Post-COVID-19 condition symptoms among emergency department patients tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection.


Journal

Nature communications
ISSN: 2041-1723
Titre abrégé: Nat Commun
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101528555

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
30 Sep 2024
Historique:
received: 14 01 2024
accepted: 05 09 2024
medline: 1 10 2024
pubmed: 1 10 2024
entrez: 30 9 2024
Statut: epublish

Résumé

Symptoms of the Post-COVID-19 Condition are often non-specific making it a challenge to distinguish them from symptoms due to other medical conditions. In this study, we compare the proportion of emergency department patients who developed symptoms consistent with the World Health Organization's Post-COVID-19 Condition clinical case definition between those who tested positive for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 infection and time-matched patients who tested negative. Our results show that over one-third of emergency department patients with a proven acute infection meet Post-COVID-19 Condition criteria 3 months post-index visit. However, one in five test-negative patients who claim never having been infected also report symptoms consistent with Post-COVID-19 Condition highlighting the lack of specificity of the clinical case definition. Testing for SARS-CoV-2 during the acute phase of a suspected infection should continue until specific biomarkers of Post-COVID-19 Condition become available for diagnosis and treatment.

Identifiants

pubmed: 39349926
doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-52404-4
pii: 10.1038/s41467-024-52404-4
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

8449

Subventions

Organisme : Gouvernement du Canada | Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Instituts de Recherche en Santé du Canada)
ID : 447679
Organisme : Gouvernement du Canada | Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Instituts de Recherche en Santé du Canada)
ID : 464947
Organisme : Gouvernement du Canada | Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Instituts de Recherche en Santé du Canada)
ID : 466880
Organisme : Saskatchewan Health Research Foundation (SHRF)
ID : 5357
Organisme : Genome British Columbia
ID : COV024
Organisme : Genome British Columbia
ID : VAC007

Investigateurs

Ian Martin (I)
Sean Wormsbecker (S)
Elizabeth Purssell (E)
Lee Graham (L)
Maja Stachura (M)
Frank Scheuermeyer (F)
John Taylor (J)
Baljeet Brar (B)
Daniel Ting (D)
Rob Ohle (R)
Ivy Cheng (I)
Justin Yan (J)
Gregory Clark (G)
Joel Turner (J)
Lars Grant (L)
Sébastien Robert (S)

Informations de copyright

© 2024. The Author(s).

