 . Accessed 7 Nov 2022.
Department of Health & Social Care. Physical activity for children and young people: 5 to 18 years. Published September 19, 2019. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/physical-activity-guidelines-children-and-young-people-5-to-18-years/physical-activity-for-children-and-young-people-5-to-18-years-text-of-the-infographic . Accessed 7 May 2023.
Department for Transport. National Travel Survey 2014: Travel to School.; 2014. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/476635/travel-to-school.pdf . Accessed 7 May 2023.
Haug E, Smith ORF, Bucksch J, Brindley C, Pavelka J, Hamrik Z, et al. 12-year trends in active school transport across four European countries—findings from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(4):1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH18042118 .
doi: 10.3390/IJERPH18042118
World Health Organization. Ambient (outdoor) air pollution. Published 2022. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health . Accessed 11 May 2023.
Buka I, Koranteng S, Osornio-Vargas AR. The effects of air pollution on the health of children. Paediatrics Child Health. 2006;11(8):513. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/11.8.513 .
doi: 10.1093/pch/11.8.513
pubmed: 19030320
pmcid: 2528642
World Health Organization. Air Pollution and Child Health: Prescribing Clean Air; 2018. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-CED-PHE-18-01 . Accessed 21 May 2023.
Nordeide Kuiper I, Svanes C, Markevych I, Accordini S, Bertelsen RJ, Bråbäck L, et al. Lifelong exposure to air pollution and greenness in relation to asthma, rhinitis and lung function in adulthood. Environ Int. 2021;146:106219. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVINT.2020.106219 .
doi: 10.1016/J.ENVINT.2020.106219
pubmed: 33126061
Clean Cities Campaign. The Development Trends of Low-and Zero-Emission Zones in Europe; 2022. https://cleancitiescampaign.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/The-development-trends-of-low-emission-and-zero-emission-zones-in-Europe-1.pdf . Accessed 11 Jul 2023.
Xiao C, van Sluijs E, Ogilvie D, Patterson R, Panter J. Shifting towards healthier transport: carrots or sticks? Systematic review and meta-analysis of population-level interventions. Lancet Planetary Health. 2022;6(11):e858–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2542-5196(22)00220-0 .
doi: 10.1016/s2542-5196(22)00220-0
pubmed: 36370724
Tarriño-Ortiz J, Gómez J, Soria-Lara JA, Vassallo JM, Tarrino-Ortiz J, Gomez J, et al. Analyzing the impact of Low Emission Zones on modal shift. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2022;77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103562
Chamberlain RC, Fecht D, Davies B, Laverty AA. Health effects of low emission and congestion charging zones: a systematic review. Lancet Public Health. 2023;8(7):e559–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(23)00120-2 .
doi: 10.1016/s2468-2667(23)00120-2
pubmed: 37393094
Mudway IS, Dundas I, Wood HE, Marlin N, Jamaludin JB, Bremner SA, et al. Impact of London’s low emission zone on air quality and children’s respiratory health: a sequential annual cross-sectional study. Lancet Public Health. 2019;4(1):e28–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30202-0 .
doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30202-0
pubmed: 30448150
Tsocheva I, Scales J, Dove R, et al. Investigating the impact of London’s ultra low emission zone on children’s health: children’s health in London and Luton (CHILL) protocol for a prospective parallel cohort study. BMC Pediatr. 2023;23(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12887-023-04384-5 .
doi: 10.1186/S12887-023-04384-5
Colligan G, Tsocheva I, Scales J, Chavda J, Dove R, Kalsi H, et al. Investigating the impact of London’s Ultra Low Emission Zone on children’s health: Children’s Health in London and Luton (CHILL): Protocol for a prospective parallel cohort study. medRxiv. Published online February 8, 2021:2021.02.04.21251049. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.04.21251049
Transport for London. World’s first 24 hour Ultra Low Emission Zone. Published April 8, 2019. https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2019/april/gla---world-s-first-24-hour-ultra-low-emission-zone . Accessed 4 May 2023.
Evenson KR, Neelon B, Ball SC, Vaughn A, Ward DS. Validity and reliability of a school travel survey. J Phys Act Health. 2008;5(Suppl 1):S1. https://doi.org/10.1123/JPAH.5.S1.S1 .
doi: 10.1123/JPAH.5.S1.S1
pubmed: 18364515
pmcid: 4955384
Rissel C, Curac N, Greenaway M, Bauman A. Physical activity associated with public transport use—a review and modelling of potential benefits. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2012;9(7):2454–78. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH9072454 .
doi: 10.3390/IJERPH9072454
pubmed: 22851954
pmcid: 3407915
Ministry of Housing. English indices of deprivation 2019: postcode lookup. Published 2022. https://imd-by-postcode.opendatacommunities.org/imd/2019 . Accessed 4 Nov 2022.
Melo R, Zarruk D. Distance and Travel time between two points from Google Maps. Published online April 26, 2022. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/gmapsdistance/gmapsdistance.pdf . Accessed 12 May 2023.
