Perspectives and pitfalls in preserving subterranean biodiversity through protected areas.
Journal
npj biodiversity
ISSN: 2731-4243
Titre abrégé: NPJ Biodivers
Pays: England
ID NLM: 9918804277406676
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
16 Jan 2024
16 Jan 2024
Historique:
received:
05
09
2023
accepted:
20
12
2023
medline:
7
9
2024
pubmed:
7
9
2024
entrez:
6
9
2024
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Subterranean ecosystems (comprising terrestrial, semi-aquatic, and aquatic components) are increasingly threatened by human activities; however, the current network of surface-protected areas is inadequate to safeguard subterranean biodiversity. Establishing protected areas for subterranean ecosystems is challenging. First, there are technical obstacles in mapping three-dimensional ecosystems with uncertain boundaries. Second, the rarity and endemism of subterranean organisms, combined with a scarcity of taxonomists, delays the accumulation of essential biodiversity knowledge. Third, establishing agreements to preserve subterranean ecosystems requires collaboration among multiple actors with often competing interests. This perspective addresses the challenges of preserving subterranean biodiversity through protected areas. Even in the face of uncertainties, we suggest it is both timely and critical to assess general criteria for subterranean biodiversity protection and implement them based on precautionary principles. To this end, we examine the current status of European protected areas and discuss solutions to improve their coverage of subterranean ecosystems.
Identifiants
pubmed: 39242876
doi: 10.1038/s44185-023-00035-1
pii: 10.1038/s44185-023-00035-1
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Pagination
2Subventions
Organisme : Biodiversa+
ID : DarCo
Organisme : Biodiversa+
ID : DarCo
Organisme : Biodiversa+
ID : DarCo
Organisme : Biodiversa+
ID : DarCo
Organisme : Biodiversa+
ID : DarCo
Organisme : Biodiversa+
ID : DarCo
Organisme : Biodiversa+
ID : DarCo
Organisme : Biodiversa+
ID : DarCo
Organisme : Biodiversa+
ID : DarCo
Organisme : Biodiversa+
ID : DarCo
Organisme : Biodiversa+
ID : DarCo
Organisme : Biodiversa+
ID : DarCo
Organisme : Biodiversa+
ID : DarCo
Organisme : Biodiversa+
ID : DarCo
Organisme : Biodiversa+
ID : DarCo
Organisme : Biodiversa+
ID : DarCo
Organisme : Biodiversa+
ID : DarCo
Organisme : Biodiversa+
ID : DarCo
Organisme : Biodiversa+
ID : DarCo
Organisme : Biodiversa+
ID : DarCo
Organisme : Biodiversa+
ID : DarCo
Organisme : Biodiversa+
ID : DarCo
Organisme : Biodiversa+
ID : DarCo
Organisme : Biodiversa+
ID : DarCo
Organisme : Biodiversa+
ID : DarCo
Organisme : Biodiversa+
ID : DarCo
Organisme : Biodiversa+
ID : DarCo
Organisme : Biodiversa+
ID : DarCo
Organisme : Biodiversa+
ID : DarCo
Organisme : Biodiversa+
ID : DarCo
Organisme : Biodiversa+
ID : DarCo
Organisme : Biodiversa+
ID : DarCo
Organisme : Biodiversa+
ID : DarCo
Organisme : Biodiversa+
ID : DarCo
Organisme : Biodiversa+
ID : DarCo
Organisme : ERDF "A way of making Europe"
ID : PID2021-124640NB-I00
Organisme : ERDF "A way of making Europe"
ID : PID2021-124640NB-I00
Organisme : ERDF "A way of making Europe"
ID : PID2021-124640NB-I00
Organisme : Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca
ID : 2022MJSYF8
Organisme : Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca
ID : CN00000033
Organisme : Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
ID : DL57/2016/CP1375/CT0003
Organisme : Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
ID : DL57/2016/CP1375/CT0003
Organisme : Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
ID : DL57/2016/CP1375/CT0003
Organisme : European Commission
ID : 101031043
Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
Gurney, G. G., Adams, V. M., Álvarez-Romero, J. G. & Claudet, J. Area-based conservation: taking stock and looking ahead. One Earth 6, 98–104 (2023).
doi: 10.1016/j.oneear.2023.01.012
Bhola, N. et al. Perspectives on area-based conservation and its meaning for future biodiversity policy. Conserv. Biol. 35, 168–178 (2021).
