The effect of social factors on eye movements made when judging the aesthetic merit of figurative paintings.
Journal
Scientific reports
ISSN: 2045-2322
Titre abrégé: Sci Rep
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101563288
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
19 Sep 2024
19 Sep 2024
Historique:
received:
18
12
2023
accepted:
10
09
2024
medline:
19
9
2024
pubmed:
19
9
2024
entrez:
18
9
2024
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
In the present study we explore how social factors (group contact, individuating experience, implicit racial bias) influence the eye movements made during the visual exploration when judging their aesthetic merit of figurative paintings depicting White and Black sitters. An opportunity sample of participants visiting a gallery in Liverpool viewed ten artworks while their eye movements were recorded and completed a set of individual difference measures. The individual difference measures indicated self-report of art interest, social contact and individuating experience with both Black and White communities, and implicitly held racial bias. The results showed that, despite viewing the paintings for less time, the majority of participants reported paintings showing Black sitters as more interesting, emotionally moving, and pleasurable then those depicting White sitters. However, if a participant reported limited social contact with Black community, and a negative implicit racial bias against them, their rating of aesthetic merit of paintings showing Black sitters was reduced, viewing time increased, and fixations became more focused on faces. The influence of social factors on the viewing of paintings showing White sitters was limited to aesthetic rating. The results are discussed in terms of how social factors influence eye movements when viewing paintings in a real-world setting.
Identifiants
pubmed: 39294260
doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-72810-4
pii: 10.1038/s41598-024-72810-4
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
21843Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
Locher, P., Krupinski, E. A., Mello-Thoms, C. & Nodine, C. F. Visual interest in pictorial art during an aesthetic experience. Spat. Vis.21, 55–77 (2007).
pubmed: 18073051
doi: 10.1163/156856808782713762
Locher, P. J. The Aesthetic Experience with Visual Art “At First Glance.” In Investigations into the phenomenology and the ontology of the work of art (eds Bundgaard, P. F. & Stjernfelt, F.) 75–88 (Springer International Publishing, 2015).
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-14090-2_5
Verhavert, S., Wagemans, J. & Augustin, M. D. Beauty in the blink of an eye: The time course of aesthetic experiences. Br. J. Psychol.109, 63–84 (2018).
pubmed: 28805247
doi: 10.1111/bjop.12258
Schwabe, K., Menzel, C., Mullin, C., Wagemans, J. & Redies, C. Gist Perception of image composition in abstract artworks. Percept9, 204166951878079 (2018).
Savazzi, F. et al. Exploring responses to art in adolescence: A behavioral and eye-tracking study. PLoS ONE9, 1–12 (2014).
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102888
Trawiński, T. et al. The spectatorship of portraits by naïve beholders. Psychol. Aesthet. Creat. Arts15, 3–19 (2021).
doi: 10.1037/aca0000248
Di Dio, C. et al. Beauty in life: An eye-tracking study on young adults’ aesthetic evaluation and vitality judgment of pictorial representations of sleeping and dead subjects. PsyCh J.9, 458–471 (2020).
pubmed: 31025535
doi: 10.1002/pchj.285
Massaro, D. et al. When art moves the eyes: A behavioral and eye-tracking study. PLoS ONE7, 1–16 (2012).
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037285
Palumbo, L. et al. Visual exploration mediates the influence of personal traits on responses to artworks in an art gallery setting. Psychol. Aesthet. Creat. Arts https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000529 (2023).
doi: 10.1037/aca0000529
Trawiński, T., Zang, C., Liversedge, S. P., Ge, Y. & Donnelly, N. The time-course of fixations in representational paintings: A cross-cultural study. Psychol. Aesthet. Creat. Arts https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000508 (2022).
doi: 10.1037/aca0000508
de Haas, B., Iakovidis, A. L., Schwarzkopf, D. S. & Gegenfurtner, K. R. Individual differences in visual salience vary along semantic dimensions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.116(24), 11687–11692. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1820553116 (2019).
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1820553116
pubmed: 31138705
pmcid: 6576124
Broda, M. D. & de Haas, B. Individual differences in looking at persons in scenes. J. Vis.22, 9 (2022).
pubmed: 36342691
pmcid: 9652713
doi: 10.1167/jov.22.12.9
Linka, M. & De Haas, B. OSIEshort: A small stimulus set can reliably estimate individual differences in semantic salience. J. Vis.20, 13 (2020).
pubmed: 32945849
pmcid: 7509791
doi: 10.1167/jov.20.9.13
Trawiński, T., Mestry, N. & Donnelly, N. The effect of prior viewing position and spatial scale on the viewing of paintings. Vision7, 55 (2023).
pubmed: 37756129
pmcid: 10534493
doi: 10.3390/vision7030055
Linka, M., Sensoy, Ö., Karimpur, H., Schwarzer, G. & De Haas, B. Free viewing biases for complex scenes in preschoolers and adults. Sci. Rep.13, 11803 (2023).
