Loss-of-Function Variants in CUL3 Cause a Syndromic Neurodevelopmental Disorder.


Journal

Annals of neurology
ISSN: 1531-8249
Titre abrégé: Ann Neurol
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 7707449

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
20 Sep 2024
Historique:
revised: 27 08 2024
received: 16 11 2023
accepted: 27 08 2024
medline: 20 9 2024
pubmed: 20 9 2024
entrez: 20 9 2024
Statut: aheadofprint

Résumé

De novo variants in cullin-3 ubiquitin ligase (CUL3) have been strongly associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), but no large case series have been reported so far. Here, we aimed to collect sporadic cases carrying rare variants in CUL3, describe the genotype-phenotype correlation, and investigate the underlying pathogenic mechanism. Genetic data and detailed clinical records were collected via multicenter collaboration. Dysmorphic facial features were analyzed using GestaltMatcher. Variant effects on CUL3 protein stability were assessed using patient-derived T-cells. We assembled a cohort of 37 individuals with heterozygous CUL3 variants presenting a syndromic NDD characterized by intellectual disability with or without autistic features. Of these, 35 have loss-of-function (LoF) and 2 have missense variants. CUL3 LoF variants in patients may affect protein stability leading to perturbations in protein homeostasis, as evidenced by decreased ubiquitin-protein conjugates in vitro. Notably, we show that 4E-BP1 (EIF4EBP1), a prominent substrate of CUL3, fails to be targeted for proteasomal degradation in patient-derived cells. Our study further refines the clinical and mutational spectrum of CUL3-associated NDDs, expands the spectrum of cullin RING E3 ligase-associated neuropsychiatric disorders, and suggests haploinsufficiency via LoF variants is the predominant pathogenic mechanism. ANN NEUROL 2024.

Identifiants

pubmed: 39301775
doi: 10.1002/ana.27077
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Informations de copyright

© 2024 American Neurological Association.

