Barriers to pharmaceutical care provision in the community and hospital pharmacies of Motta town, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.
Humans
Ethiopia
Cross-Sectional Studies
Female
Male
Adult
Surveys and Questionnaires
Pharmacy Service, Hospital
/ organization & administration
Attitude of Health Personnel
Middle Aged
Community Pharmacy Services
/ statistics & numerical data
Pharmacists
/ statistics & numerical data
Young Adult
Health Services Accessibility
Barriers to pharmaceutical care provision
Ethiopia
Pharmaceutical care
Pharmacy professionals
Journal
BMC health services research
ISSN: 1472-6963
Titre abrégé: BMC Health Serv Res
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101088677
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
17 Sep 2024
17 Sep 2024
Historique:
received:
27
06
2024
accepted:
04
09
2024
medline:
18
9
2024
pubmed:
18
9
2024
entrez:
17
9
2024
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Although pharmaceutical care has tangible positive importance in ensuring patient pharmacotherapy safety, its provision encounters several barriers. Therefore, this study investigated the obstacles pharmacy professionals faced while providing pharmaceutical care in Motta town, Northwest Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted from July 30, 2022, to August 30, 2022, at all community and hospital pharmacies in Motta town, Northwest Ethiopia. The data were collected via a self-administered questionnaire and analyzed via SPSS version 26.0. Descriptive statistics and statistical analysis tests, such as the independent t-test, variance, and multiple linear regressions, were employed to analyze the data. The study had a 97.7% response rate. Among the 130 participants, 71 (54.6%) were females. The mean (± SD) total score of pharmaceutical care provision barriers was 85.06 (± 20.2). The highest and lowest mean subscale scores of pharmaceutical care provision barriers were related to lack of resources and skill, respectively. Among resource-related barriers, lack of time and money, lack of trained staff, and lack of private space for consultation scored higher than other barriers. Concerning vision/attitudinal barriers, patients and other healthcare workers' inappropriate attitudes toward pharmaceutical care obtained the highest scores. The lack of clinical education in pharmaceutical care, lack of communication, and lack of documentation skills of pharmacists scored higher than other barriers in the educational and skill-related barriers subscales. For the regulatory/environmental subscale, a lack of clinical practice guidelines and legal barriers scored higher than the other subscales did. Pharmaceutical care provision barriers were significantly associated with age (B = 14.008), years of practice (B = 13.009), and graduating institution (B=-16.773). Resource and attitudinal/vision-related barriers were reported to be the most common barriers to pharmaceutical care implementation. Stakeholders should work together to develop strategic solutions to overcome these barriers and thus achieve optimal pharmaceutical care provision. These strategies should include optimizing the number of trained pharmacy staff, time and financial problems should be resolved, communication and documentation skills should be improved, pharmacy layouts should incorporate private counseling rooms, policies that support the pharmacist's role in patient care should be developed, and effective training and continuing professional education programs should be offered.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
Although pharmaceutical care has tangible positive importance in ensuring patient pharmacotherapy safety, its provision encounters several barriers. Therefore, this study investigated the obstacles pharmacy professionals faced while providing pharmaceutical care in Motta town, Northwest Ethiopia.
METHODS
METHODS
A cross-sectional study was conducted from July 30, 2022, to August 30, 2022, at all community and hospital pharmacies in Motta town, Northwest Ethiopia. The data were collected via a self-administered questionnaire and analyzed via SPSS version 26.0. Descriptive statistics and statistical analysis tests, such as the independent t-test, variance, and multiple linear regressions, were employed to analyze the data.
