Socioeconomic Deprivation Weighs Heavily on Liver Fibrosis and Mortality After Hepatitis C Cure (ANRS CO22 Hepather).
direct‐acting antivirals
hepatitis C, chronic
liver disease
mortality
socioeconomic status
Journal
Journal of viral hepatitis
ISSN: 1365-2893
Titre abrégé: J Viral Hepat
Pays: England
ID NLM: 9435672
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
10 Sep 2024
10 Sep 2024
Historique:
revised:
12
07
2024
received:
19
03
2024
accepted:
23
08
2024
medline:
10
9
2024
pubmed:
10
9
2024
entrez:
10
9
2024
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
Although Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection can be cured with direct-acting antivirals (DAA), some cured patients face a serious risk of advanced liver damage and early mortality. In order to avoid these two negative health outcomes, it is important to identify and assess related risk factors. Little is currently known about socioeconomic and behavioural factors in this context. Using data from the ANRS CO22 Hepather cohort, we tested for associations between socioeconomic and behavioural factors and (i) advanced liver fibrosis (defined as an FIB-4 > 3.25) assessed longitudinally using a mixed-effects logistic regression model (both the whole population and stratified on advanced liver fibrosis status at the time of HCV cure) and (ii) all-cause mortality (Cox proportional hazards model), during post-HCV cure follow-up. Among 5833 participants cured of HCV, living in poverty was associated with postcure advanced liver fibrosis in participants without this diagnosis at the time of HCV cure (population attributable fraction-PAF-of 8.6%) and with mortality in the whole study population (PAF of 10.6%). The detrimental effects of unhealthy alcohol use and heavy tobacco smoking, as well as the beneficial effect of living with a stable partner were also highlighted. We highlighted the major role of poverty and behavioural factors in advanced liver fibrosis and all-cause mortality in patients cured of HCV. Encouraging linkage to social support services and healthy behaviours after successful DAA treatment could limit morbidity and increase survival in this population. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01953458.
Banques de données
ClinicalTrials.gov
['NCT01953458']
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Subventions
Organisme : the French DGS (Direction Générale de la Santé)
Organisme : the French ANR (Agence Nationale de la Recherche)
Organisme : INSERM-ANRS MIE (France REcherche Nord&sud Sida-vih Hepatites | Maladies Infectieuses Emergentes)
Organisme : Roche
Organisme : Bristol-Myers Squibb
Organisme : AbbVie
Organisme : Gilead
Organisme : Janssen-Cilag
Organisme : Merck Sharp and Dohme France
Investigateurs
Laurent Alric
(L)
Delphine Bonnet
(D)
Virginie Payssan-Sicart
(V)
Chloe Pomes
(C)
Fabien Zoulim
(F)
Marianne Maynard
(M)
Roxane Bai
(R)
Lucie Hucault
(L)
François Bailly
(F)
François Raffi
(F)
Eric Billaud
(E)
David Boutoille
(D)
Maeva Lefebvre
(M)
Elisabeth André-Garnier
(E)
Paul Cales
(P)
Isabelle Hubert
(I)
Adrien Lannes
(A)
Françoise Lunel
(F)
Jérôme Boursier
(J)
Tarik Asselah
(T)
Nathalie Boyer
(N)
Nathalie Giuily
(N)
Corinne Castelnau
(C)
Giovanna Scoazec
(G)
Stanislas Pol
(S)
Hélène Fontaine
(H)
Emilie Rousseaud
(E)
Anaïs Vallet-Pichard
(A)
Philippe Sogni
(P)
Victor de Ledinghen
(V)
Juliette Foucher
(J)
Jean-Baptiste Hiriart
(JB)
Jancell M'Bouyou
(J)
Marie Irlès-Depé
(M)