Références

Sarikas A, Hartmann T, Pan Z‐Q. The cullin protein family. Genome Biol 2011;12:220.
Baek K, Scott DC, Schulman BA. NEDD8 and ubiquitin ligation by cullin‐RING E3 ligases. Curr Opin Struc Biol 2021;67:101–109.
Zou Y, Liu Q, Chen B, et al. Mutation in CUL4B, which encodes a member of Cullin‐RING ubiquitin ligase complex, causes X‐linked mental retardation. Am J Hum Genetics 2007;80:561–566.
Tarpey PS, Raymond FL, O'Meara S, et al. Mutations in CUL4B, which encodes a ubiquitin E3 ligase subunit, cause an X‐linked mental retardation syndrome associated with aggressive outbursts, seizures, relative macrocephaly, central obesity, hypogonadism, pes Cavus, and tremor. Am J Hum Genetics 2007;80:345–352.
Huber C, Dias‐Santagata D, Glaser A, et al. Identification of mutations in CUL7 in 3‐M syndrome. Nat Genet 2005;37:1119–1124.
Boyden LM, Choi M, Choate KA, et al. Mutations in kelch‐like 3 and cullin 3 cause hypertension and electrolyte abnormalities. Nature 2012;482:98–102.
Nakashima M, Kato M, Matsukura M, et al. De novo variants in CUL3 are associated with global developmental delays with or without infantile spasms. J Hum Genet 2020;65:727–734.
Kato K, Miya F, Oka Y, et al. A novel missense variant in CUL3 shows altered binding ability to BTB‐adaptor proteins leading to diverse phenotypes of CUL3‐related disorders. J Hum Genet 2021;66:491–498.
Iwafuchi S, Kikuchi A, Endo W, et al. A novel stop‐gain CUL3 mutation in a Japanese patient with autism spectrum disorder. Brain Dev 2020;43:303–307.
Vincent KM, Bourque DK. A novel splice site CUL3 variant in a patient with neurodevelopmental delay. Brain Dev 2023;45:244–249.
Zaidi S, Choi M, Wakimoto H, et al. De novo mutations in histone‐modifying genes in congenital heart disease. Nature 2013;498:220–223.
Kong A, Frigge ML, Masson G, et al. Rate of de novo mutations and the importance of father's age to disease risk. Nature 2012;488:471–475.
O'Roak BJ, Vives L, Girirajan S, et al. Sporadic autism exomes reveal a highly interconnected protein network of de novo mutations. Nature 2012;485:246–250.
Wang T, Guo H, Xiong B, et al. De novo genic mutations among a Chinese autism spectrum disorder cohort. Nat Commun 2016;7:13316.
Study TD, Autism HMC. For, consortium U, et al. Synaptic, transcriptional and chromatin genes disrupted in autism. Nature 2014;515:209–215.
Kosmicki JA, Samocha KE, Howrigan DP, et al. Refining the role of de novo protein‐truncating variants in neurodevelopmental disorders by using population reference samples. Nat Genet 2017;49:504–510.
Lin GN, Corominas R, Lemmens I, et al. Spatiotemporal 16p11.2 protein network implicates cortical late mid‐fetal brain development and KCTD13‐Cul3‐RhoA pathway in psychiatric diseases. Neuron 2015;85:742–754.
Dong Z, Chen W, Chen C, et al. CUL3 deficiency causes social deficits and anxiety‐like behaviors by impairing excitation‐inhibition balance through the promotion of cap‐dependent translation. Neuron 2019;105:475–490.e6.
Morandell J, Schwarz LA, Basilico B, et al. Cul3 regulates cytoskeleton protein homeostasis and cell migration during a critical window of brain development. Nat Commun 2021;12:3058.
Sobreira N, Schiettecatte F, Valle D, Hamosh A. GeneMatcher: a matching tool for connecting investigators with an interest in the same gene. Hum Mutat 2015;36:928–930.
Firth HV, Richards SM, Bevan AP, et al. DECIPHER: database of chromosomal imbalance and phenotype in humans using Ensembl resources. Am J Hum Genetics 2009;84:524–533.
Kaplanis J, Samocha KE, Wiel L, et al. Evidence for 28 genetic disorders discovered by combining healthcare and research data. Nature 2020;586:757–762.
Satterstrom FK, Kosmicki JA, Wang J, et al. Large‐scale exome sequencing Study implicates both developmental and functional changes in the neurobiology of autism. Cell 2020;180:568–584.e23.
Wang T, Hoekzema K, Vecchio D, et al. Large‐scale targeted sequencing identifies risk genes for neurodevelopmental disorders. Nat Commun 2020;11:4932.
Hsieh T‐C, Bar‐Haim A, Moosa S, et al. GestaltMatcher facilitates rare disease matching using facial phenotype descriptors. Nat Genet 2022;54:349–357.
Hustinx A, Hellmann F, Sumer O, et al. Improving deep facial phenotyping for ultra‐rare disorder verification using model ensembles. IEEE/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV) (IEEE, 2023), 2023. doi:10.1109/wacv56688.2023.00499
Gurovich Y, Hanani Y, Bar O, et al. Identifying facial phenotypes of genetic disorders using deep learning. Nat Med 2019;25:60–64.
Lesmann H, Lyon GJ, Caro P, et al. GestaltMatcher Database—A global reference for facial phenotypic variability in rare human diseases [Internet]. medRxiv, 2024. Available from. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.06.23290887v3.
