Generation of arbitrarily patterned polarizers using 2-photon polymerization.
Journal
Scientific reports
ISSN: 2045-2322
Titre abrégé: Sci Rep
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101563288
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
29 Sep 2024
29 Sep 2024
Historique:
received:
01
04
2024
accepted:
23
09
2024
medline:
30
9
2024
pubmed:
30
9
2024
entrez:
29
9
2024
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Patterned polarizers are prepared using liquid crystals (LC) doped with a black dichroic dye and in combination with a linear polarizer. The pattern is achieved with a nanostructured LC alignment surface, that is generated using a two-photon polymerization direct laser write (2PP-DLW). This technique creates a pattern of high-resolution grooves in the photoresist at any arbitrary angle. The angle governs the LC orientation at any substrate surface point, determining the transmitted light linear polarization angle. This paper presents the first use of a 2PP-DLW cured positive tone photoresist for dichroic dye-doped LC alignment. Two complementary photoresists have been employed: conventional negative tone SU-8 photoresist and, in this context novel, positive tone S1805 photoresist. The alignment quality of the polarizers has been assessed by analyzing the transmission using an additional polarizer. For SU-8, the resulting grayscale pattern and a contrast ratio (CR) of 14 has measured. The uniformity of the alignment has been measured to be 65% using normalized Shannon entropy (H). For S1805, a CR of 37 was measured, and a uniformity of 63% was obtained. 2PP-DLW allows for shaping complex patterns in submicron dimensions and for the fabrication of arbitrarily patterned polarizers and other LC devices.
Identifiants
pubmed: 39343947
doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-73946-z
pii: 10.1038/s41598-024-73946-z
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
22550Subventions
Organisme : Spanish Government
ID : TSI-063000-2021-83
Organisme : Spanish Government
ID : TSI-063000-2021-83
Organisme : Spanish Government
ID : TSI-063000-2021-83
Organisme : Spanish Government
ID : TSI-063000-2021-83
Organisme : Spanish Government
ID : TSI-063000-2021-83
Organisme : Comunidad de Madrid
ID : APOYO-JOVENES-21-9FOMOQ-22-0CNGFM
Organisme : Comunidad de Madrid
ID : APOYO-JOVENES-21-9FOMOQ-22-0CNGFM
Organisme : Comunidad de Madrid
ID : IND2020/TIC-1724
Organisme : Comunidad de Madrid
ID : APOYO-JOVENES-21-9FOMOQ-22-0CNGFM
Organisme : Comunidad de Madrid
ID : APOYO-JOVENES-21-9FOMOQ-22-0CNGFM
Organisme : European Space Agency (ESA)
ID : 4000133048/20/NL/KML
Organisme : European Union
ID : G.A. 101004462
Organisme : European Union
ID : G.A. 101062995
Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
Ishihara, S. & Mizusaki, M. Alignment control technology of liquid crystal molecules. J. Soc. Inform. Display. 28, 44–74 (2020).
doi: 10.1002/jsid.825
Jones, L. P. Alignment properties of Liquid crystals. in Handbook of Visual Display Technology (eds Chen, J., Cranton, W. & Fihn, M.) 1387–1402 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79567-4_86 . (2012).
doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-79567-4_86
Yin, K., Xiong, J., He, Z. & Wu, S. T. Patterning liquid-crystal alignment for ultrathin flat Optics. ACS Omega. 5, 31485–31489 (2020).
doi: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05087
pmcid: 7745223
Myhre, G. Patterned Liquid Crystal Polymer Retarders, Polarizers, and Sources. Ph.D. Thesis. The university of Arizona, (2012).
Yan, Z. et al. Polarized optical properties in liquid crystals devices with photoaligned metal nanoparticle gratings. Appl. Phys. A. 127, 82 (2021).
doi: 10.1007/s00339-020-04240-8
Liu, D. & Broer, D. J. Liquid Crystal Polymer networks: Preparation, Properties, and applications of films with patterned Molecular Alignment. Langmuir. 30, 13499–13509 (2014).
doi: 10.1021/la500454d
Seki, T. New strategies and implications for the photoalignment of liquid crystalline polymers. Polym. J.46, 751–768 (2014).
doi: 10.1038/pj.2014.68
Kim, J. et al. Fabrication of ideal geometric-phase holograms with arbitrary wavefronts. Optica OPTICA. 2, 958–964 (2015).