Références

World Health Organization, WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard, https://data.who.int/dashboards/covid19/cases .
Nordvig, A. S. et al. Brain fog in long COVID limits function and health status, independently of hospital severity and preexisting conditions. Front. Neurol. 14, 1150096 (2023).
pubmed: 37251229 doi: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1150096
Gallegos, M. et al. The impact of long Covid on people’s capacity to work. Ann. Work Expo. Health 67, 801–804 (2023).
pubmed: 37253159 doi: 10.1093/annweh/wxad029
Paul Garner: For 7 weeks I have been through a roller coaster of ill health, extreme emotions, and utter exhaustion. The BMJ https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2020/05/05/paul-garner-people-who-have-a-more-protracted-illness-need-help-to-understand-and-cope-with-the-constantly-shifting-bizarre-symptoms/ (2020).
Powell, M. Living with Covid19. https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/themedreview/living-with-covid19/10.3310/themedreview_41169 (2020).
A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus, 6 October 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-Post_COVID-19_condition-Clinical_case_definition-2021.1 (2021).
Davis, H. E., McCorkell, L., Vogel, J. M. & Topol, E. J. Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 21, 133–146 (2023).
doi: 10.1038/s41579-022-00846-2 pubmed: 36639608
Katz, G. M. et al. Understanding how post–COVID-19 condition affects adults and health care systems. JAMA Health Forum 4, e231933–e231933 (2023).
pubmed: 37418268 doi: 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2023.1933
McNaughton, C. D. et al. Post-acute health care burden after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a retrospective cohort study. CMAJ 194, E1368–E1376 (2022).
pubmed: 36252983 doi: 10.1503/cmaj.220728
World Health Organization. Global COVID-19 Clinical Platform Case Report Form (CRF) for Post COVID condition (post COVID-19 CRF). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/global-covid-19-clinical-platform-case-report-form-(crf)-for-post-covid-conditions-(post-covid-19-crf-) (2021).
Abdul Rashid, M. R. et al. COVID-19 pandemic fatigue and its sociodemographic, mental health status, and perceived causes: a cross-sectional study nearing the transition to an endemic phase in Malaysia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 20, 4476 (2023).
pubmed: 36901486 doi: 10.3390/ijerph20054476
Are, E. B., Song, Y., Stockdale, J. E., Tupper, P. & Colijn, C. COVID-19 endgame: from pandemic to endemic? Vaccination, reopening and evolution in low- and high-vaccinated populations. J. Theor. Biol. 559, 111368 (2023).
pubmed: 36436733 doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2022.111368
Chu, R. Y. K., Szeto, K. C., Wong, I. O. L. & Chung, P. H. A global scale COVID-19 variants time-series analysis across 48 countries. Front. Public Health 11, 1085020 (2023).
pubmed: 37181700 doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1085020
van der Maaden, T. et al. Prevalence and severity of symptoms 3 months after infection with SARS-CoV-2 compared to test-negative and population controls in the Netherlands. J. Infect. Dis. 227, 1059–1067 (2022).
doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiac474
Hastie, C. E. et al. Outcomes among confirmed cases and a matched comparison group in the Long-COVID in Scotland study. Nat. Commun. 13, 1–9 (2022).
Venturelli, S. et al. Surviving COVID-19 in Bergamo province: a post-acute outpatient re-evaluation. Epidemiol. Infect. 149, e32 (2021).
pubmed: 33461632 doi: 10.1017/S0950268821000145
Feldman, D. E., Boudrias, M.-H. & Mazer, B. Long COVID symptoms in a population-based sample of persons discharged home from hospital. Can. J. Public Health 113, 930–939 (2022).
pubmed: 36131218 doi: 10.17269/s41997-022-00695-9
Chen, C. et al. Global prevalence of post-Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) condition or long COVID: a meta-analysis and systematic review. J. Infect. Dis. 226, 1593–1607 (2022).
pubmed: 35429399 doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiac136
Jennings, G., Monaghan, A., Xue, F., Mockler, D. & Romero-Ortuño, R. A systematic review of persistent symptoms and residual abnormal functioning following acute COVID-19: ongoing symptomatic phase vs. Post-COVID-19 syndrome. J. Clin. Med. Res. 10, 5913 (2021).
Alkodaymi, M. S. et al. Prevalence of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome symptoms at different follow-up periods: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 28, 657–666 (2022).
pubmed: 35124265 doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2022.01.014
Groff, D. et al. Short-term and long-term rates of postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review. JAMA Netw. Open 4, e2128568 (2021).
pubmed: 34643720 doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.28568
Huerne, K. et al. Epidemiological and clinical perspectives of long COVID syndrome. Am. J. Med. Open 9, 100033 (2023).
pubmed: 36685609 doi: 10.1016/j.ajmo.2023.100033
O’Mahoney, L. et al. The prevalence and long-term health effects of Long Covid among hospitalised and non-hospitalised populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine 55, 101762 (2023).
pubmed: 36474804 doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101762
Jiang, D. H., Roy, D. J., Gu, B. J., Hassett, L. C. & McCoy, R. G. Postacute sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection: a state-of-the-art review. JACC Basic Transl. Sci. 6, 796–811 (2021).