Marc Bourlière
(M)
Si Nafa Si Ahmed
(SNS)
Valérie Oules
(V)
Albert Tran
(A)
Rodolphe Anty
(R)
Eve Gelsi
(E)
Régine Truchi
(R)
Dominique Thabut
(D)
Saloua Hammeche
(S)
Joseph Moussali
(J)
Xavier Causse
(X)
Barbara De Dieuleveult
(B)
Brahim Ouarani
(B)
Damien Labarrière
(D)
Nathalie Ganne
(N)
Véronique Grando-Lemaire
(V)
Pierre Nahon
(P)
Séverine Brulé
(S)
Dominique Guyader
(D)
Caroline Jezequel
(C)
Audrey Brener
(A)
Anne Laligant
(A)
Aline Rabot
(A)
François Habersetzer
(F)
Thomas F Baumert
(TF)
Michel Doffoel
(M)
Catherine Mutter
(C)
Pauline Simo-Noumbissie
(P)
Esma Razi
(E)
Jean-Pierre Bronowicki
(JP)
Hélène Barraud
(H)
Mouni Bensenane
(M)
Abdelbasset Nani
(A)
Sarah Hassani-Nani
(S)
Marie-Albertine Bernard
(MA)
Georges-Philippe Pageaux
(GP)
Dominique Larrey
(D)
Magda Meszaros
(M)
Sophie Metivier
(S)
Christophe Bureau
(C)
Thibault Morales
(T)
Jean Marie Peron
(JM)
Marie Angèle Robic
(MA)
Thomas Decaens
(T)
Marine Faure
(M)
Bruno Froissart
(B)
Marie-Noelle Hilleret
(MN)
Jean-Pierre Zarski
(JP)
Ghassan Riachi
(G)
Odile Goria
(O)
Fatima Paris
(F)
Hélène Montialoux
(H)
Vincent Leroy
(V)
Giuliana Amaddeo
(G)
Anne Varaut
(A)
Mélanie Simoes
(M)
Rachida Amzal
(R)
Olivier Chazouillières
(O)
Tony Andreani
(T)
Bénédicte Angoulevant
(B)
Azeline Chevance
(A)
Lawrence Serfaty
(L)
Didier Samuel
(D)
Teresa Antonini
(T)
Audrey Coilly
(A)
Jean-Charles Duclos Vallée
(JD)
Mariagrazia Tateo
(M)
Armand Abergel
(A)
Maud Reymond
(M)
Chanteranne Brigitte
(C)
Buchard Benjamin
(B)
Léon Muti
(L)
Claire Geist
(C)
Guillaume Conroy
(G)
Raphaëlle Riffault
(R)
Isabelle Rosa
(I)
Camille Barrault
(C)
Laurent Costes
(L)
Hervé Hagège
(H)
Véronique Loustaud-Ratti
(V)
Paul Carrier
(P)
Maryline Debette-Gratien
(M)
Philippe Mathurin
(P)
Guillaume Lassailly
(G)
Elise Lemaitre
(E)
Valérie Canva
(V)
Sébastien Dharancy
(S)
Alexandre Louvet
(A)
Anne Minello
(A)
Marianne Latournerie
(M)
Marc Bardou
(M)
Thomas Mouillot
(T)
Louis D'Alteroche
(L)
Didier Barbereau
(D)
Charlotte Nicolas
(C)
Laure Elkrief
(L)
Anaïs Jaillais
(A)
Jérôme Gournay
(J)
Caroline Chevalier
(C)
Isabelle Archambeaud
(I)
Sarah Habes
(S)
Isabelle Portal
(I)
Moana Gelu-Simeon
(M)
Eric Saillard
(E)
Marie-Josée Lafrance
(MJ)
Lucie Catherine
(L)
Fabrice Carrat
(F)
Frederic Chau
(F)
Céline Dorival
(C)
Isabelle Goderel
(I)
Clovis Lusivika-Nzinga
(C)
Jonathan Bellet
(J)
Jessica Chane-Teng
(J)
Grégory Pannetier
(G)
Jérôme Nicol
(J)
Florian Sebal
(F)
Rafika Bekhti
(R)
Carole Cagnot
(C)
Anaïs Boston
(A)
Laura Nailler
(L)
Guillaume Le Meut
(G)
Alpha Diallo
(A)
Ventzislava Petrov-Sanchez
(V)
Marc Bourlière
(M)
Jérôme Boursier
(J)
Fabrice Carrat
(F)
Patrizia Carrieri
(P)
Elisabeth Delarocque-Astagneau
(E)
Victor De Ledinghen
(V)
Céline Dorival
(C)
Hélène Fontaine
(H)
Slim Fourati
(S)
Chantal Housset
(C)
Dominique Larrey
(D)
Pierre Nahon
(P)
Georges-Philippe Pageaux
(GP)
Ventzislava Petrov-Sanchez
(V)
Stanislas Pol
(S)
Mathias Bruyand
(M)
Linda Wittkop
(L)
Fabien Zoulim
(F)
Jessica Zucman-Rossi
(J)
Marianne L'hennaff
(M)
Michèle Sizorn
(M)
Carole Cagnot
(C)
Informations de copyright
© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Viral Hepatitis published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Références
T. Asselah, P. Marcellin, and R. F. Schinazi, “Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus Infection With Direct‐Acting Antiviral Agents: 100% Cure?” Liver International 38, no. Suppl 1 (2018): 7–13, https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.13673.