pubmed: 37479760
pmcid: 10362043
doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-38854-8
Pelowski, M., Markey, P. S., Forster, M., Gerger, G. & Leder, H. Move me, astonish me… delight my eyes and brain: The Vienna Integrated Model of top-down and bottom-up processes in Art Perception (VIMAP) and corresponding affective, evaluative, and neurophysiological correlates. Phys. Life Rev.21, 80–125 (2017).
pubmed: 28347673
doi: 10.1016/j.plrev.2017.02.003
Vessel, E. A. et al. Self-relevance predicts the aesthetic appeal of real and synthetic artworks generated via neural style transfer. Psychol. Sci.34, 1007–1023 (2023).
pubmed: 37578091
doi: 10.1177/09567976231188107
Vessel, E. A., Starr, G. G. & Rubin, N. Art reaches within: aesthetic experience, the self and the default mode network. Front. Neurosci.7, 258 (2013).
pubmed: 24415994
pmcid: 3874727
doi: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00258
Allport, G. W. The Nature of Prejudice (Addison-Wesley, 1954).
Markus, H. R. & Kitayama, S. Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychol. Rev.98, 224–253 (1991).
doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224
Nisbett, R. E. & Miyamoto, Y. The influence of culture: Holistic versus analytic perception. Trends Cogn. Sci.9, 467–473 (2005).
pubmed: 16129648
doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2005.08.004
Kitayama, S. & Salvador, C. E. Culture embrained: Going beyond the nature-nurture dichotomy. Perspect. Psychol. Sci.12, 841–854 (2017).
pubmed: 28972851
pmcid: 5841951
doi: 10.1177/1745691617707317
Walker, P. M. & Tanaka, J. W. An encoding advantage for own-race versus other-race faces. Perception32, 1117–1125 (2003).
pubmed: 14651324
doi: 10.1068/p5098
Walker, P. M. & Hewstone, M. A peceptual discrimination investigation of the own-race effect and intergroup experience. Appl. Cogn. Psychol.20, 461–475 (2006).
doi: 10.1002/acp.1191
Walker, P. M. & Hewstone, M. The influence of social factors and implicit racial bias on a generalized own-race effect. Appl. Cogn. Psychol.22, 441–453 (2008).
doi: 10.1002/acp.1382
Sporer, S. L. Recognizing faces of other ethnic groups: An integration of theories. Psychol. Public Policy Law7, 36–97 (2001).
doi: 10.1037/1076-8971.7.1.36
Valentine, T., Lewis, M. B. & Hills, P. J. Face-space: A unifying concept in face recognition research. Q. J. Exp. Psychol.69, 1996–2019 (2016).
doi: 10.1080/17470218.2014.990392
Chiroro, P. & Valentine, T. An investigation of the contact hypothesis of the own-race bias in face recognition. Q. J. Exp. Psychol.48, 879–894 (1995).
doi: 10.1080/14640749508401421
Fioravanti-Bastos, A. C. M., Filgueiras, A. & Landeira-Fernandez, J. The other-race effect in caucasian and japanese-descendant children in Brazil: Evidence of developmental plasticity. Psychology05, 2073–2083 (2014).
doi: 10.4236/psych.2014.519210
Sangrigoli, S., Pallier, C., Argenti, A.-M., Ventureyra, V. A. G. & de Schonen, S. Reversibility of the other-race effect in face recognition during childhood. Psychol. Sci.16, 440–444 (2005).
pubmed: 15943669
doi: 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01554.x
Wright, D. B., Boyd, C. E. & Tredoux, C. G. Inter-racial contact and the own-race bias for face recognition in South Africa and England. Appl. Cogn. Psychol.17, 365–373 (2003).
doi: 10.1002/acp.898
McKone, E. et al. A critical period for faces: Other-race face recognition is improved by childhood but not adult social contact. Sci. Rep.9, 12820 (2019).
pubmed: 31492907
pmcid: 6731249
doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49202-0
Bukach, C. M., Cottle, J., Ubiwa, J. A. & Miller, J. Individuation experience predicts other-race effects in holistic processing for both Caucasian and Black participants. Cognition123, 319–324 (2012).
pubmed: 22397819
doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2012.02.007
McGugin, R. W., Tanaka, J. W., Lebrecht, S., Tarr, M. J. & Gauthier, I. Race-specific perceptual discrimination improvement following short individuation training with faces. Cogn. Sci.35, 330–347 (2011).
pubmed: 21429002
doi: 10.1111/j.1551-6709.2010.01148.x
Zhao, M., Hayward, W. G. & Bülthoff, I. Holistic processing, contact, and the other-race effect in face recognition. Vision Res.105, 61–69 (2014).
pubmed: 25255992
doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2014.09.006
Stanley, D. A., Sokol-Hessner, P., Banaji, M. R. & Phelps, E. A. Implicit race attitudes predict trustworthiness judgments and economic trust decisions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA108, 7710–7715 (2011).
pubmed: 21518877
pmcid: 3093479
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1014345108
Burke, D., Nolan, C., Hayward, W. G., Russell, R. & Sulikowski, D. Is there an own-race preference in attractiveness?. Evol. Psychol.11, 147470491301100 (2013).
doi: 10.1177/147470491301100410
Lebrecht, S., Pierce, L. J., Tarr, M. J. & Tanaka, J. W. Perceptual other-race training reduces implicit racial bias. PLoS ONE4, 1–7 (2009).