RESULTS
RESULTS
The study had a 97.7% response rate. Among the 130 participants, 71 (54.6%) were females. The mean (± SD) total score of pharmaceutical care provision barriers was 85.06 (± 20.2). The highest and lowest mean subscale scores of pharmaceutical care provision barriers were related to lack of resources and skill, respectively. Among resource-related barriers, lack of time and money, lack of trained staff, and lack of private space for consultation scored higher than other barriers. Concerning vision/attitudinal barriers, patients and other healthcare workers' inappropriate attitudes toward pharmaceutical care obtained the highest scores. The lack of clinical education in pharmaceutical care, lack of communication, and lack of documentation skills of pharmacists scored higher than other barriers in the educational and skill-related barriers subscales. For the regulatory/environmental subscale, a lack of clinical practice guidelines and legal barriers scored higher than the other subscales did. Pharmaceutical care provision barriers were significantly associated with age (B = 14.008), years of practice (B = 13.009), and graduating institution (B=-16.773).
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS
Resource and attitudinal/vision-related barriers were reported to be the most common barriers to pharmaceutical care implementation. Stakeholders should work together to develop strategic solutions to overcome these barriers and thus achieve optimal pharmaceutical care provision. These strategies should include optimizing the number of trained pharmacy staff, time and financial problems should be resolved, communication and documentation skills should be improved, pharmacy layouts should incorporate private counseling rooms, policies that support the pharmacist's role in patient care should be developed, and effective training and continuing professional education programs should be offered.
Identifiants
pubmed: 39289690
doi: 10.1186/s12913-024-11538-3
pii: 10.1186/s12913-024-11538-3
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
1082Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
Bradley C. The future role of pharmacists in primary care. Br J Gen Pract. 2009;59:891–2.
pubmed: 20875254
pmcid: 2784524
doi: 10.3399/bjgp09X473105
Toklu HZ, Hussain A. The changing face of pharmacy practice and the need for a new model of pharmacy education. J Young Pharm. 2013;5(2):38–40.
pubmed: 24023452
pmcid: 3758081
doi: 10.1016/j.jyp.2012.09.001
Shrestha R, Palaian S, Sapkota B, Shrestha S, Khatiwada AP, Shankar PR. A nationwide exploratory survey assessing perception, practice, and barriers toward pharmaceutical care provision among hospital pharmacists in Nepal. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):16590.
pubmed: 36198682
pmcid: 9532804
doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-16653-x
Hepler CD, Strand LM. Opportunities and responsibilities in pharmaceutical care. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1990;47(3):533–43.
pubmed: 2316538
Mohamed SS, Mahmoud AA, Ali AA. Barriers to implementation of pharmaceutical care practice in community pharmacies in Sudan. Khartoum Med J. 2016;7(1):962–74.
Okonta JM, Okonta EO, Ofoegbu TC. Barriers to implementation of pharmaceutical care by pharmacists in Nsukka and Enugu metropolis of Enugu state. J Basic Clin Pharm March. 2012;3(2):295.
doi: 10.4103/0976-0105.103823
Rana Mohammed Ghazal RMG. Barriers to the implementation of Pharmaceutical Care in the UAE community pharmacies. IOSR J Pharm (IOSRPHR). 2014;04(05):68–74.
doi: 10.9790/3013-0405068074
Zikargae, MHJRm. policy h. COVID-19 in Ethiopia: assessment of how the Ethiopian government has executed administrative actions and managed risk communications and community engagement. 2020; 13:2803.
Stuurman-Bieze AG, Hiddink EG, van Boven JF, Vegter S. Proactive pharmaceutical care interventions improve patients’ adherence to lipid-lowering medication. Ann Pharmacother. 2013;47(11):1448–56.
pubmed: 24259595
doi: 10.1177/1060028013501146
Fikri-Benbrahim N, Faus MJ, Martinez-Martinez F, Sabater-Hernandez D. Impact of a community pharmacists’ hypertension-care service on medication adherence. The AFenPA study. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2013;9(6):797–805.
pubmed: 23391845
doi: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2012.12.006
Stuurman-Bieze AG, Hiddink EG, van Boven JF, Vegter S. Proactive pharmaceutical care interventions decrease patients’ nonadherence to osteoporosis medication. Osteoporos Int. 2014;25(6):1807–12.
pubmed: 24570297
Chung WW, Chua SS, Lai PS, Chan SP. Effects of a pharmaceutical care model on medication adherence and glycemic control of people with type 2 diabetes. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2014;8:1185–94.