Rodríguez-López C, Salas-Fariña ZM, Villa-González E, Borges-Cosic M, Herrador-Colmenero M, Medina-Casaubón J, et al. The threshold distance associated with walking from home to school. Health Educ Behav. 2017;44(6):857–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198116688429 .
doi: 10.1177/1090198116688429
pubmed: 28178850
Owen CG, Nightingale CM, Rudnicka AR, van Sluijs EMF, Ekelund U, Cook DG, et al. travel to school and physical activity levels in 9–10 year-old UK children of different ethnic origin; Child Heart and Health Study in England (CHASE). PLoS One. 2012;7(2):e30932. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0030932 .
doi: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0030932
pubmed: 22319596
pmcid: 3272007
Garnham-Lee KP, Falconer CL, Sherar LB, Taylor IM. Evidence of moderation effects in predicting active transport to school. J Public Health. 2017;39(1):153–62. https://doi.org/10.1093/PUBMED/FDW016 .
doi: 10.1093/PUBMED/FDW016
R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Published online 2020. https://www.r-project.org/
Greater London Authority. Central London Ultra Low Emission Zone Six Month Report; 2019. https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/ulez_six_month_evaluation_report_oct19.pdf . Accessed 10 Nov 2022.
van Sluijs EMF, Fearne VA, Mattocks C, Riddoch C, Griffin SJ, Ness A. The contribution of active travel to children’s physical activity levels: Cross-sectional results from the ALSPAC study. Prev Med. 2009;48(6):519–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.YPMED.2009.03.002 .
doi: 10.1016/J.YPMED.2009.03.002
pubmed: 19272404
Smith L, Sahlqvist S, Ogilvie D, Jones A, Griffin SJ, van Sluijs E. Is active travel to non-school destinations associated with physical activity in primary school children? Prev Med. 2012;54(3–4):224–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.YPMED.2012.01.006 .
doi: 10.1016/J.YPMED.2012.01.006
pubmed: 22285945
Smith L, Aggio D, Hamer M. Active travel to non-school destinations but not to school is associated with higher physical activity levels in an ethnically diverse sample of inner-city schoolchildren. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12889-016-3920-1 .
doi: 10.1186/S12889-016-3920-1
Smith L, Sahlqvist S, Ogilvie D, Jones A, Corder K, Griffin SJ, et al. Is a change in mode of travel to school associated with a change in overall physical activity levels in children? Longitudinal results from the SPEEDY study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2012;9(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-9-134/TABLES/5 .
doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-9-134/TABLES/5
Craig P, Cooper C, Gunnell D, Haw S, Lawson K, Macintyre S, et al. Using natural experiments to evaluate population health interventions: new Medical Research Council guidance. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2012;66(12):1182–6. https://doi.org/10.1136/JECH-2011-200375 .
doi: 10.1136/JECH-2011-200375
pubmed: 22577181
Jakobsen JC, Gluud C, Wetterslev J, Winkel P. When and how should multiple imputation be used for handling missing data in randomised clinical trials – a practical guide with flowcharts. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2017;17(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12874-017-0442-1 .
doi: 10.1186/S12874-017-0442-1
Department for Transport. Cycling and Walking Investment Strategy.; 2017. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/918442/cycling-walking-investment-strategy.pdf . Accessed 10 Nov 2022
Mayor of London. Mayor hails success of Schools Streets programme. Published March 10, 2022. https://www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/mayoral/mayor-hails-success-of-schools-streets-programme . Accessed 10 Nov 2022.
Mayor of London. Car Journeys during school drop-offs. Published December 16, 2021. https://www.london.gov.uk/questions/2021/4796 . Accessed 10 Nove 2022.
Jones RA, Blackburn NE, Woods C, Byrne M, van Nassau F, Tully MA. Interventions promoting active transport to school in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prev Med. 2019;123:232–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.YPMED.2019.03.030 .
doi: 10.1016/J.YPMED.2019.03.030
pubmed: 30904600
Villa-González E, Barranco-Ruiz Y, Evenson KR, Chillón P. Systematic review of interventions for promoting active school transport. Prev Med. 2018;111:115–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.YPMED.2018.02.010 .
doi: 10.1016/J.YPMED.2018.02.010
pubmed: 29496615
McEachan R, McQuaid J, Tate J, Pringle K, Bryant M, Yang T, et al. Evaluating the life-course health impact of a city-wide system approach to improve air quality in Bradford, UK: A quasi-experimental study with implementation and process evaluation. NIHR Funding and Awards. Published July 2020. https://fundingawards.nihr.ac.uk/award/NIHR128833 . Accessed 10 Nov 2022.
Transport for London. ULEZ Expansion 2023. Published 2023. https://tfl.gov.uk/modes/driving/ultra-low-emission-zone/ulez-expansion-2023 . Accessed 19 May 2023.