Challenges beyond reaching a 30% of area protection.
Journal
npj biodiversity
ISSN: 2731-4243
Titre abrégé: NPJ Biodivers
Pays: England
ID NLM: 9918804277406676
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
02 May 2024
02 May 2024
Historique:
received:
14
06
2023
accepted:
20
02
2024
medline:
7
9
2024
pubmed:
7
9
2024
entrez:
6
9
2024
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
The Conference of the Parties of the signatories of the Convention on Biological Diversity agreed in 2022 to protect 30% of terrestrial and marine areas by 2030 (the "30 × 30" target). What challenges emerge or intensify once (if) this 30 × 30 goal is achieved globally? To help practitioners and researchers pre-empt and plan along the path towards 30% protected area (PA) coverage, we draw lessons from a sizable and biodiversity-rich region that has already hit the target on land. Based on experiences and research about PAs in Spain (36% of land and 12% of marine area protected), we identify, illustrate and discuss the socioeconomic and management challenges that emerge with a high proportion of a country's area protected, as well as possible strategies to address them. We structure these challenges in three levels: PA governance and management, PA integrity, and the landscape matrix outside PA boundaries. Important strategies to address these challenges include enhancing engagement, participation and stewardship; increasing institutional resilience and a cross-sectoral approach for socio-environmental goals. Achieving quantitative targets of protection will not be sufficient to conserve the world's biodiversity and, in a leap forward, we envision the governance areas that need the most attention as countries reach (or get close to) sizeable proportions of protection.
Identifiants
pubmed: 39242705
doi: 10.1038/s44185-024-00041-x
pii: 10.1038/s44185-024-00041-x
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Pagination
9Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
CBD Convention on Biological Diversity. Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. 18 Dec. CBD/COP/15/L.25 (2022).
UNEP-WCMC & IUCN. Protected planet report, 2020. (2021a).
UNEP-WCMC & IUCN. Protected planet: the world database on protected areas (WDPA). (2023).
UNEP-WCMC & IUCN. Conserving at least 30% of the planet by 2030 - What should count? (2021b).
CBD Convention on Biological Diversity. CBD Decision 14/8: protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures. Conference of the Parties 14th meeting. (2018).
Büscher, B. et al. Half-earth or whole earth? Radical ideas for conservation, and their implications. ORYX 51, 407–410 (2017).
doi: 10.1017/S0030605316001228
Pimm, S. L., Jenkins, C. N. & Li, B. V. How to protect half of Earth to ensure it protects sufficient biodiversity. Sci. Adv. 4, eaat2616 (2018).
doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aat2616
pubmed: 30167461
pmcid: 6114985
Lim, D. Y. H., Starnes, T. & Plumptre, A. J., Global priorities for biodiversity conservation in the United Kingdom. Biol. Conserv. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109798 (2023).
Maxwell, S. L. et al. Area-based conservation in the twenty-first century. Nature 586, 217–227 (2020).
doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2773-z
pubmed: 33028996
Venter, O. et al. Bias in protected-area location and its effects on long-term aspirations of biodiversity conventions. Conserv. Biol. 32, 127–134 (2017).
doi: 10.1111/cobi.12970
pubmed: 28639356
Naidoo, R. et al. Evaluating the impacts of protected areas on human well-being across the developing world. Sci. Adv. 5, eaav3006 (2019).
doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aav3006
pubmed: 30949578
pmcid: 6447379
Oldekop, J. A., Holmes, G., Harris, W. E. & Evans, K. L. A global assessment of the social and conservation outcomes of protected areas. Conserv. Biol. 30, 133–141 (2016).
doi: 10.1111/cobi.12568
pubmed: 26096222
Joppa, L. N. & Pfaff, A. High and far: biases in the location of protected areas. PLoS ONE 4, e8273 (2009).
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008273
pubmed: 20011603
pmcid: 2788247
Schauman, S. A. et al. The geometry of global protected lands. Nat Sustain. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-023-01243-0 (2023)
Tauli-Corpuz, V., Alcorn, J., Molnar, A., Healy, C. & Barrow, E. Cornered by PAs: adopting rights-based approaches to enable cost-effective conservation and climate action. World Dev. 130, 104923 (2020).
doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.104923
Mace, G. M. Whose conservation. Science 345, 1558–1560 (2014).
doi: 10.1126/science.1254704
pubmed: 25258063
Palomo, I. et al. Incorporating the social-ecological approach in protected areas in the anthropocene. Bioscience 64, 181–191 (2014).
doi: 10.1093/biosci/bit033
Xu, W. et al. Strengthening protected areas for biodiversity and ecosystem services in China. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, 1601–1606 (2017).