pubmed: 32277780
doi: 10.1111/cobi.13509
Visconti, P. et al. Protected area targets post-2020. Science 364, 239–241 (2019).
pubmed: 30975769
doi: 10.1126/science.aav6886
Watson, R. T. et al. Post-2020 aspirations for biodiversity. One Earth 4, 893–896 (2021).
doi: 10.1016/j.oneear.2021.07.002
Dinerstein, E. et al. A “Global Safety Net” to reverse biodiversity loss and stabilize Earth’s climate. Sci. Adv. 6, eabb2824 (2020).
pubmed: 32917614
pmcid: 7473742
doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abb2824
Hermoso, V. et al. The EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030: opportunities and challenges on the path towards biodiversity recovery. Environ. Sci. Policy 127, 263–271 (2022).
doi: 10.1016/j.envsci.2021.10.028
Zagmajster, M., Culver, D. C., Christman, M. C. & Sket, B. Evaluating the sampling bias in pattern of subterranean species richness: combining approaches. Biodivers. Conserv. 19, 3035–3048 (2010).
doi: 10.1007/s10531-010-9873-2
Mammola, S. et al. Collecting eco-evolutionary data in the dark: Impediments to subterranean research and how to overcome them. Ecol. Evol. 11, 5911–5926 (2021).
pubmed: 34141192
pmcid: 8207145
doi: 10.1002/ece3.7556
Ficetola, G. F., Canedoli, C. & Stoch, F. The Racovitzan impediment and the hidden biodiversity of unexplored environments. Conserv. Biol. 33, 214–216 (2019).
pubmed: 29962096
doi: 10.1111/cobi.13179
Mammola, S. et al. Towards evidence-based conservation of subterranean ecosystems. Biol. Rev. 97, 1476–1510 (2022).
pubmed: 35315207
doi: 10.1111/brv.12851
Howarth, F. G. Ecology of cave arthropods. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 28, 365–389 (1983).
doi: 10.1146/annurev.en.28.010183.002053
Culver, D. C. & Pipan, T. Shallow subterranean habitats: ecology, evolution, and conservation. https://doi.org/10.4311/2014br0127 . (Oxford University Press, USA, 2014).
Mammola, S. et al. Ecology and sampling techniques of an understudied subterranean habitat: the Milieu Souterrain Superficiel (MSS). Sci. Nat. 103, 88 (2016).
doi: 10.1007/s00114-016-1413-9
Fišer, C., Pipan, T. & Culver, D. C. The vertical extent of groundwater metazoans: an ecological and evolutionary perspective. Bioscience 64, 971–979 (2014).
doi: 10.1093/biosci/biu148
Saccò, M. et al. Groundwater is a hidden global keystone ecosystem. Glob. Change Biol. 30, e17066 (2024).
doi: 10.1111/gcb.17066
Culver, D. C., Deharveng, L., Pipan, T. & Bedos, A. An overview of subterranean biodiversity hotspots. Diversity 13, 487 (2021).
doi: 10.3390/d13100487
Griebler, C. & Avramov, M. Groundwater ecosystem services: a review. Freshw. Sci. 34, 355–367 (2015).
doi: 10.1086/679903
Sánchez-Fernández, D., Galassi, D. M. P., Wynne, J. J., Cardoso, P. & Mammola, S. Don’t forget subterranean ecosystems in climate change agendas. Nat. Clim. Chang. 11, 458–459 (2021).
doi: 10.1038/s41558-021-01057-y
Wynne, J. J. et al. A conservation roadmap for the subterranean biome. Conserv. Lett. 14, e12834 (2021).
doi: 10.1111/conl.12834
Barth, J. A. C., Geist, J. & Cherry, J. Integrate strategies to save biodiversity and groundwater. Nature 614, 34 (2023).
pubmed: 36720943
doi: 10.1038/d41586-023-00216-9
Griebler, C. et al. Legal frameworks for the conservation and sustainable management of groundwater ecosystems. Groundw. Ecol. Evol. 551–571 (2023).
Colado, R. et al. A dark side of conservation biology: protected areas fail in representing subterranean biodiversity. Insect Conserv. Divers. 16, 674–683 (2023).
doi: 10.1111/icad.12666
Huggins, X. et al. Overlooked risks and opportunities in groundwatersheds of the world’s protected areas. Nat. Sustain. 6, 855–864 (2023).
doi: 10.1038/s41893-023-01086-9
EEA (European Environmental Agency). The Natura 2000 protected areas network. https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/biodiversity/natura-2000 (2023).