D. C. Rockey and S. L. Friedman, “Fibrosis Regression After Eradication of Hepatitis C Virus: From Bench to Bedside,” Gastroenterology 160, no. 5 (2021): 1502–1520.e1, https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.09.065.
V. Calvaruso and A. Craxì, “Hepatic Benefits of HCV Cure,” Journal of Hepatology 73, no. 6 (2020): 1548–1556, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2020.08.006.
N. Z. Janjua, S. Wong, Y. Abdia, et al., “Impact of Direct‐Acting Antivirals for HCV on Mortality in a Large Population‐Based Cohort Study,” Journal of Hepatology 75, no. 5 (2021): 1049–1057, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2021.05.028.
E. Ogawa, N. Chien, L. Kam, et al., “Association of Direct‐Acting Antiviral Therapy With Liver and Nonliver Complications and Long‐Term Mortality in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C,” JAMA Internal Medicine 183 (2022): 97–105, https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.5699.
J. Politi, J. M. Guerras, M. Donat, et al., “Favorable Impact in Hepatitis C–Related Mortality Following Free Access to Direct‐Acting Antivirals in Spain,” Hepatology 75, no. 5 (2022): 1247–1256, https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.32237.
S. J. Hutchinson, H. Valerio, S. A. McDonald, et al., “Population Impact of Direct‐Acting Antiviral Treatment on New Presentations of Hepatitis C‐Related Decompensated Cirrhosis: A National Record‐Linkage Study,” Gut 69, no. 12 (2020): 2223–2231, https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl‐2019‐320007.
M. Alavi, M. G. Law, H. Valerio, et al., “Declining Hepatitis C Virus‐Related Liver Disease Burden in the Direct‐Acting Antiviral Therapy era in New South Wales, Australia,” Journal of Hepatology 71, no. 2 (2019): 281–288, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2019.04.014.
L. Lam, P. Carrieri, G. Hejblum, J. Bellet, M. Bourlière, and F. Carrat, “Real‐World Economic Burden of Hepatitis C and Impact of Direct‐Acting Antivirals in France: A Nationwide Claims Data Analysis,” Liver International 44, no. 5 (2024): 1233–1242, https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.15872.
F. Negro, “Residual Risk of Liver Disease After Hepatitis C Virus Eradication,” Journal of Hepatology 74, no. 4 (2021): 952–963, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2020.11.040.
V. Hamill, S. Wong, J. Benselin, et al., “Mortality Rates Among Patients Successfully Treated for Hepatitis C in the era of Interferon‐Free Antivirals: Population Based Cohort Study,” BMJ 382 (2023): e074001, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj‐2022‐074001.
F. Tacke, H. Klinker, K. H. W. Boeker, et al., “Elevated Liver Enzymes Predict Morbidity and Mortality Despite Antiviral Cure in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C: Data From the German Hepatitis C‐Registry,” Hepatology Communications 6, no. 9 (2022): 2488–2495, https://doi.org/10.1002/hep4.2015.