pubmed: 25214772
pmcid: 4159395
Pinto SL, Kumar J, Partha G, Bechtol RA. Pharmacist-provided medication therapy management (MTM) program impacts outcomes for employees with diabetes. Popul Health Manag. 2014;17(1):21–7.
pubmed: 23848476
doi: 10.1089/pop.2012.0124
Thavornwattanayong W, Sribundit N. Effects of family pharmacy intervention on clinical outcomes in primary care settings in Thailand. Thai J Pharm Sci. 2017;41(1):35–40.
doi: 10.56808/3027-7922.2421
Loh P, Chua SS, Karuppannan M. The extent and barriers in providing pharmaceutical care services by community pharmacists in Malaysia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2021;21(1):822.
pubmed: 34399749
pmcid: 8365940
doi: 10.1186/s12913-021-06820-7
Cheen MHH, Goon CP, Ong WC, Lim PS, Wan CN, Leong MY, Khee GY. Evaluation of a care transition program with pharmacist-provided home-based medication review for elderly singaporeans at high risk of readmissions. Int J Qual Health Care. 2017;29(2):200–5.
pubmed: 28453819
Luder HR, Frede SM, Kirby JA, Epplen K, Cavanaugh T, Martin-Boone JE, Conrad WF, Kuhlmann D, Heaton PC, TransitionRx. Impact of community pharmacy post-discharge medication therapy management on hospital readmission rate. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2015;55(3):246–54.
pubmed: 26003155
doi: 10.1331/JAPhA.2015.14060
Tommelein E, Mehuys E, Van Hees T, Adriaens E, Van Bortel L, Christiaens T, Van Tongelen I, Remon JP, Boussery K, Brusselle G. Effectiveness of pharmaceutical care for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (PHARMACOP): a randomized controlled trial. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2014;77(5):756–66.
pubmed: 24117908
pmcid: 4004396
doi: 10.1111/bcp.12242
Lin G, Huang R, Zhang J, Li G, Chen L, Xi X. Clinical and economic outcomes of hospital pharmaceutical care: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020;20(1):487.
pubmed: 32487066
pmcid: 7268541
doi: 10.1186/s12913-020-05346-8
Stuurman-Bieze AG, Hiddink EG, Van Boven JF, Vegter S. Proactive pharmaceutical care interventions improve patients’ adherence to lipid-lowering medication. J Annals Pharmacotherapy. 2013;47(11):1448–56.
doi: 10.1177/1060028013501146
Lee Y, Rosnani H, Syed A, Syed W, Yelly O, Usman H. Impact of a community pharmacist-based diabetes management program on clinical outcomes measures. 2011.
Nguyen T-S, Nguyen TLH, Van Pham TT, Hua S, Ngo QC, Li SC. Impact of pharmaceutical care in the improvement of medication adherence and quality of life for COPD patients in Vietnam. J Respiratory Med. 2019;153:31–7.
doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2019.05.006
Wei L, Yang X, Li J, Liu L, Luo H, Zheng Z, Wei Y. Effect of pharmaceutical care on medication adherence and hospital admission in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a randomized controlled study. J Thorac Dis. 2014;6(6):656.
pubmed: 24976987
pmcid: 4073386
Hatem NAH, Mohamed Ibrahim MI, Halboup A, Kubas M. A multi-institutional study of Yemeni Final Year undergraduate pharmacy students’ understanding, attitudes, and Perceived barriers toward Provision of Pharmaceutical Care: a cross-sectional study. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2023;14:109–21.
pubmed: 36816050
pmcid: 9930587
doi: 10.2147/AMEP.S392886
Ayalew MB, Solomon L, Abay S. Pharmaceutical care practice in community and institutional drug retail outlets of Gondar Town, North West Ethiopia. Global Adv Health Med. 2019;8:2164956119868777.
doi: 10.1177/2164956119868777
Bilal AI, Tilahun Z, Gebretekle GB, Ayalneh B, Hailemeskel B, Engidawork E. Current status, challenges and the way forward for clinical pharmacy service in Ethiopian public hospitals. BMC Health Serv Res. 2017;17:1–11.
doi: 10.1186/s12913-017-2305-1
Mekonnen AB, Yesuf EA, Odegard PS, Wega SS. Implementing ward-based clinical pharmacy services in an Ethiopian University Hospital. Pharm Pract Manag Q. 2013;11(1):51.