Fišer, C. et al. The European Green Deal misses Europe’s subterranean biodiversity hotspots. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 6, 1403–1404 (2022).
pubmed: 35995850
doi: 10.1038/s41559-022-01859-z
Piló, L. B., Calux, A., Scherer, R. & Bernard, E. Bats as ecosystem engineers in iron ore caves in the Carajás National Forest, Brazilian Amazonia. PLoS One 18, e0267870 (2023).
pubmed: 37167295
pmcid: 10174506
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267870
Hose, G. C. & Stumpp, C. Architects of the underworld: bioturbation by groundwater invertebrates influences aquifer hydraulic properties. Aquat. Sci. 81, 20 (2019).
doi: 10.1007/s00027-018-0613-0
Gers, C. Diversity of energy fluxes and interactions between arthropod communities: from soil to cave. Acta Oecol. 19, 205–213 (1998).
doi: 10.1016/S1146-609X(98)80025-8
Prous, X., Ferreira, R. L. & Martins, R. P. Ecotone delimitation: epigean–hypogean transition in cave ecosystems. Austral. Ecol. 29, 374–382 (2004).
doi: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2004.01373.x
Manenti, R. & Piazza, B. Between darkness and light: spring habitats provide new perspectives for modern researchers on groundwater biology. PeerJ 9, e11711 (2021).
pubmed: 34395066
pmcid: 8320523
doi: 10.7717/peerj.11711
Delić, T., Trontelj, P., Rendoš, M. & Fišer, C. The importance of naming cryptic species and the conservation of endemic subterranean amphipods. Sci. Rep. 7, 3391 (2017).
pubmed: 28611400
pmcid: 5469755
doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-02938-z
Eme, D. et al. Do cryptic species matter in macroecology? Sequencing European groundwater crustaceans yields smaller ranges but does not challenge biodiversity determinants. Ecography 41, 424–436 (2018).
doi: 10.1111/ecog.02683
Tanalgo, K. C., Oliveira, H. F. M. & Hughes, A. C. Mapping global conservation priorities and habitat vulnerabilities for cave-dwelling bats in a changing world. Sci. Total Environ. 843, 156909 (2022).
pubmed: 35753458
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156909
Iannella, M. et al. Getting the ‘Most Out of the Hotspot’ for practical conservation of groundwater biodiversity. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 31, e01844 (2021).
Stoch, F., Artheau, M., Brancelj, A., Galassi, D. M. P. & Malard, F. Biodiversity indicators in European ground waters: towards a predictive model of stygobiotic species richness. Freshw. Biol. 54, 745–755 (2009).
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2008.02143.x
Meierhofer, M. B. et al. Effective conservation of subterranean-roosting bats. Conserv. Biol. 00, e14157 (2023).
doi: 10.1111/cobi.14157
Faith, D. P. & Walker, P. A. Environmental diversity: on the best-possible use of surrogate data for assessing the relative biodiversity of sets of areas. Biodivers. Conserv. 5, 399–415 (1996).
doi: 10.1007/BF00056387
Albuquerque, F. & Beier, P. Improving the use of environmental diversity as a surrogate for species representation. Ecol. Evol. 8, 852–858 (2018).
pubmed: 29375759
doi: 10.1002/ece3.3651
Mammola, S. & Leroy, B. Applying species distribution models to caves and other subterranean habitats. Ecography 41, 1194–1208 (2018).
doi: 10.1111/ecog.03464
Eme, D. et al. Multi-causality and spatial non-stationarity in the determinants of groundwater crustacean diversity in Europe. Ecography 38, 531–540 (2015).
doi: 10.1111/ecog.01092
Zagmajster, M. et al. Geographic variation in range size and beta diversity of groundwater crustaceans: Insights from habitats with low thermal seasonality. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 23, 1135–1145 (2014).
doi: 10.1111/geb.12200
Christman, M. C. et al. Predicting the occurrence of cave-inhabiting fauna based on features of the earth surface environment. PLoS One 11, e0160408 (2016).
pubmed: 27532611
pmcid: 4988700
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160408
Jiménez-Valverde, A., Sendra, A., Garay, P. & Reboleira, A. S. P. S. Energy and speleogenesis: key determinants of terrestrial species richness in caves. Ecol. Evol. 7, 10207–10215 (2017).