pubmed: 34541421 doi: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.07.002
Natarajan, A. et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of long COVID symptoms. Syst. Rev. 12, 88 (2023).
pubmed: 37245047 doi: 10.1186/s13643-023-02250-0
Post-COVID-19 Condition in Canada: What we know, what we don’t know, and a framework for action (Pre-Report). https://science.gc.ca/site/science/en/office-chief-science-advisor/initiatives-covid-19/post-covid-19-condition-canada-what-we-know-what-we-dont-know-and-framework-action-pre-report (2022).
Government of Canada & Canada, S. Long-term symptoms in Canadian adults who tested positive for COVID-19 or suspected an infection, January 2020 to August 2022. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221017/dq221017b-eng.htm (2022).
Post-COVID-19 Condition in Canada: What we know, what we don’t know, and a framework for action. https://science.gc.ca/site/science/en/office-chief-science-advisor/initiatives-covid-19/post-covid-19-condition-canada-what-we-know-what-we-dont-know-and-framework-action (2023).
Spatz, E. S. et al. Three-month symptom profiles among symptomatic adults with positive and negative severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 tests: a prospective cohort study from the INSPIRE group. Clin. Infect. Dis. 76, 1559–1566 (2022).
doi: 10.1093/cid/ciac966
Selvakumar, J. et al. Prevalence and characteristics associated with post–COVID-19 condition among nonhospitalized adolescents and young adults. JAMA Netw. Open 6, e235763–e235763 (2023).
pubmed: 36995712 doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.5763
Thaweethai, T. et al. Development of a definition of postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. JAMA 329, 1897–1995 (2023).
doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.8823
Magnusson, K., Turkiewicz, A., Flottorp, S. A. & Englund, M. Prevalence of long COVID complaints in persons with and without COVID-19. Sci. Rep. 13, 1–9 (2023).
doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-32636-y
Marossy, A. et al. A study of universal severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA testing among residents and staff in a large group of care homes in South London. J. Infect. Dis. 223, 381–388 (2020).
doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa565
Gandhi, M., Yokoe, D. S. & Havlir, D. V. Asymptomatic transmission, the Achilles’ Heel of current strategies to control Covid-19. N. Engl. J. Med. 382, 2158–2160 (2020).
pubmed: 32329972 doi: 10.1056/NEJMe2009758
Akinbami, L. J. et al. SARS-CoV-2 serology and self-reported infection among adults—national health and nutrition examination survey, United States, August 2021-May 2022. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 71, 1522–1525 (2022).
pubmed: 36454698 doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7148a4
Canadian Blood Services. COVID-19 seroprevalence increasing. https://www.blood.ca/en/stories/latest-study-results-show-upward-shift-covid-19-prevalence (2021)
Caminsky, N. Seroprevalence in Canada. COVID-19 Immunity Task Force. https://www.covid19immunitytaskforce.ca/seroprevalence-in-canada/ (2021).
Doroshenko, A. et al. Decline of influenza and respiratory viruses with COVID-19 public health measures: Alberta, Canada. Mayo Clin. Proc. 96, 3042–3052 (2021).
pubmed: 34863395 doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.09.004
Groves, H. E. et al. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and other seasonal respiratory virus circulation in Canada: a population-based study. Lancet Regional Health—Am. 1, 100015 (2021).
pubmed: 34386788 doi: 10.1016/j.lana.2021.100015
Chaichana, U. et al. Definition of post–COVID-19 condition among published research studies. JAMA Netw. Open 6, e235856–e235856 (2023).
pubmed: 37017970 doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.5856
Subramanian, A. et al. Symptoms and risk factors for long COVID in non-hospitalized adults. Nat. Med. 28, 1706–1714 (2022).
pubmed: 35879616 doi: 10.1038/s41591-022-01909-w
Horberg, M. A. et al. Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 with clinical condition definitions and comparison in a matched cohort. Nat. Commun. 13, 1–13 (2022).
doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-33573-6
Saniasiaya, J., Islam, M. A. & Abdullah, B. Prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a meta-analysis of 27,492 patients. Laryngoscope 131, 865–878 (2021).
pubmed: 33219539 doi: 10.1002/lary.29286
Renaud, M. et al. Clinical outcomes for patients with anosmia 1 year after COVID-19 diagnosis. JAMA Netw. Open 4, e2115352–e2115352 (2021).
pubmed: 34165581 doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.15352
Paderno, A. et al. Olfactory and gustatory outcomes in COVID-19: a prospective evaluation in nonhospitalized subjects. Otolaryngol. Head. Neck Surg. 163, 1144–1149 (2020).
pubmed: 32600175 doi: 10.1177/0194599820939538
Tsampasian, V. et al. Risk factors associated with post−COVID-19 condition: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern. Med. 183, 566–580 (2023).
pubmed: 36951832 doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.0750
Sylvester, S. V. et al. Sex differences in sequelae from COVID-19 infection and in long COVID syndrome: a review. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 41, 1391–1399 (2022).
doi: 10.1080/03007995.2022.2081454
Notarte, K. I. et al. Age, sex and previous comorbidities as risk factors not associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection for long COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Clin. Med. Res. 11, 7314 (2022).