R. Kozuka, A. Tamori, M. Enomoto, et al., “Risk Factors for Liver‐Related and Non‐Liver‐Related Mortality Following a Sustained Virological Response After Direct‐Acting Antiviral Treatment for Hepatitis C Virus Infection in a Real‐World Cohort,” Journal of Viral Hepatitis 30 (2022): 374–385, https://doi.org/10.1111/jvh.13795.
P. Carrieri, F. Carrat, V. D. Beo, et al., “Severe Liver Fibrosis in the HCV Cure Era: Major Effects of Social Vulnerability, Diabetes, and Unhealthy Behaviors,” JHEP Report 4 (2022): 100481, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100481.
I. Yaya, F. Marcellin, M. Costa, et al., “Impact of Alcohol and Coffee Intake on the Risk of Advanced Liver Fibrosis: A Longitudinal Analysis in HIV‐HCV Coinfected Patients (ANRS HEPAVIH CO‐13 Cohort),” Nutrients 10, no. 6 (2018), https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10060705.
K. Wijarnpreecha, C. Thongprayoon, and P. Ungprasert, “Coffee Consumption and Risk of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis,” European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 29, no. 2 (2017): e8–e12, https://doi.org/10.1097/MEG.0000000000000776.
M. E. Santos, C. Protopopescu, P. Sogni, et al., “HCV‐Related Mortality Among HIV/HCV Co‐Infected Patients: The Importance of Behaviors in the HCV Cure era (ANRS CO13 HEPAVIH Cohort),” AIDS and Behavior 24, no. 4 (2020): 1069–1084, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461‐019‐02585‐7.
H. Innes, A. McAuley, M. Alavi, H. Valerio, D. Goldberg, and S. J. Hutchinson, “The Contribution of Health Risk Behaviors to Excess Mortality in American Adults With Chronic Hepatitis C: A Population Cohort‐Study,” Hepatology 67, no. 1 (2018): 97–107, https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.29419.
S. Pol, M. Bourliere, S. Lucier, et al., “Safety and Efficacy of Daclatasvir‐Sofosbuvir in HCV Genotype 1‐Mono‐Infected Patients,” Journal of Hepatology 66, no. 1 (2017): 39–47, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2016.08.021.
R. K. Sterling, L. Eduardo, C. Nathan, et al., “Development of a Simple Noninvasive Index to Predict Significant Fibrosis in Patients With HIV/HCV Coinfection,” Hepatology 43, no. 6 (2006): 1317–1325, https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.21178.
A. Vallet‐Pichard, V. Mallet, B. Nalpas, et al., “FIB‐4: An Inexpensive and Accurate Marker of Fibrosis in HCV Infection. Comparison With Liver Biopsy and Fibrotest,” Hepatology 46, no. 1 (2007): 32–36, https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.21669.
Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques, “Définition – Pauvreté Monétaire / Seuil de Pauvreté / Seuil de Pauvreté, Insee,” (2021), https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/definition/c1653.
Haute Autorité de Santé (French National Authority for Health), “Screening Tool for Early Detection and Brief Intervention (Outil d'aide au Repérage Précoce et à L'intervention Brève),” 2014, https://www.has‐sante.fr/jcms/c_1795221/fr/outil‐d‐aide‐au‐reperage‐precoce‐et‐intervention‐breve‐alcool‐cannabis‐tabac‐chez‐l‐adulte.
M. P. Carrieri, C. Protopopescu, F. Marcellin, et al., “The Impact of Coffee Consumption on Fibrosis and Steatosis in HIV‐HCV Co‐Infected Patients,” Journal of Hepatology 68 (2017): 845–847, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2017.10.025.
World Health Organization, “Body Mass Index – BMI,” 2019, http://www.euro.who.int/en/health‐topics/disease‐prevention/nutrition/a‐healthy‐lifestyle/body‐mass‐index‐bmi.
R. B. Newson, “Attributable and Unattributable Risks and Fractions and Other Scenario Comparisons,” Stata Journal 13, no. 4 (2013): 672–698, https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X1301300402.
J. Ferguson, F. Maturo, S. Yusuf, and M. O'Donnell, “Population Attributable Fractions for Continuously Distributed Exposures,” Epidemiological Methods 9, no. 1 (2020): 20190037, https://doi.org/10.1515/em‐2019‐0037.