pubmed: 29238548
pmcid: 5723612
doi: 10.1002/ece3.3558
Culver, D. C. et al. The mid-latitude biodiversity ridge in terrestrial cave fauna. Ecography (Cop.). 29, 120–128 (2006).
doi: 10.1111/j.2005.0906-7590.04435.x
Pipan, T. & Culver, D. C. The unity and diversity of the subterranean realm with respect to invertebrate body size. J. Cave Karst Stud. 79, 1–9 (2017).
doi: 10.4311/2016LSC0119
Marmonier, P. et al. Groundwater biodiversity and constraints to biological distribution. In: Groundwater Ecology and Evolution 113–140 (Elsevier, 2023).
Glanville, K., Schulz, C., Tomlinson, M. & Butler, D. Biodiversity and biogeography of groundwater invertebrates in Queensland, Australia. Subterr. Biol. 17, 55–76 (2016).
Vaccarelli, I. et al. Environmental factors shaping copepod distributions in cave waters of the Lessinian unsaturated karst (NE-Italy). Front. Ecol. Evol. 11, 1143874 (2023).
Vernham, G. et al. Understanding trait diversity: the role of geodiversity. Trends Ecol. Evol. 38, 736–748 (2023).
pubmed: 37003934
doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2023.02.010
Michel, G. et al. Reserve selection for conserving groundwater biodiversity. Freshw. Biol. 54, 861–876 (2009).
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02192.x
Borges, P. A. V. et al. Volcanic caves: priorities for conserving the Azorean endemic troglobiont species. Int. J. Speleol. 41, 101–112 (2012).
doi: 10.5038/1827-806X.41.1.11
Nitzu, E. et al. Assessing preservation priorities of caves and karst areas using the frequency of endemic cave-dwelling species. Int. J. Speleol. 47, 43–52 (2018).
doi: 10.5038/1827-806X.47.1.2147
Cardoso, R. C., Ferreira, R. L. & Souza-Silva, M. Priorities for cave fauna conservation in the Iuiú karst landscape, northeastern Brazil: a threatened spot of troglobitic species diversity. Biodivers. Conserv. 30, 1433–1455 (2021).
doi: 10.1007/s10531-021-02151-5
Pressey, R. L., Johnson, I. R. & Wilson, P. D. Shades of irreplaceability: towards a measure of the contribution of sites to a reservation goal. Biodivers. Conserv. 3, 242–262 (1994).
doi: 10.1007/BF00055941
Goldscheider, N. et al. Global distribution of carbonate rocks and karst water resources. Hydrogeol. J. 28, 1661–1677 (2020).
doi: 10.1007/s10040-020-02139-5
Rivera, A. et al. Why do we need to care about transboundary aquifers and how do we solve their issues? Hydrogeol. J. 31, 27–30 (2023).
doi: 10.1007/s10040-022-02552-y
Liu, J., Yong, D. L., Choi, C. Y. & Gibson, L. Transboundary frontiers: an emerging priority for biodiversity conservation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 35, 679–690 (2020).
pubmed: 32668213
doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2020.03.004
Cebrián-Piqueras, M. A. et al. Leverage points and levers of inclusive conservation in protected areas. Ecol. Soc. 28, 7 (2023).
doi: 10.5751/ES-14366-280407
Hu, S. et al. Applying a co-design approach with key stakeholders to design interventions to reduce illegal wildlife consumption. People Nat. 5, 1234–1244 (2023).
doi: 10.1002/pan3.10492
Yang, R. et al. Cost-effective priorities for the expansion of global terrestrial protected areas: setting post-2020 global and national targets. Sci. Adv. 6, eabc3436 (2023).
doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abc3436
Holmes, G. Exploring the relationship between local support and the success of protected areas. Conserv. Soc. 11, 72–82 (2013).
doi: 10.4103/0972-4923.110940
Jones, N., Graziano, M. & Dimitrakopoulos, P. G. Social impacts of European Protected Areas and policy recommendations. Environ. Sci. Policy 112, 134–140 (2020).
pubmed: 33343227
pmcid: 7729820
doi: 10.1016/j.envsci.2020.06.004
Gavish-Regev, E. et al. The power of academic and public opinion in conservation: the case of Ayyalon Cave, Israel. Integr. Conserv. 2, 73–79 (2023).
doi: 10.1002/inc3.20
Griebler, C. et al. Potential impacts of geothermal energy use and storage of heat on groundwater quality, biodiversity, and ecosystem processes. Environ. Earth Sci. 75, 1391 (2016).
doi: 10.1007/s12665-016-6207-z
Epting, J., Michel, A., Affolter, A. & Huggenberger, P. Climate change effects on groundwater recharge and temperatures in Swiss alluvial aquifers. J. Hydrol. X 11, 100071 (2021).