doi: 10.1364/OPTICA.2.000958
Guo, Y. et al. High-resolution and high-throughput Plasmonic Photopatterning of Complex Molecular orientations in Liquid crystals. Adv. Mater.28, 2353–2358 (2016).
doi: 10.1002/adma.201506002
Shen, W., Zhang, H., Miao, Z. & Ye, Z. Recent progress in functional dye-doped Liquid Crystal devices. Adv. Funct. Mater.33, 2210664 (2023).
doi: 10.1002/adfm.202210664
Fuh, A. Y. G., Chen, C. C., Liu, C. K. & Cheng, K. T. Polarizer-free, electrically switchable and optically rewritable displays based on dye-doped polymer-dispersed liquid crystals. Opt. Express OE. 17, 7088–7094 (2009).
doi: 10.1364/OE.17.007088
Yu, B. H., Ji, S. M., Kim, J. H., Huh, J. W. & Yoon, T. H. Fabrication of a dye-doped liquid crystal light shutter by thermal curing of polymer. Opt. Mater.69, 164–168 (2017).
doi: 10.1016/j.optmat.2017.04.029
Won, Y. et al. An electrically switchable dye-doped liquid crystal polarizer for organic light emitting-diode displays. J. Mol. Liq.333, 115922 (2021).
doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115922
Shi, Y. et al. Two-Photon Laser-Written Photoalignment Layers for Patterning Liquid Crystalline Conjugated Polymer Orientation. Adv. Funct. Mater.31, 2007493 (2021).
doi: 10.1002/adfm.202007493
Yang, Y., Wang, L., Yang, H. & Li, Q. 3D chiral Photonic nanostructures based on blue-phase liquid crystals. Small Sci.1, 2100007 (2021).
doi: 10.1002/smsc.202100007
Van Winkle, M., Scrymgeour, D. A., Kaehr, B. & Reczek, J. J. Laser rewritable dichroics through reconfigurable Organic charge-transfer liquid crystals. Adv. Mater.30, 1706787 (2018).
doi: 10.1002/adma.201706787
Balena, A., Bianco, M., Pisanello, F. & De Vittorio, M. Recent advances on high-speed and holographic two-Photon Direct Laser writing. Adv. Funct. Mater.33, 2211773 (2023).
doi: 10.1002/adfm.202211773
Maruo, S., Nakamura, O. & Kawata, S. Three-dimensional microfabrication with two-photon-absorbed photopolymerization. Opt. Lett. OL. 22, 132–134 (1997).
doi: 10.1364/OL.22.000132
Sun, H. B. & Kawata, S. Two-photon photopolymerization and 3D lithographic microfabrication. in NMR • 3D Analysis • Photopolymerization (eds Fatkullin, N. et al.) 169–273 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, https://doi.org/10.1007/b94405 . (2004).
doi: 10.1007/b94405
Harinarayana, V. & Shin, Y. C. Two-photon lithography for three-dimensional fabrication in micro/nanoscale regime: a comprehensive review. Opt. Laser Technol.142, 107180 (2021).
doi: 10.1016/j.optlastec.2021.107180
Jagodič, U., Vellaichamy, M., Škarabot, M. & Muševič, I. Surface alignment of nematic liquid crystals by direct laser writing of photopolymer alignment layers. Liq. Cryst.50, 1999–2009 (2023).
doi: 10.1080/02678292.2023.2242297
pmcid: 10860699
Sandford, O. et al. 3D switchable Diffractive Optical Elements fabricated with two-photon polymerization. Adv. Opt. Mater.10, 2102446 (2022).
doi: 10.1002/adom.202102446
Yoshida, H. Functionalisation of cholesteric liquid crystals by direct laser writing. Liquid Cryst. Today. 21, 3–19 (2012).
doi: 10.1080/1358314X.2012.656392
del Pozo, M., Sol, J. A. H. P., Schenning, A. P. H. J. & Debije, M. G. 4D Printing of Liquid crystals: what’s right for me? Adv. Mater.34, 2104390 (2022).
doi: 10.1002/adma.202104390
Pavlov, I. A. et al. High-quality alignment of nematic liquid crystals using periodic nanostructures created by nonlinear laser lithography. J. Mol. Liq.267, 212–221 (2018).
doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.02.058
Ji, Z. et al. Compartmentalized liquid crystal alignment induced by sparse polymer ribbons with surface relief gratings. Opt. Lett. OL. 41, 336–339 (2016).
doi: 10.1364/OL.41.000336
He, Z., Tan, G., Chanda, D. & Wu, S. T. Novel liquid crystal photonic devices enabled by two-photon polymerization [Invited]. Opt. Express. 27, 11472 (2019).
doi: 10.1364/OE.27.011472
Lee, Y. H. et al. Two-photon polymerization enabled multi-layer liquid crystal phase modulator. Sci. Rep.7, 16260 (2017).
doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-16596-8
pmcid: 5701147
Tartan, C. C. et al. Read on demand images in Laser-Written Polymerizable Liquid Crystal Devices. Adv. Opt. Mater.6, 1800515 (2018).
doi: 10.1002/adom.201800515
Van Winkle, M. et al. Direct-write orientation of charge-transfer liquid crystals enables polarization-based coding and encryption. Sci. Rep.10, 15352 (2020).
doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-72037-z
pmcid: 7501303
Lee, Y. H., Tan, G., Yin, K., Zhan, T. & Wu, S. T. Compact see-through near-eye display with depth adaption. J. Soc. Inform. Display. 26, 64–70 (2018).
doi: 10.1002/jsid.635
Moon, S. et al. Augmented reality near-eye display using pancharatnam-berry phase lenses. Sci. Rep.9, 6616 (2019).
doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-42979-0
pmcid: 6488609
Stebryte, M., Nys, I., Beeckman, J. & Neyts, K. Chiral liquid crystal based holographic reflective lens for spectral detection. Opt. Express OE. 30, 42829–42839 (2022).
doi: 10.1364/OE.472821
Zhu, L. et al. Pancharatnam–Berry phase reversal via opposite-chirality-coexisted superstructures. Light Sci. Appl.11, 135 (2022).
doi: 10.1038/s41377-022-00835-3
pmcid: 9098607
Marco, D., Sánchez-López, M. M., Cofré, A., Vargas, A. & Moreno, I. Geometric-phase grating as an optical vortex generator and detector. Optical Sensing and Detection VI. 11354, 1135430 (2020).
BEAM Co. https://www.beamco.com/
Wang, Z., Wu, Y., Qi, D., Yu, W. & Zheng, H. Two-photon polymerization for fabrication of metalenses for diffraction-limited focusing and high-resolution imaging. Opt. Laser Technol.169, 110128 (2024).
doi: 10.1016/j.optlastec.2023.110128
Lasing, S. A. https://www.lasing.com/
Juodkazis, S., Mizeikis, V., Seet, K. K., Miwa, M. & Misawa, H. Two-photon lithography of nanorods in SU-8 photoresist. Nanotechnology. 16, 846 (2005).
doi: 10.1088/0957-4484/16/6/039
Qi, F., Li, Y., Tan, D., Yang, H. & Gong, Q. Polymerized nanotips via two-photon photopolymerization. Opt. Express OE. 15, 971–976 (2007).
doi: 10.1364/OE.15.000971
Teh, W. H., Dürig, U., Drechsler, U., Smith, C. G. & Güntherodt, H. J. Effect of low numerical-aperture femtosecond two-photon absorption on (SU-8) resist for ultrahigh-aspect-ratio microstereolithography. J. Appl. Phys.97, 054907 (2005).
doi: 10.1063/1.1856214
Kayaku Advanced Materials, Inc. https://kayakuam.com/.
Biswas, S. Advanced processing of vertically aligned nanodevices. (2013).
Gooch, C. H. & Tarry, H. A. Optical characteristics of twisted nematic liquid-crystal films. Electron. Lett.10, 2–4 (1974).
doi: 10.1049/el:19740002
Carrasco-Vela, C., Quintana, X., Otón, E., Geday, M. & Otón, J. Security devices based on liquid crystals doped with a colour dye. Opto-Electron. Rev.19, 496–500 (2011).
doi: 10.2478/s11772-011-0049-8
Sigaki, H. Y. D., de Souza, R. F., de Souza, R. T., Zola, R. S. & Ribeiro, H. V. Estimating physical properties from liquid crystal textures via machine learning and complexity-entropy methods. Phys. Rev. E. 99, 013311 (2019).
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.99.013311