Odegard PS, Tadeg H, Downing D, Mekonnen H, Negussu M, Bartlein R, Stergachis A. Strengthening pharmaceutical care education in Ethiopia through instructional collaboration. Am J Pharm Educ. 2011;75(7):134.
pubmed: 21969720
pmcid: 3175665
doi: 10.5688/ajpe757134
Bilal AI, Tilahun Z, Beedemariam G, Ayalneh B, Hailemeskel B, Engidawork E. Attitude and satisfaction of health care providers toward clinical pharmacy services in Ethiopia: a postdeployment survey. J Pharm Policy Pract. 2016;9:7.
pubmed: 26962456
pmcid: 4784336
doi: 10.1186/s40545-016-0058-6
Mekonnen AB, McLachlan AJ, Brien JE, Mekonnen D, Abay Z. Barriers and facilitators to hospital pharmacists’ engagement in medication safety activities: a qualitative study using the theoretical domains framework. J Pharm Policy Pract. 2018;11:2.
pubmed: 29387420
pmcid: 5778635
doi: 10.1186/s40545-018-0129-y
Obreli-Neto PR, Dos Reis TM, Guidoni CM, Girotto E, Guerra ML, de Oliveira Baldoni A, Pereira LRL. A systematic review of the effects of continuing education programs on providing clinical community pharmacy services. J Am J Pharm Educ. 2016;80(5):88.
pubmed: 27402991
doi: 10.5688/ajpe80588
FMHACA: Continuing professional development (CPD) guideline for health professionals in Ethiopia. Ethiopia; 2013.
Mekonnen AB, Yesuf EA, Odegard PS, Wega SS. Pharmacists’ journey to clinical pharmacy practice in Ethiopia: Key informants’ perspective. SAGE Open Med. 2013;1:2050312113502959.
pubmed: 26770678
pmcid: 4687774
doi: 10.1177/2050312113502959
Gelayee DA, Mekonnen GB, Birarra MK. Involvement of community pharmacists in continuing professional development (CPD): a baseline survey in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. Globalization Health. 2018;14(1):15.
pubmed: 29391021
pmcid: 5796592
doi: 10.1186/s12992-018-0334-0
Uema SA, Vega EM, Armando PD, Fontana D. Barriers to pharmaceutical care in Argentina. Pharm World Sci. 2008;30(3):211–5.
pubmed: 17978859
doi: 10.1007/s11096-007-9167-2
Van Mil JW, De Boer WO, Tromp TH. European barriers to the implementation of pharmaceutical care. Int J Pharm Pract. 2001;9(3):163–8.
Tulip SC, Cheung P, Campbell D, Walters P. Pharmaceutical care: cultural, practice and professional perspectives. Int J Pharm Pract. 2002;10:R93.
doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7174.2002.tb00701.x
Ngorsuraches S, Li SC. Thai pharmacists’ understanding, attitudes, and perceived barriers related to providing pharmaceutical care. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2006;63(21):2144–50.
pubmed: 17057053
doi: 10.2146/ajhp060054
Mehralian G, Rangchian M, Javadi A, Peiravian F. Investigation on barriers to pharmaceutical care in community pharmacies: a structural equation model. Int J Clin Pharm. 2014;36:1087–94.
pubmed: 25168648
doi: 10.1007/s11096-014-9998-6
Erah PO, Nwazuoke JC. Identification of standards for pharmaceutical care in Benin City. Trop J Pharm Res. 2002;1(2):55–66.