Schenk, A., Hunziker, M. & Kienast, F. Factors influencing the acceptance of nature conservation measures—a qualitative study in Switzerland. J. Environ. Manage. 83, 66–79 (2007).
pubmed: 16621231
doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.01.010
Nanni, V. et al. Global response of conservationists across mass media likely constrained bat persecution due to COVID-19. Biol. Conserv. 272, 109591 (2022).
pubmed: 35603331
pmcid: 9110911
doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109591
Martínez, A. & Mammola, S. Specialized terminology reduces the number of citations to scientific papers. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 288, 20202581 (2021).
doi: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2581
Mascia, M. B. & Pailler, S. Protected area downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement (PADDD) and its conservation implications. Conserv. Lett. 4, 9–20 (2011).
doi: 10.1111/j.1755-263X.2010.00147.x
Coad, L. et al. Widespread shortfalls in protected area resourcing undermine efforts to conserve biodiversity. Front. Ecol. Environ. 17, 259–264 (2019).
doi: 10.1002/fee.2042
Vörösmarty, C. J., Green, P., Salisbury, J. & Lammers, R. B. Global water resources: vulnerability from climate change and population growth. Science 289, 284–288 (2000).
pubmed: 10894773
doi: 10.1126/science.289.5477.284
Wu, W.-Y. et al. Divergent effects of climate change on future groundwater availability in key mid-latitude aquifers. Nat. Commun. 11, 3710 (2020).
pubmed: 32709871
pmcid: 7382464
doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17581-y
Borzée, A. & Button, S. Integrative conservation science: conservation knowledge must be used to guide policies. Integr. Conserv. 2, 69–72 (2023).
doi: 10.1002/inc3.22
Cook, C. N., Hockings, M. & Carter, R. W. Conservation in the dark? The information used to support management decisions. Front. Ecol. Environ. 8, 181–186 (2010).
Keith, D. A. et al. A function-based typology for Earth’s ecosystems. Nature 610, 513–518 (2022).
pubmed: 36224387
pmcid: 9581774
doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-05318-4
Mammola, S. et al. Scientists’ warning on the conservation of subterranean ecosystems. Bioscience 69, 641–650 (2019).
doi: 10.1093/biosci/biz064
Brosse, M., Benateau, S., Gaudard, A., Stamm, C. & Altermatt, F. The importance of indirect effects of climate change adaptations on alpine and pre-alpine freshwater systems. Ecol. Solut. Evid. 3, e12127 (2022).
doi: 10.1002/2688-8319.12127
Lind, L., Eckstein, R. L. & Relyea, R. A. Direct and indirect effects of climate change on distribution and community composition of macrophytes in lentic systems. Biol. Rev. 97, 1677–1690 (2022).
pubmed: 35388965
doi: 10.1111/brv.12858
Nanni, V., Piano, E., Cardoso, P., Isaia, M. & Mammola, S. An expert-based global assessment of threats and conservation measures for subterranean ecosystems. Biol. Conserv. 283, 110136 (2023).
doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2023.110136
Whitten, T. Applying ecology for cave management in China and neighbouring countries. J. Appl. Ecol. 46, 520–523 (2009).
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01630.x
Shu, S.-S., Jiang, W.-S., Whitten, T., Yang, J.-X. & Chen, X.-Y. Drought and China’s cave species. Science 340, 272 (2013).
pubmed: 23599459
doi: 10.1126/science.340.6130.272-a
Becher, J., Englisch, C., Griebler, C. & Bayer, P. Groundwater fauna downtown—drivers, impacts and implications for subsurface ecosystems in urban areas. J. Contam. Hydrol. 248, 104021 (2022).
pubmed: 35605354
doi: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2022.104021
Boulton, A. J. Hyporheic rehabilitation in rivers: restoring vertical connectivity. Freshw. Biol. 52, 632–650 (2007).