Fonteneau J‐F, Larsson M, Somersan S, et al. Generation of high quantities of viral and tumor‐specific human CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cell clones using peptide pulsed mature dendritic cells. J Immunol Methods 2001;258:111–126.
Rice GI, Melki I, Frémond M‐L, et al. Assessment of type I interferon signaling in pediatric inflammatory disease. J Clin Immunol 2017;37:123–132.
Feliciano P, Zhou X, Astrovskaya I, et al. Exome sequencing of 457 autism families recruited online provides evidence for autism risk genes. Npj Genom Med 2019;4:19.
Yuen RKC, Merico D, Bookman M, et al. Whole genome sequencing resource identifies 18 new candidate genes for autism spectrum disorder. Nat Neurosci 2017;20:602–611.
Consortium TS, Feliciano P, Daniels AM, et al. SPARK: a US cohort of 50,000 families to accelerate autism research. Neuron 2018;97:488–493.
Coe BP, Stessman HAF, Sulovari A, et al. Neurodevelopmental disease genes implicated by de novo mutation and copy number variation morbidity. Nat Genet 2019;51:106–116.
Ware JS, Samocha KE, Homsy J, Daly MJ. Interpreting de novo variation in human disease using denovolyzeR. Curr Protoc Hum Genetics 2015;87:7.25.1–7.25.15.
Karczewski KJ, Francioli LC, Tiao G, et al. The mutational constraint spectrum quantified from variation in 141,456 humans. Nature 2020;581:434–443.
Drivas TG, Li D, Nair D, et al. A second cohort of CHD3 patients expands the molecular mechanisms known to cause Snijders Blok‐Campeau syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet 2020;28:1422–1431.
Sáez MA, Fernández‐Rodríguez J, Moutinho C, et al. Mutations in JMJD1C are involved in Rett syndrome and intellectual disability. Genet Med 2016;18:378–385.
Slavotinek A, Hagen JM v, Kalsner L, et al. Jumonji domain containing 1C (JMJD1C) sequence variants in seven patients with autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability and seizures. Eur J Med Genet 2020;63:103850.
Sarasua SM, Dwivedi A, Boccuto L, et al. 22q13.2q13.32 genomic regions associated with severity of speech delay, developmental delay, and physical features in Phelan–McDermid syndrome. Genet Med 2014;16:318–328.
Lumaka A, Cosemans N, Mampasi AL, et al. Facial dysmorphism is influenced by ethnic background of the patient and of the evaluator. Clin Genet 2017;92:166–171.
Pantel JT, Zhao M, Mensah MA, et al. Advances in computer‐assisted syndrome recognition by the example of inborn errors of metabolism. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018;41:533–539.
Jin SC, Homsy J, Zaidi S, et al. Contribution of rare inherited and de novo variants in 2,871 congenital heart disease probands. Nat Genet 2017;49:1593–1601.
Jerabkova K, Sumara I. Cullin 3, a cellular scripter of the non‐proteolytic ubiquitin code. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018;93:100–110.
Davidge B, Rebola KG d O, Agbor LN, et al. Cul3 regulates cyclin E1 protein abundance via a degron located within the N‐terminal region of cyclin E. J Cell Sci 2019;132:jcs233049.
Yanagiya A, Suyama E, Adachi H, et al. Translational homeostasis via the mRNA cap‐binding protein, eIF4E. Mol Cell 2012;46:847–858.
Arima K, Kinoshita A, Mishima H, et al. Proteasome assembly defect due to a proteasome subunit beta type 8 (PSMB8) mutation causes the autoinflammatory disorder, Nakajo‐Nishimura syndrome. Proc National Acad Sci U S A 2011;108:14914–14919.
Kitamura A, Maekawa Y, Uehara H, et al. A mutation in the immunoproteasome subunit PSMB8 causes autoinflammation and lipodystrophy in humans. J Clin Invest 2011;121:4150–4160.
Liu Y, Ramot Y, Torrelo A, et al. Mutations in proteasome subunit β type 8 cause chronic atypical neutrophilic dermatosis with lipodystrophy and elevated temperature with evidence of genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64:895–907.
Brehm A, Liu Y, Sheikh A, et al. Additive loss‐of‐function proteasome subunit mutations in CANDLE/PRAAS patients promote type I IFN production. J Clin Invest 2015;125:4196–4211.
Poli MC, Ebstein F, Nicholas SK, et al. Heterozygous truncating variants in POMP escape nonsense‐mediated decay and cause a unique immune dysregulatory syndrome. Am J Hum Genetics 2018;102:1126–1142.
de Jesus AA, Brehm A, VanTries R, et al. Novel proteasome assembly chaperone mutations in PSMG2/PAC2, cause the autoinflammatory interferonopathy, CANDLE/PRAAS4. J Allergy Clin Immun 2019;143:1939–1943.e8.
Sarrabay G, Méchin D, Salhi A, et al. PSMB10, the last immunoproteasome gene missing for PRAAS. J Allergy Clin Immun 2019;145:1015–1017.e6.
Pilaz L‐J, Patti D, Marcy G, et al. Forced G1‐phase reduction alters mode of division, neuron number, and laminar phenotype in the cerebral cortex. Proc National Acad Sci 2009;106:21924–21929.