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1620503114
pubmed: 28137858
pmcid: 5321011
Myers, N., Mittermeler, R. A., Mittermeler, C. G., Da Fonseca, G. A. B. & Kent, J. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403, 853–858 (2000).
doi: 10.1038/35002501
pubmed: 10706275
EUROPARC-España. Anuario 2020 del estado de las áreas protegidas en España. (2021).
Morillo, C. & Gómez-Campo, C. Conservation in Spain, 1980–2000. Biol. Conserv. 95, 165–174 (2000).
doi: 10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00031-8
Palomo, I. et al. Envisioning protected areas through participatory scenario planning: navigating coverage and effectiveness challenges ahead. Parks 23, 29–44 (2017).
doi: 10.2305/IUCN.CH.2017.PARKS-23-1IP.en
Paül, V., Vila-Lage, R. & Trillo-Santamaría, J.-M. “The n°1 country”? A critical investigation of the booming designation of biosphere reserves in Spain. Landsc. Urban Plan. 222, 104375 (2022).
doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2022.104375
Cortes-Vazquez, J. A. The end of the idyll? Post-crisis conservation and amenity migration in natural protected areas. J. Rural Stud. 51, 115–124 (2017).
doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.02.005
EUROPARC-España. Programa 2030 EUROPARC-España: Cambio global y áreas protegidas. Territorios vivos de conservación para el bienestar humano (2023).
Ewers, R. M. & Rodrigues, A. S. L. Estimates of reserve effectiveness are confounded by leakage. Trends Ecol. Evol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2007.11.008 (2008).
Ford, S. A. et al. Deforestation leakage undermines conservation value of tropical and subtropical forest protected areas. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 29, 2014–2024 (2020).
doi: 10.1111/geb.13172
Coad, L. et al. Widespread shortfalls in protected area resourcing undermine efforts to conserve biodiversity. Front. Ecol. Environ. 17, 259–264 (2019).
doi: 10.1002/fee.2042
Zabala, A. & Sullivan, C. A. Multilevel assessment of a large-scale programme for poverty alleviation and wetland conservation: lessons from South Africa. J. Environ. Plan. Manag. 0, 1–22 (2018).
EUROPARC-España. Anuario 2018 del estado de las áreas protegidas en España. Ed. Fundación Fernando González Bernáldez. Madrid. 130 páginas. By Múgica de la Guerra, M., et al. (2019).
Dudley, N. & Stolton, S. (eds.) Best Practice in Delivering the 30x30 Target (2nd Edition, October 2022). The Nature Conservancy and Equilibrium Research (2022).
Balmford, A. et al. Walk on the wild side: estimating the global magnitude of visits to protected areas. PLoS Biol 13, e1002074 (2015).
doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002074
pubmed: 25710450
pmcid: 4339837
Palacio Buendía, A. V., Pérez Albert, M. Y. & Serrano Giné, D. PPGIS and public use in protected areas: a case study in the Ebro Delta Natural Park, Spain. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Information 8, 244 (2019).
doi: 10.3390/ijgi8060244
García-Llorente, M. et al. What can conservation strategies learn from the ecosystem services approach? Insights from ecosystem assessments in two Spanish protected areas. Biodivers. Conserv. 27, 1575–1597 (2018).
doi: 10.1007/s10531-016-1152-4
Múgica, M., Montes, C., Mata Olmo, R. & Castell Puig, C., Protected areas as tools to strengthen the connections between science, management and society. Ecosistemas https://doi.org/10.7818/ECOS.1904 (2020).
López-Rodríguez, M. D. et al. Delineating participation in conservation governance: insights from the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park (Spain). Environ. Sci. Policy 114, 486–496 (2020).
