Mechanisms of tremor-modulating effects of primidone and propranolol in essential tremor.

Primidone and propranolol are primary treatments for essential tremor, however the exact mechanisms underlying their efficacy are not fully elucidated. Understanding how these medications alleviate tremor may guide the development of additional pharmacologic treatments. Our prospective observational study employed transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to explore mechanisms of primidone and propranolol effects in essential tremor. Eyeblink classical conditioning (EBCC) was tested as a potential predictor of treatment response. Patients with essential tremor underwent two evaluations: prior to commencing primidone or propranolol and following a minimum of three months of treatment. Tremor severity was assessed using accelerometry and clinically. TMS was employed to study changes in corticospinal excitability - resting and active motor thresholds, resting and active input/output curves and intracortical excitability - cortical silent period (CSP), short interval intracortical inhibition intensity curve (SICI), long interval intracortical inhibition (LICI), intracortical facilitation (ICF), and short afferent inhibition (SAI). EBCC, a marker of cerebellar function, was studied at baseline. Of the 54 enrolled patients (28 primidone, 26 propranolol), 35 completed both visits. Primidone effect on decreasing hand tremor was associated with decreased corticospinal excitability, prolongation of CSP, increased LICI, increased SAI and decreased SICI. Propranolol effect on hand tremor was associated with decreased corticospinal excitability and increased SAI. Better EBCC at baseline predicted better response to primidone. Primidone exerts its therapeutic effects by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels and by modulating GABA-A and GABA-B intracortical circuits. Propranolol's central effects are likely mediated via noradrenergic modulation of GABA outflow.

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Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.