Auteurs

Patrick R Blackburn (PR)

Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.

Frédéric Ebstein (F)

Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du Thorax, Nantes, France.

Tzung-Chien Hsieh (TC)

Institute of Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.

Marialetizia Motta (M)

Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.

Francesca Clementina Radio (FC)

Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.

Johanna C Herkert (JC)

Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.

Tuula Rinne (T)

Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

Isabelle Thiffault (I)

Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospitals, Kansas City, MO, USA.

Michele Rapp (M)

Department of Pediatrics-Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.

Mariel Alders (M)

Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Saskia Maas (S)

Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Bénédicte Gerard (B)

Unité de Biologie et de Génétique Moléculaire, Center Hospitalier Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.

Thomas Smol (T)

Univ Lille, CHU Lille, RADEME Team, Institut de Génétique Médicale, Lille, France.

Catherine Vincent-Delorme (C)

Department of Clinical Genetics, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, CHU Lille, Lille, France.

Benjamin Cogné (B)

Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du Thorax, Nantes, France.
Nantes Université, CHU de Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France.

Bertrand Isidor (B)

Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du Thorax, Nantes, France.
Nantes Université, CHU de Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France.

Marie Vincent (M)

Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du Thorax, Nantes, France.
Nantes Université, CHU de Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France.

Ruxandra Bachmann-Gagescu (R)

Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland.
Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

Anita Rauch (A)

Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland.

Pascal Joset (P)

Medical Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.

Giovanni Battista Ferrero (GB)

Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.

Andrea Ciolfi (A)

Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.

Thomas Husson (T)

Department of Research, Center Hospitalier du Rouvray, Rouen, France.
Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and Reference Center for Developmental Disorders, Rouen, France.

Anne-Marie Guerrot (AM)

Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and Reference Center for Developmental Disorders, Rouen, France.

Carlos Bacino (C)

Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.

Colleen Macmurdo (C)

Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple, TX, USA.

Stephanie S Thompson (SS)

Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple, TX, USA.

Jill A Rosenfeld (JA)

Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
Baylor Genetics, Houston, TX, USA.

Laurence Faivre (L)

Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, FHU TRANSLAD CHU, Dijon, France.
INSERM UMR1231, équipe GAD, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France.

Frederic Tran Mau-Them (FT)

INSERM UMR1231, équipe GAD, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France.
Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation en Diagnostic Génomique des Maladies Rares, FHU-TRANSLAD, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France.

Wallid Deb (W)

Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du Thorax, Nantes, France.
Nantes Université, CHU de Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France.

Virginie Vignard (V)

Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du Thorax, Nantes, France.
Nantes Université, CHU de Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France.

Pankaj B Agrawal (PB)

Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston, MA, USA.
Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Holtz Children's Hospital, Jackson Health System, Miami, FL, USA.

Jill A Madden (JA)

Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston, MA, USA.
Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Holtz Children's Hospital, Jackson Health System, Miami, FL, USA.