Golden Kroner, R. E. et al. The uncertain future of protected lands and waters. Science. 364, 881–886 (2019).
doi: 10.1126/science.aau5525
pubmed: 31147519
Mascia, M. B. & Pailler, S. Protected area downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement (PADDD) and its conservation implications. Conserv. Lett. 4, 9–20 (2011).
doi: 10.1111/j.1755-263X.2010.00147.x
Donázar, J. A., Cortés-Avizanda, A., Arrondo, E., Delgado-González, A. & Ceballos, O. Hidden effects of high numbers of tourists in protected areas: displacement of foraging top scavengers. Ibis 165, 305–311 (2023).
doi: 10.1111/ibi.13121
Laurance, W. F. et al. Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest protected areas. Nature 489, 290–294 (2012).
doi: 10.1038/nature11318
pubmed: 22832582
DeFries, R., Karanth, K. K. & Pareeth, S. Interactions between protected areas and their surroundings in human-dominated tropical landscapes. Biol. Conserv. 143, 2870–2880 (2010).
doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2010.02.010
Cabello, V. & Brunach, M. Whose waters, whose nutrients? Knowledge, uncertainty, and controversy over eutrophication in the Mar Menor. Ambio 52, 1112–1124 (2023).
doi: 10.1007/s13280-023-01846-z
pubmed: 37027123
pmcid: 10160264
Jiménez-Ballesta, R. et al. The impact of the storage of nutrients and other trace elements on the degradation of a wetland. Int. J. Environ. Res. 12, 87–100 (2018).
doi: 10.1007/s41742-018-0072-4
Del Río, M. et al. Heavy metals and arsenic uptake by wild vegetation in the Guadiamar river area after the toxic spill of the Aznalcóllar mine. J. Biotechnol. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1656(02)00091-3 (2002).
Acreman, M., Casier, R. & Salathe, T. Evidence-based risk assessment of ecological damage due to groundwater abstraction; the case of Doñana Natural Space, Spain. Wetlands https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-022-01570-6 (2022).
Sergio, F., Blas, J., Tanferna, A. & Hiraldo, F. Protected areas enter a new era of uncertain challenges: extinction of a non-exigent falcon in Doñana National Park. Anim. Conserv. 25, 480–491 (2022).
doi: 10.1111/acv.12752
González-García, A. et al. Protected areas as a double edge sword: An analysis of factors driving urbanisation in their surroundings. Glob. Environ. Chang. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102522 (2022).
Batisse, M. The biosphere reserve: a tool for environmental conservation and management. Environ. Conserv. 9, 101–111 (1982).
doi: 10.1017/S0376892900019937
Rodríguez-Rodríguez, D. & López, I. Socioeconomic effects of protected areas in Spain across spatial scales and protection levels. Ambio 49, 258–270 (2020).
doi: 10.1007/s13280-019-01160-7
pubmed: 30859399
Rodríguez-Soler, R., Uribe-Toril, J. & De Pablo Valenciano, J. Worldwide trends in the scientific production on rural depopulation, a bibliometric analysis using bibliometrix R-tool. Land Use Policy 97, 104787 (2020).
doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104787
Blanco-Cerradelo, L., Gueimonde-Canto, A., Fraiz-Brea, J. A. & Diéguez-Castrillón, M. I. Dimensions of destination competitiveness: analyses of protected areas in Spain. J. Clean. Prod. 177, 782–794 (2018).
doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.242
Bonet-García, F. J. et al. Protected areas as elicitors of human well-being in a developed region: a new synthetic (socioeconomic) approach. Biol. Conserv. 187, 221–229 (2015).
doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2015.04.027
Calvet-Mir, L., Maestre-Andrés, S., Molina, J. L. & van den Bergh, J. Participation in protected areas: a social network case study in Catalonia, Spain. Ecol. Soc https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-07989-200445 (2015).
Fanning, A. L., O’Neill, D. W., Hickel, J. & Roux, N. The social shortfall and ecological overshoot of nations. Nat. Sustain. 5, 26–36 (2022).
doi: 10.1038/s41893-021-00799-z
Jaureguiberry, P. et al. The direct drivers of recent global anthropogenic biodiversity loss. Sci. Adv. 8, eabm9982 (2022).
doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abm9982
pubmed: 36351024
pmcid: 9645725
Theurl, M. C. et al. Food systems in a zero-deforestation world: dietary change is more important than intensification for climate targets in 2050. Sci. Total Environ. 735, 139353 (2020).
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139353
pubmed: 32474248