doi: 10.4314/tjpr.v1i2.14585
Farris KB, Fernandez-Llimos F, Benrimoj S. Pharmaceutical care in community pharmacies: practice and research from around the world. Ann Pharmacother. 2005;39(9):1539–41.
pubmed: 16014373
doi: 10.1345/aph.1G049
Aburuz S, Al-Ghazawi M, Snyder A. Pharmaceutical care in a community-based practice setting in Jordan: where are we now with our attitudes and perceived barriers? Int J Pharm Pract. 2012;20(2):71–9.
pubmed: 22416931
doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7174.2011.00164.x
C R, EH H. The provision of pharmaceutical care in Denmark: a cross-sectional survey. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2003;28(4):311–8.
doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2710.2003.00498.x
El Hajj MS, Al-Saeed HS, Khaja M. Qatar pharmacists’ understanding, attitudes, practice and perceived barriers related to providing pharmaceutical care. Int J Clin Pharm. 2016;38:330–43.
pubmed: 26758716
doi: 10.1007/s11096-016-0246-0
Dunlop JA, Shaw JP. Community pharmacists’ perspectives on pharmaceutical care implementation in New Zealand. Pharm World Sci. 2002;24:224–30.
pubmed: 12512154
doi: 10.1023/A:1021526425458
Mangan MN, Powers MF, Lengel AJ. Student pharmacists’ perceptions of barriers to medication adherence counseling. J Pharm Pract. 2013;26(4):376–81.
pubmed: 23178413
doi: 10.1177/0897190012466896
Gholami K, Najmeddin F. Barriers to pharmaceutical care in Iran. J Pharm Care. 2013;1(2):39–40.
Gray CD, Kinnear PR. IBM SPSS statistics 19 made simple. Psychology; 2012.
Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. New York, NY, USA: Routledge; 1988.
doi: 10.4324/9780203771587
Sawilowsky SS. New effect size rules of thumb. J Mod Appl Stat Methods. 2009;8:597–9.
doi: 10.22237/jmasm/1257035100
Brazinha I, Fernandez-Llimos F. Barriers to the implementation of advanced clinical pharmacy services at Portuguese hospitals. Int J Clin Pharm. 2014;36:1031–8.
pubmed: 25139137
doi: 10.1007/s11096-014-9991-0
Berbatis CG, Sunderland VB, Joyce A, Bulsara M, Mills C. Enhanced pharmacy services, barriers and facilitators in Australia’s community pharmacies: Australia’s National Pharmacy Database Project. Int J Pharm Pract. 2007;15(3):185–91.
doi: 10.1211/ijpp.15.3.0005
Fang Y, Yang S, Feng B, Ni Y, Zhang K. Pharmacists’ perception of pharmaceutical care in community pharmacy: a questionnaire survey in Northwest China. Health Soc Care Commun. 2011;19(2):189–97.
Gebretekle GB, Fenta TG. Assessment of the pharmacist workforce in Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Dev. 2013;27(2):124–1331021.
Ayalew E, Seid Y, Agalu A. Knowledge, attitude and practice of patient medication counseling among drug dispensers in Mekele town, Northern Ethiopia. Int Res J Pharm Pharmacol. 2014;4(2):28–34.
Akande-Sholabi W, Akinbitan A. Assessment of attitude, practice, and barriers to pharmaceutical care among community pharmacists in Ibadan. Nigerian J Pharm Res. 2022;18(1):75–84.
doi: 10.4314/njpr.v18i1.8
McElnay J, Bell H, Hughes C, Woods A. A qualitative investigation of the attitudes and opinions of community pharmacists to pharmaceutical care. J Soc Adm Pharm. 1998;15:284–95.
Marew T, Richmond FJ, Belete A, Gebre-Mariam T. Trends and challenges in access to essential medicines in Ethiopia and the contributions of local pharmaceutical production. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2022;32(5):1027–10422413.
pubmed: 36262708
pmcid: 9554776
doi: 10.4314/ejhs.v32i5.18
de Filho OV, de Souza P, Elias MR, D’Ávila Viana PEM. Physicians’ job satisfaction and motivation in a public academic hospital. Hum Resour Health. 2016;14:1–11.