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004215
Goldinger, S. D., He, Y. & Papesh, M. H. Deficits in cross-race face learning: Insights from eye movements and pupillometry. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn.35, 1105–1122 (2009).
pubmed: 19686008
pmcid: 2871406
doi: 10.1037/a0016548
Wu, E. X. W., Laeng, B. & Magnussen, S. Through the eyes of the own-race bias: Eye-tracking and pupillometry during face recognition. Soc. Neurosci.7, 202–216 (2012).
pubmed: 21787246
doi: 10.1080/17470919.2011.596946
Blais, C., Jack, R. E., Scheepers, C., Fiset, D. & Caldara, R. Culture shapes how we look at faces. PLoS ONE3, 1–8 (2008).
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003022
Chuk, T., Crookes, K., Hayward, W. G., Chan, A. B. & Hsiao, J. H. Hidden Markov model analysis reveals the advantage of analytic eye movement patterns in face recognition across cultures. Cognition169, 102–117 (2017).
pubmed: 28869811
doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2017.08.003
Burgund, E. D. Looking at the own-race bias: Eye-tracking investigations of memory for different race faces. Vis. Cogn.29, 51–62 (2021).
doi: 10.1080/13506285.2020.1858216
Trawiński, T., Aslanian, A. & Cheung, O. S. The effect of implicit racial bias on recognition of other-race faces. Cogn. Res. Princ. Implic.6, 67 (2021).
pubmed: 34716834
pmcid: 8557239
doi: 10.1186/s41235-021-00337-7
Anzures, G., Mildort, M., Bell, C. & Soethe, E. Visual examination of own- and other-race face identities and implicit racial bias. Curr. Psychol.42, 24986–24997 (2023).
doi: 10.1007/s12144-022-03580-3
Villani, D. et al. Visual exploration patterns of human figures in action: An eye tracker study with art paintings. Front. Psychol.6, 1–10 (2015).
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01636
Harland, B. et al. Modes of address in pictorial art: An eye movement study of Manet’s Bar at the Folies-Bergère. Leonardo47, 241–247 (2014).
doi: 10.1162/LEON_a_00676
Trawiński, T. et al. The influence of culture on the viewing of Western and East Asian paintings. Psychol. Aesthet. Creat. Arts https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000411 (2021).
doi: 10.1037/aca0000411
Garbutt, M. et al. The embodied gaze: Exploring applications for mobile eye tracking in the art Museum. Visit. Stud.23, 82–100 (2020).
doi: 10.1080/10645578.2020.1750271
Pelowski, M. et al. Capturing aesthetic experiences with installation art: An empirical assessment of emotion, evaluations, and mobile eye tracking in Olafur Eliasson’s “Baroque, Baroque!”. Front. Psychol.9, 1255 (2018).
pubmed: 30127756
pmcid: 6088181
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01255
Reitstätter, L. et al. The display makes a difference: A mobile eye tracking study on the perception of art before and after a museum’s rearrangement. J. Eye Mov. Res.13, (2020).
Quiroga, R. Q. & Pedreira, C. How do we see art: An eye-tracker study. Front. Hum. Neurosci.5, 1–9 (2011).
doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2011.00098
Specker, E. et al. The Vienna Art Interest and Art Knowledge Questionnaire (VAIAK): A unified and validated measure of art interest and art knowledge. Psychol. Aesthet. Creat. Arts14, 172–185 (2020).
doi: 10.1037/aca0000205
Greenwald, A. G., Mcghee, D. E. & Schwartz, J. L. K. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.74, 1464–1480 (1998).
pubmed: 9654756
doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464
Team R Core. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, 2016).
Tobii Pro Lab User Manual. (Tobii AB, 2023).
Oslen, A. The tobii-vt fixation filter. Tobii Technology (2012).
Berlyne, D. E. Aesthetics and psychobiology (Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1971).
Pihko, E. et al. Experiencing art: The influence of expertise and painting abstraction level. Front. Hum. Neurosci.5, 1–10 (2011).
doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2011.00094
Ma, D. S., Correll, J. & Wittenbrink, B. The Chicago face database: A free stimulus set of faces and norming data. Behav. Res. Methods47, 1122–1135 (2015).
pubmed: 25582810
doi: 10.3758/s13428-014-0532-5
Bellezza, F. S., Greenwald, A. G. & Banaji, M. R. Words high and low in pleasantness as rated by male and female college students. Behav. Res. Methods Instrum. Comput.18, 299–303 (1986).
doi: 10.3758/BF03204403
Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A. & Banaji, M. R. Understanding and using the implicit association test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.85, 197–216 (2003).
pubmed: 12916565
doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.197
Holmqvist, K. et al.Eye tracking: A comprehensive guide to methods and measures (Oxford University Press, 2011).