Global burden of penile cancer: A review of health disparities for a rare disease.

We performed a narrative review evaluating the influence of race and socioeconomic status for penile cancer patients based on region. We found higher incidence in underdeveloped nations. Globally, HPV-associated tumors are more prevalent, particularly in areas with high HPV and HIV infection. Socioeconomic determinants exacerbated these disparities. Similarly, in the United States, disparities were notable among racial and ethnic groups, with black men having worse survival. Understanding sociodemographic differences may help mitigate disparities by improving access to care with targeted interventions including education on risk factors and HPV vaccination to reduce penile cancer burden in vulnerable parts of the world.

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Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts

Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.