Mekonnen AB, McLachlan AJ, Brien J-aE, Mekonnen D, Abay Z. Barriers and facilitators to hospital pharmacists’ engagement in medication safety activities: a qualitative study using the theoretical domains framework. J Pharm Policy Pract. 2018;11:1–11.
doi: 10.1186/s40545-018-0129-y
Selamu M, Thornicroft G, Fekadu A, Hanlon C. Conceptualization of job-related wellbeing, stress and burnout among healthcare workers in rural Ethiopia: a qualitative study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2017;17:1–11.
doi: 10.1186/s12913-017-2370-5
Ferede A, Kibret GD, Million Y, Simeneh MM, Belay YA, Hailemariam D. Magnitude of turnover intention and associated factors among health professionals working in public health institutions of North Shoa Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. BioMed Res is Int. 2018;2018(1):31653793162314–6141.
Kopciuch D, Paczkowska A, Zaprutko T, Ratajczak P, Nowakowska E, Kus K. A survey of pharmacists’ knowledge, attitudes and barriers in pharmaceutical care concept in Poland. BMC Med Educ. 2021;21:1–8.
doi: 10.1186/s12909-021-02891-6
Belay YB, Kassa TT, Welie AG, Alemayehu MS, Dinkashe FT. Assessment of counseling practice in medicine retail outlets in Mekelle City, Northern Ethiopia. Risk Manag Health Policy. 2017;10:137–46.
Dessalegn Asmelashe Gelayee DAG, MKB Mequanent Kassa Birara. Patient medication counseling: a survey of knowledge, attitude, and practice of pharmacy professionals in Gondar, North West Ethiopia. 2015.
McDonough RP, Rovers JP, Currie JD, Hagel H, Vallandinghanl J, Sobotka J. Obstacles to the implementation of pharmaceutical care in the community setting. J Am Pharm Association. 1998;38(1):87–95.
Yang S, Kim D, Choi HJ, Chang MJ. A comparison of patients’ and pharmacists’ satisfaction with medication counseling provided by community pharmacies: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Health Serv Res. 2016;16:1–8.
doi: 10.1186/s12913-016-1374-x
Taitel M, Jiang J, Rudkin K, Ewing S, Duncan I. The impact of pharmacist face-to-face counseling to improve medication adherence among patients initiating statin therapy. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2012;6:323–9.
De Young M. Research on the effects of pharmacist-patient communication in institutions and ambulatory care sites, 1969–1994. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 1996;53(11):1277–12911079.
pubmed: 8725202
doi: 10.1093/ajhp/53.11.1277
Cocohoba J, Comfort M, Kianfar H, Johnson MO. A qualitative study examining HIV antiretroviral adherence counseling and support in community pharmacies. J Manag Care Pharm. 2013;19(6):454–4601083.
pubmed: 23806059
Ghazal R, Hassan NAG, Ghaleb O, Ahdab A, Saliem II. Barriers to the implementation of pharmaceutical care in the UAE community pharmacies. IOSR J Pharm. 2014;4(05):68–74.
Farris KB, Schopflocher DP. Between intention and behavior: an application of community pharmacists’ assessment of pharmaceutical care. Soc Sci Med. 1999;49(1):55–660277.
pubmed: 10414840
doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00078-7
Bayked EM, Taye GN, Zewdie S, Aklilu T, Kahissay MH, Toleha HN. Pharmacy professionals’ perceptions of their professional duties in the Ethiopian health care system: a mixed methods study. J Pharm Policy Pract. 2023;16(1):1522052–3211.
doi: 10.1186/s40545-023-00656-8
Awad A, Al-Ebrahim S, Abahussain E. Pharmaceutical care services in hospitals of Kuwait. World Health. 2006;16:18.
Al-Wazaify M, Matowe L, Albsoul-Younes A, Al-Omran OA. Pharmacy education in Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait. Am J Pharm Educ. 2006;70(1):18.