J. M. Wooldridge, Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010).
T. J. VanderWeele and P. Ding, “Sensitivity Analysis in Observational Research: Introducing the E‐Value,” Annals of Internal Medicine 167, no. 4 (2017): 268–274, https://doi.org/10.7326/M16‐2607.
W. T. Chung and K. C. Chung, “The Use of the E‐Value for Sensitivity Analysis,” Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 163 (2023): 92–94, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2023.09.014.
A. Linden, M. B. Mathur, and T. J. VanderWeele, “Conducting Sensitivity Analysis for Unmeasured Confounding in Observational Studies Using E‐Values: The Evalue Package,” Stata Journal 20, no. 1 (2020): 162–175, https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X20909696.
C. Borrell, L. Palència, L. Bosakova, et al., “Socioeconomic Inequalities in Chronic Liver Diseases and Cirrhosis Mortality in European Urban Areas Before and After the Onset of the 2008 Economic Recession,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16 (2021): 8801, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168801.
W. Li, P. Kemos, J. D. Salciccioli, D. C. Marshall, J. Shalhoub, and W. Alazawi, “Socioeconomic Factors Associated With Liver‐Related Mortality From 1985 to 2015 in 36 Developed Countries,” Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 19, no. 8 (2021): 1698–1707.e13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2020.08.047.
T. H. Karlsen, N. Sheron, S. Zelber‐Sagi, et al., “The EASL–Lancet Liver Commission: Protecting the Next Generation of Europeans Against Liver Disease Complications and Premature Mortality,” Lancet 399 (2021): 61–116, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140‐6736(21)01701‐3.
S. H. Wild, J. R. Morling, D. A. McAllister, et al., “Type 2 Diabetes and Risk of Hospital Admission or Death for Chronic Liver Diseases,” Journal of Hepatology 64, no. 6 (2016): 1358–1364, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2016.01.014.
A. M. Giammarino, H. Qiu, K. Bulsara, et al., “Community Socioeconomic Deprivation Predicts Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis,” Hepatology Communications 6, no. 3 (2022): 550–560, https://doi.org/10.1002/hep4.1831.
W. Lu, F. Zheng, Z. Li, et al., “Association Between Environmental and Socioeconomic Risk Factors and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Meta‐Analysis,” Frontiers in Public Health 10 (2022): 741490.
A. Kardashian, J. Wilder, N. A. Terrault, and J. C. Price, “Addressing Social Determinants of Liver Disease During the COVID‐19 Pandemic and Beyond: A Call to Action,” Hepatology 73, no. 2 (2021): 811–820, https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.31605.
S. Stringhini, C. Carmeli, M. Jokela, et al., “Socioeconomic Status and the 25 × 25 Risk Factors as Determinants of Premature Mortality: A Multicohort Study and Meta‐Analysis of 1·7 Million men and Women,” Lancet 389, no. 10075 (2017): 1229–1237, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140‐6736(16)32380‐7.
D. Brady, U. Kohler, and H. Zheng, “Novel Estimates of Mortality Associated With Poverty in the US,” JAMA Internal Medicine 183, no. 6 (2023): 618–619, https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.0276.
J. P. Mackenbach, M. Bopp, P. Deboosere, et al., “Determinants of the Magnitude of Socioeconomic Inequalities in Mortality: A Study of 17 European Countries,” Health & Place 47 (2017): 44–53, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.07.005.
I. Stirbu, A. E. Kunst, A. Mielck, and J. P. Mackenbach, “Inequalities in Utilisation of General Practitioner and Specialist Services in 9 European Countries,” BMC Health Services Research 11, no. 1 (2011): 288, https://doi.org/10.1186/1472‐6963‐11‐288.
B. Loef, I. Meulman, G. C. M. Herber, et al., “Socioeconomic Differences in Healthcare Expenditure and Utilization in The Netherlands,” BMC Health Services Research 21, no. 1 (2021): 643, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913‐021‐06694‐9.
Z. Or, C. Gandré, A. V. Seppänen, et al., “France: Health System Review,” Health Systems in Transition 25, no. 3 (2023): 1–276.