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01710.x
Newcomer, M. E. et al. Influence of hydrological perturbations and riverbed sediment characteristics on hyporheic zone respiration of CO
doi: 10.1002/2017JG004090
Panno, S. V. et al. Microplastic contamination in karst groundwater systems. Groundwater 57, 189–196 (2019).
doi: 10.1111/gwat.12862
Balestra, V. & Bellopede, R. Microplastics in caves: A new threat in the most famous geo-heritage in the world. Analysis and comparison of Italian show caves deposits. J. Environ. Manage. 342, 118189 (2023).
pubmed: 37210820
doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118189
Di Lorenzo, T. et al. Occurrence of volatile organic compounds in shallow alluvial aquifers of a Mediterranean region: Baseline scenario and ecological implications. Sci. Total Environ. 538, 712–723 (2015).
pubmed: 26327639
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.077
Manenti, R., Piazza, B., Zhao, Y., Padoa Schioppa, E. & Lunghi, E. Conservation studies on groundwaters’ pollution: challenges and perspectives for stygofauna communities. Sustainability 13, 7030 (2021).
doi: 10.3390/su13137030
Rathi, B. S., Kumar, P. S. & Vo, D.-V. N. Critical review on hazardous pollutants in water environment: occurrence, monitoring, fate, removal technologies and risk assessment. Sci. Total Environ. 797, 149134 (2021).
pubmed: 34346357
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149134
Clements, R., Sodhi, N. S., Schilthuizen, M. & Ng, P. K. L. Limestone karsts of southeast asia: imperiled arks of biodiversity. Bioscience 56, 733–742 (2006).
doi: 10.1641/0006-3568(2006)56[733:LKOSAI]2.0.CO;2
Leopardi, S., Blake, D. & Puechmaille, S. J. White-nose syndrome fungus introduced from Europe to North America. Curr. Biol. 25, R217–R219 (2015).
pubmed: 25784035
doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.01.047
Martínez, A. et al. Tossed ‘good luck’ coins as vectors for anthropogenic pollution into aquatic environment. Environ. Pollut. 259, 113800 (2020).
pubmed: 31887589
doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113800
Piano, E. et al. A literature-based database of the natural heritage, the ecological status and tourism-related impacts in show caves worldwide. Nat. Conserv. 50, 159–174 (2022).
doi: 10.3897/natureconservation.50.80505
Nicolosi, G., Mammola, S., Verbrugge, L. & Isaia, M. Aliens in caves: the global dimension of biological invasions in subterranean ecosystems. Biol. Rev. 98, 849–867 (2023).
pubmed: 36680327
doi: 10.1111/brv.12933
Mammola, S. et al. Climate change going deep: the effects of global climatic alterations on cave ecosystems. Anthr. Rev. 6, 98–116 (2019).
Vaccarelli, I. et al. A global meta-analysis reveals multilevel and context-dependent effects of climate change on subterranean ecosystems. One Earth 6, 1510–1522 (2023).
doi: 10.1016/j.oneear.2023.09.001
Gámez, S. & Harris, N. C. Conceptualizing the 3D niche and vertical space use. Trends Ecol. Evol. 37, 953–962 (2022).
pubmed: 35872027
doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.06.012
LaRue, E. A. et al. A theoretical framework for the ecological role of three‐dimensional structural diversity. Front. Ecol. Environ. 21, 4–13 (2023).
doi: 10.1002/fee.2587
Nakamura, A. et al. Forests and their canopies: achievements and horizons in canopy science. Trends Ecol. Evol. 32, 438–451 (2017).
pubmed: 28359572
doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2017.02.020
Ward, J. V. The four-dimensional nature of lotic ecosystems. J. North Am. Benthol. Soc. 8, 2–8 (1989).
doi: 10.2307/1467397
Gurnell, A. M., Bertoldi, W., Tockner, K., Wharton, G. & Zolezzi, G. How large is a river? Conceptualizing river landscape signatures and envelopes in four dimensions. WIREs Water 3, 313–325 (2016).
doi: 10.1002/wat2.1143
Levin, N., Kark, S. & Danovaro, R. Adding the third dimension to marine conservation. Conserv. Lett. 11, e12408 (2018).
doi: 10.1111/conl.12408
Brito-Morales, I. et al. Towards climate-smart, three-dimensional protected areas for biodiversity conservation in the high seas. Nat. Clim. Chang. 12, 402–407 (2022).
doi: 10.1038/s41558-022-01323-7
Alavipanah, S., Haase, D., Lakes, T. & Qureshi, S. Integrating the third dimension into the concept of urban ecosystem services: a review. Ecol. Indic. 72, 374–398 (2017).
doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.08.010
Zuluaga, S., Speziale, K. & Lambertucci, S. A. Global aerial habitat conservation post-COVID-19 anthropause. Trends Ecol. Evol. 36, 273–277 (2021).
pubmed: 33546875
pmcid: 9756443
doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.01.009
Lambertucci, S. A. & Speziale, K. L. Need for global conservation assessments and frameworks to include airspace habitat. Conserv. Biol. 35, 1341–1343 (2021).
pubmed: 32975330
doi: 10.1111/cobi.13641
Marmonier, P., Dole-Olivier, M. J. & Creuze Des Chatelliers, M. Spatial distribution of interstitial assemblages in the floodplain of the rhǒne river. Regul. Rivers Res. Manag. 7, 75–82 (1992).
doi: 10.1002/rrr.3450070110
Linke, S., Turak, E., Asmyhr, M. G. & Hose, G. 3D conservation planning: Including aquifer protection in freshwater plans refines priorities without much additional effort. Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 29, 1063–1072 (2019).
doi: 10.1002/aqc.3129
Guerra, C. A. et al. Tracking, targeting, and conserving soil biodiversity. Science 371, 239–241 (2021).
pubmed: 33446546
doi: 10.1126/science.abd7926
de Felipe, M., Aragonés, D. & Díaz-Paniagua, C. Thirty-four years of Landsat monitoring reveal long-term effects of groundwater abstractions on a World Heritage Site wetland. Sci. Total Environ. 880, 163329 (2023).
pubmed: 37030368
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163329
Gladstone, N. S. et al. Subterranean freshwater gastropod biodiversity and conservation in the United States and Mexico. Conserv. Biol. 36, e13722 (2021).
pubmed: 33598995
doi: 10.1111/cobi.13722
Reiss, J. et al. Groundwater flooding: ecosystem structure following an extreme recharge event. Sci. Total Environ. 652, 1252–1260 (2019).
pubmed: 30586811
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.216
Saccò, M. et al. Rainfall as a trigger of ecological cascade effects in an Australian groundwater ecosystem. Sci. Rep. 11, 3694 (2021).
pubmed: 33580159
pmcid: 7881013
doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-83286-x
Couton, M., Hürlemann, S., Studer, A., Alther, R. & Altermatt, F. Groundwater environmental DNA metabarcoding reveals hidden diversity and reflects land-use and geology. Mol. Ecol. 32, 3497–3512 (2023).
pubmed: 37067032
doi: 10.1111/mec.16955
Canedoli, C. et al. Integrating landscape ecology and the assessment of ecosystem services in the study of karst areas. Landsc. Ecol. 37, 347–365 (2022).
doi: 10.1007/s10980-021-01351-2
Fabbri, S., Sauro, F., Santagata, T., Rossi, G. & De Waele, J. High-resolution 3-D mapping using terrestrial laser scanning as a tool for geomorphological and speleogenetical studies in caves: an example from the Lessini mountains (North Italy). Geomorphology 280, 16–29 (2017).
doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.12.001
De Waele, J. et al. Geomorphological and speleogenetical observations using terrestrial laser scanning and 3D photogrammetry in a gypsum cave (Emilia Romagna, N. Italy). Geomorphology 319, 47–61 (2018).
doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.07.012
Cavender-Bares, J. et al. Integrating remote sensing with ecology and evolution to advance biodiversity conservation. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 6, 506–519 (2022).
pubmed: 35332280
doi: 10.1038/s41559-022-01702-5
Owens, H. L. & Rahbek, C. voluModel: modelling species distributions in three‐dimensional space. Methods Ecol. Evol. 14, 841–847 (2023).
doi: 10.1111/2041-210X.14064
Azmy, S. N. et al. Counting in the dark: non-intrusive laser scanning for population counting and identifying roosting bats. Sci. Rep. 2, 524 (2012).
pubmed: 22826802
pmcid: 3401962
doi: 10.1038/srep00524
D’Urban Jackson, T., Williams, G. J., Walker-Springett, G. & Davies, A. J. Three-dimensional digital mapping of ecosystems: a new era in spatial ecology. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 287, 20192383 (2020).
doi: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2383
Saccò, M. et al. eDNA in subterranean ecosystems: applications, technical aspects, and future prospects. Sci. Total Environ. 820, 153223 (2022).
pubmed: 35063529
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153223