Elayeh E, Akour A, Almadaeen S, AlQhewii T, Basheti IA. Practice of pharmaceutical care in community pharmacies in Jordan. Trop J Pharm Res. 2017;16(2):463–70.
doi: 10.4314/tjpr.v16i2.27
Habte F, Gedamu M, Kassaw C. Patient satisfaction and associated factor at Red Cross pharmacies in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Health Serv Res. 2023;23(1):11811472–6963.
doi: 10.1186/s12913-023-10042-4
Wado TE, Gunasekaran T, Dhanaraju MD. Pharmacist-patient communication barriers in dispensing practice: a descriptive study in Adama Hospital Medical College, Adama City, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia. J Pharm Health Serv Res. 2015;6(4):219–2241759.
doi: 10.1111/jphs.12113
Ung COL, Chao CK, Hu Y, Zhao J, Li P, Wang Y, Hu H. Community pharmacists’ understanding, attitudes, practice and perceived barriers related to providing pharmaceutical care: a questionnaire-based survey in Macao. Trop J Pharm Res. 2016;15(4):847–54.
doi: 10.4314/tjpr.v15i4.26
Liekens S, Smits T, Laekeman G, Foulon V. Pharmaceutical care for people with depression: Belgian pharmacists’ attitudes and perceived barriers. Int J Clin Pharm. 2012;34(3):452–9.
pubmed: 22477208
doi: 10.1007/s11096-012-9628-0
Rao D, Giannetti V, Kamal KM, Covvey JR, Tomko JR. The relationship between knowledge, attitudes, and practices of community pharmacists regarding persons with substance use disorders. Subst Abus. 2021;42(4):630–7.
pubmed: 32870107
doi: 10.1080/08897077.2020.1809605
Martin S. In the physician’s office: an interview with W. Ray Burns. Am Pharm. 1989;29(12):17–9.
doi: 10.1016/S0160-3450(15)31605-6
Hirsch JD, Gagnon JP, Camp R. Value of pharmacy services: perceptions of consumers, physicians, and third party prescription plan administrators. Am Pharm. 1990;NS30(3):20–5.
Salamzadeh J. Clinical pharmacy in Iran: where do we stand? Brieflands. 2004;3:1–2.
Farris KB. Between intention and behavior: an application of community pharmacists’ assessment of pharmaceutical care. Soc Sci Med A. 1999;49(1):55–66.
doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00078-7
Cipolle RJ, Strand LM, Morley PC. Pharmaceutical care practice: the patient-centered approach to medication management services. Manage Serv. 2012;1(1):20.
Eshetu E, Gedif T. Quality of pharmacy services in government hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ethiop Pharm J. 2011;29(2):108–20.
Reis TMd, Guidone CM, Girotto E, Rascado RR, Mastroianni PC, Cruciol JM, Pereira LRL. Pharmaceutical care in Brazilian community pharmacies: knowledge and practice. Afr J Pharm. 2015:287–94.
Khoo EM, Lee WK, Sararaks S, Abdul Samad A, Liew SM, Cheong AT, Ibrahim MY, Su SHC, Mohd Hanafiah AN, Maskon K. Medical errors in primary care clinics–a cross-sectional study. BMC Fam Pract. 2012;13:1–6.
doi: 10.1186/1471-2296-13-127
Odegard PSTH, Downing D, Suleman S, Bedada W, Paulos G, Mekonnen H, Negussu M, Bartlein R, Stergachis A. Education. Strengthening pharmaceutical care education in Ethiopia through instructional collaboration. Am J Pharm Educ. 2011;75(7):134.
pubmed: 21969720
pmcid: 3175665
doi: 10.5688/ajpe757134
Tawfiq AM, Alomar MJ, Hassan N, Palaian SJP. A nationwide survey on attitudes and perceived barriers toward the provision of pharmaceutical care among final-year undergraduate pharmacy students in the United Arab Emirates. PloS One. 2021;16(2):e0246934.