Alice Goldenberg (A)

Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and Reference Center for Developmental Disorders, Rouen, France.

François Lecoquierre (F)

Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and Reference Center for Developmental Disorders, Rouen, France.

Michael Zech (M)

Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.
Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.

Holger Prokisch (H)

Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.
Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.

Ján Necpál (J)

Department of Neurology, Zvolen Hospital, Zvolen, Slovakia.
Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.

Robert Jech (R)

Department of Neurology, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.

Juliane Winkelmann (J)

Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany.
Neurogenetics, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany.
Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar der TUM, Munich, Germany.
Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.

Monika Turčanová Koprušáková (MT)

Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia.

Vassiliki Konstantopoulou (V)

Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

John R Younce (JR)

Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.

Marwan Shinawi (M)

Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA.
Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.

Chloe Mighton (C)

Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
Genomics Health Services and Policy Research Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada.

Charlotte Fung (C)

The Fred A. Litwin Family Centre in Genetic Medicine, University Health Network and Sinai Health System, Toronto, Canada.
Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.

Chantal F Morel (CF)

The Fred A. Litwin Family Centre in Genetic Medicine, University Health Network and Sinai Health System, Toronto, Canada.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.

Jordan Lerner-Ellis (J)

Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Canada.
Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Canada.

Stephanie DiTroia (S)

Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.

Magalie Barth (M)

Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France.
Mitovasc Unit, UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM 1083, Angers, France.

Dominique Bonneau (D)

Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France.

Ingrid Krapels (I)

Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Department of Clinical Genetics and School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht UMC, Maastricht, The Netherlands.

Alexander P A Stegmann (APA)

Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Department of Clinical Genetics and School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht UMC, Maastricht, The Netherlands.

Vyne van der Schoot (V)

Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Department of Clinical Genetics and School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht UMC, Maastricht, The Netherlands.

Theresa Brunet (T)

Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
Dr. v. Hauner Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, LMU-University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

Cornelia Bußmann (C)

Department of Neuropediatrics, ATOS Klinik Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.

Cyril Mignot (C)

Département de Génétique, AP-HP-Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Trousseau & Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.

Giuseppe Zampino (G)

Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
Dipartimento di Scienze Della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.

Saskia B Wortmann (SB)

University Children's Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Salzburg, Austria.

Johannes A Mayr (JA)

University Children's Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Salzburg, Austria.

René G Feichtinger (RG)

University Children's Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Salzburg, Austria.

Thomas Courtin (T)

Center for Molecular and Chromosomal Genetics, AP-HP-Sorbonne University, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.

Claudia Ravelli (C)

Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurogenetic Referral Center, AP-HP-Sorbonne Université, Armand Trousseau Hospital, Paris, France.

Boris Keren (B)

Département de Génétique, AP-HP-Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Trousseau & Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.

Alban Ziegler (A)

Mitovasc Unit, UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM 1083, Angers, France.
Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Angers University Hospital and UMR CNRS, Angers, France.

Linda Hasadsri (L)

Division of Laboratory Genetics and Genomics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.

Pavel N Pichurin (PN)

Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.

Eric W Klee (EW)

Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
Department of Quantitative Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.

Katheryn Grand (K)

Department of Pediatrics, Guerin Children's at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Pedro A Sanchez-Lara (PA)

Department of Pediatrics, Guerin Children's at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Elke Krüger (E)

Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.

Stéphane Bézieau (S)

Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du Thorax, Nantes, France.
Nantes Université, CHU de Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France.

Hannah Klinkhammer (H)

Institute of Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Institute of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.

Peter Michael Krawitz (PM)

Institute of Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.

Evan E Eichler (EE)

Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.

Marco Tartaglia (M)

Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.

Sébastien Küry (S)

Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du Thorax, Nantes, France.
Nantes Université, CHU de Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France.

Tianyun Wang (T)

Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China.
Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education of China & National Health Commission of China, Beijing, China.
Autism Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.

Classifications MeSH