J. L. Marcus, L. B. Hurley, S. Chamberland, et al., “Disparities in Initiation of Direct‐Acting Antiviral Agents for Hepatitis C Virus Infection in an Insured Population,” Public Health Reports 133, no. 4 (2018): 452–460, https://doi.org/10.1177/0033354918772059.
N. Darmon and A. Drewnowski, “Does Social Class Predict Diet Quality?” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 87, no. 5 (2008): 1107–1117, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/87.5.1107.
A. Drewnowski and N. Darmon, “Food Choices and Diet Costs: An Economic Analysis,” Journal of Nutrition 135, no. 4 (2005): 900–904, https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/135.4.900.
P. M. Lantz, J. S. House, R. P. Mero, and D. R. Williams, “Stress, Life Events, and Socioeconomic Disparities in Health: Results From the Americans' Changing Lives Study,” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 46, no. 3 (2005): 274–288, https://doi.org/10.1177/002214650504600305.
A. Prior, M. Fenger‐Grøn, K. K. Larsen, et al., “The Association Between Perceived Stress and Mortality Among People With Multimorbidity: A Prospective Population‐Based Cohort Study,” American Journal of Epidemiology 184, no. 3 (2016): 199–210, https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwv324.
P. M. Krueger and V. W. Chang, “Being Poor and Coping With Stress: Health Behaviors and the Risk of Death,” American Journal of Public Health 98, no. 5 (2008): 889–896, https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.114454.
L. Manzoli, P. Villari, G. M. Pirone, and A. Boccia, “Marital Status and Mortality in the Elderly: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis,” Social Science & Medicine 64, no. 1 (2007): 77–94, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.08.031.
K. Laugesen, L. M. Baggesen, S. A. J. Schmidt, et al., “Social Isolation and all‐Cause Mortality: A Population‐Based Cohort Study in Denmark,” Scientific Reports 8, no. 1 (2018): 4731, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598‐018‐22963‐w.
J. Politi, E. Regidor, M. Donat, et al., “Free Access to Direct‐Acting Antivirals in Spain: More Favorable Impact on Hepatitis C Mortality Among Highly Educated People,” Clinical Infectious Diseases 76, no. 8 (2023): 1423–1430, https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciac928.
T. M. Marteau, H. Rutter, and M. Marmot, “Changing Behaviour: An Essential Component of Tackling Health Inequalities,” BMJ 372 (2021): n332, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n332.
H. D. Trivedi, S. C. Lin, and D. T. Y. Lau, “Noninvasive Assessment of Fibrosis Regression in Hepatitis C Virus Sustained Virologic Responders,” Gastroenterology and Hepatology (N Y) 13, no. 10 (2017): 587–595.
T. Barré, P. Mercié, F. Marcellin, et al., “HCV Cure and Cannabis Abstinence Facilitate Tobacco Smoking Quit Attempts in HIV‐HCV Co‐Infected Patients (ANRS CO13 HEPAVIH Cohort Study),” AIDS and Behavior 27 (2021): 4141–4153, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461‐021‐03277‐x.
F. Marcellin, V. Di Beo, L. Esterle, et al., “Post‐HCV Cure Self‐Reported Changes in Physical Activity, Eating Behaviours, and Fatigue in People Living With HIV (ANRS CO13 HEPAVIH),” Journal of Viral Hepatitis 28, no. 11 (2021): 1665–1667, https://doi.org/10.1111/jvh.13605.
R. S. Kim, A. H. Weinberger, G. Chander, M. S. Sulkowski, B. Norton, and J. Shuter, “Cigarette Smoking in Persons Living With Hepatitis C: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999–2014,” American Journal of Medicine 131, no. 6 (2018): 669–675, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2018.01.011.
J. Shuter, A. H. Litwin, M. S. Sulkowski, et al., “Cigarette Smoking Behaviors and Beliefs in Persons Living With Hepatitis C,” Nicotine & Tobacco Research 19, no. 7 (2017): 836–844, https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntw212.
