Granulocyte colony stimulating factor promotes scarless tissue regeneration.

Mammals typically heal with fibrotic scars, and treatments to regenerate human skin and hair without a scar remain elusive. We discovered that mice lacking C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2 knockout [KO]) displayed robust and complete tissue regeneration across three different injury models: skin, hair follicle, and cartilage. Remarkably, wild-type mice receiving plasma from CXCR2 KO mice through parabiosis or injections healed wounds scarlessly. A comparison of circulating proteins using multiplex ELISA revealed a 24-fold higher plasma level of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in CXCR2 KO blood. Local injections of G-CSF into wild-type (WT) mouse wound beds reduced scar formation and increased scarless tissue regeneration. G-CSF directly polarized macrophages into an anti-inflammatory phenotype, and both CXCR2 KO and G-CSF-treated mice recruited more anti-inflammatory macrophages into injured areas. Modulating macrophage activation states at early time points after injury promotes scarless tissue regeneration and may offer a therapeutic approach to improve healing of human skin wounds.

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Published by Elsevier Inc.

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Declaration of interests A provisional patent has been filed with the US Patent and Trademark Office regarding CXCR2, G-CSF, and NETosis on reducing scar formation and promoting tissue regeneration.