J. F. Cohen, K. M. Ward, J. Gittleman, et al., “Hepatitis C and Cigarette Smoking Behavior: Themes From Focus Groups,” Nicotine & Tobacco Research 26 (2024): 1029–1037, https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntae032.
S. Bajis, G. J. Dore, B. Hajarizadeh, E. B. Cunningham, L. Maher, and J. Grebely, “Interventions to Enhance Testing, Linkage to Care and Treatment Uptake for Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among People Who Inject Drugs: A Systematic Review,” International Journal on Drug Policy 47 (2017): 34–46, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.07.002.
R. J. Proeschold‐Bell, A. A. Patkar, S. Naggie, et al., “An Integrated Alcohol Abuse and Medical Treatment Model for Patients With Hepatitis C,” Digestive Diseases and Sciences 57, no. 4 (2012): 1083–1091, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620‐011‐1976‐4.
R. J. Proeschold‐Bell, D. M. Evon, J. Yao, et al., “A Randomized Controlled Trial of an Integrated Alcohol Reduction Intervention in Patients With Hepatitis C Infection,” Hepatology 71, no. 6 (2020): 1894–1909, https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.31058.
M. Mouton, ““More Than a Liver”: Social Work's Contribution to the Well‐Being of People Undergoing Treatment for Hepatitis C,” Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions 24 (2011): 40–59.
H. Mack and I. Paylor, “Hepatitis C and Social Work,” British Journal of Social Work 46, no. 4 (2016): 1115–1130, https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcv016.
J. Grebely, M. Alavi, M. Micallef, et al., “Treatment for Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among People Who Inject Drugs Attending Opioid Substitution Treatment and Community Health Clinics: The ETHOS Study,” Addiction (Abingdon, England) 111, no. 2 (2016): 311–319, https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13197.
G. S. Birkhead, S. J. Klein, A. R. Candelas, et al., “Integrating Multiple Programme and Policy Approaches to Hepatitis C Prevention and Care for Injection Drug Users: A Comprehensive Approach,” International Journal on Drug Policy 18, no. 5 (2007): 417–425, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2007.01.013.
B. L. Harney, B. Whitton, E. Paige, et al., “A Multi‐Site, Nurse‐Coordinated Hepatitis C Model of Care in Primary Care and Community Services in Melbourne, Australia,” Liver International 42, no. 3 (2022): 522–531, https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.15107.
J. F. Hansen, S. Hallager, A. Øvrehus, N. Weis, P. Brehm Christensen, and C. Pedersen, “Late Presentation for Care Among Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C: Prevalence and Risk Factors,” Open Forum Infectious Diseases 5, no. 1 (2017): ofx257, https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofx257.
J. V. Lazarus, C. Picchio, J. F. Dillon, J. K. Rockstroh, N. Weis, and M. Buti, “Too Many People With Viral Hepatitis Are Diagnosed Late – With Dire Consequences,” Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology 16, no. 8 (2019): 451–452, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575‐019‐0177‐z.
E. Agardh, P. Allebeck, J. Hallqvist, T. Moradi, and A. Sidorchuk, “Type 2 Diabetes Incidence and Socio‐Economic Position: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis,” International Journal of Epidemiology 40, no. 3 (2011): 804–818, https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyr029.
T. Barré, P. Mercié, C. Lions, et al., “HCV Cure: An Appropriate Moment to Reduce Cannabis Use in People Living With HIV? (ANRS CO13 HEPAVIH Data),” AIDS Research and Therapy 19, no. 1 (2022): 15, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12981‐022‐00440‐9.
P. D. Loprinzi and L. B. VanWagner, “Survival Effects of Physical Activity on Mortality Among Persons With Liver Disease,” Preventive Medical Reports 3 (2016): 132–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.12.011.
S. Policarpo, S. Carvalhana, A. Craciun, R. R. Crespo, and H. Cortez‐Pinto, “Do MAFLD Patients With Harmful Alcohol Consumption Have a Different Dietary Intake?” Nutrients 14, no. 7 (2022): 1335, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14071335.
P. Braveman and L. Gottlieb, “The Social Determinants of Health: It's Time to Consider the Causes of the Causes,” Public Health Reports 129, no. Suppl 2 (2014): 19–31.