Bai, F. et al. Female gender is associated with long COVID syndrome: a prospective cohort study. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 28, 611.e9–611.e16 (2022).
pubmed: 34763058 doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.11.002
Newson, L., Lewis, R. & O’Hara, M. Long Covid and menopause—the important role of hormones in Long Covid must be considered. Maturitas 152, 74 (2021).
doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2021.08.026
Ortona, E. & Malorni, W. Long COVID: to investigate immunological mechanisms and sex/gender related aspects as fundamental steps for tailored therapy. Eur. Respir. J. 59, 2102245 (2022).
Samulowitz, A., Gremyr, I., Eriksson, E. & Hensing, G. ‘Brave Men’ and ‘Emotional Women’: a theory-guided literature review on gender bias in health care and gendered norms towards patients with chronic pain. Pain Res. Manag. 2018, 6358624 (2018).
D’Souza, A. et al. Men’s gendered experiences of rehabilitation and recovery following traumatic brain injury: a reflexive thematic analysis. Neuropsychol. Rehabil. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2020.1822882 (2022).
Halpin, S. J. et al. Postdischarge symptoms and rehabilitation needs in survivors of COVID-19 infection: a cross-sectional evaluation. J. Med. Virol. 93, 1013–1022 (2021).
pubmed: 32729939 doi: 10.1002/jmv.26368
The Writing Committee for the COMEBAC Study Group. et al. Four-month clinical status of a cohort of patients after hospitalization for COVID-19. JAMA 325, 1525–1534 (2021).
doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.3331
Heesakkers, H. et al. Clinical outcomes among patients with 1-year survival following intensive care unit treatment for COVID-19. JAMA 327, 559–565 (2022).
pubmed: 35072716 doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.0040
Bradley, M. C. et al. Systemic corticosteroid use for COVID-19 in US outpatient settings from April 2020 to August 2021. JAMA 327, 2015 (2022).
pubmed: 35394487 doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.4877
Covello, R. D. et al. Meta-analysis of glucocorticoids for COVID-19 patients not receiving oxygen. NEJM Evidence. https://doi.org/10.1056/EVIDoa2200283 (2023).
Yoshikawa, M. & Asaba, K. Educational attainment decreases the risk of COVID-19 severity in the European population: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Front. Public Health 9, 673451 (2021).
pubmed: 34150709 doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.673451
Perlis, R. H. et al. Prevalence and correlates of long COVID symptoms among US adults. JAMA Netw. Open 5, e2238804–e2238804 (2022).
pubmed: 36301542 doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.38804
Thompson, E. J. et al. Long COVID burden and risk factors in 10 UK longitudinal studies and electronic health records. Nat. Commun. 13, 1–11 (2022).
doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-30836-0
Pan, D. & Pareek, M. Toward a universal definition of post–COVID–19 condition—how do we proceed? JAMA Netw. Open 6, e235779–e235779 (2023).
pubmed: 37017975 doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.5779
Damant, R. W. et al. Reliability and validity of the post COVID-19 condition stigma questionnaire: a prospective cohort study. eClinicalMedicine 55, 101755 (2023).
pubmed: 36447641 doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101755
Antonelli, M. et al. Risk factors and disease profile of post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection in UK users of the COVID Symptom Study app: a prospective, community-based, nested, case-control study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 22, 00460–00466 (2022).
doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00460-6
Azzolini, E. et al. Association between BNT162b2 vaccination and long COVID after infections not requiring hospitalization in health care workers. JAMA 328, 676 (2022).
pubmed: 35796131 doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.11691
Al-Aly, Z., Bowe, B. & Xie, Y. Long COVID after breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat. Med. 28, 1461 (2022).
pubmed: 35614233 doi: 10.1038/s41591-022-01840-0
Lundberg-Morris, L. et al. Covid-19 vaccine effectiveness against post-covid-19 condition among 589 722 individuals in Sweden: population based cohort study. BMJ 383, e076990 (2023).
pubmed: 37993131 doi: 10.1136/bmj-2023-076990
Grewal, R. et al. Effectiveness of a fourth dose of covid-19 mRNA vaccine against the omicron variant among long term care residents in Ontario, Canada: test negative design study. BMJ 378, e071502 (2022).
pubmed: 35793826 doi: 10.1136/bmj-2022-071502
Menegale, F. et al. Evaluation of waning of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced immunity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw. open 6, e2310650 (2023).
pubmed: 37133863 doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.10650
Marra, A. R. et al. The effectiveness of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine in the prevention of post–COVID-19 conditions: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Antimicrob. Stewardship Healthc. Epidemiol. 2, e192 (2022).
doi: 10.1017/ash.2022.336
Global Burden of Disease Long COVID Collaborators. et al. Estimated global proportions of individuals with persistent fatigue, cognitive, and respiratory symptom clusters following symptomatic COVID-19 in 2020 and 2021. JAMA 328, 1604–1615 (2022).
doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.18931
Dun-Dery, F. et al. Post-COVID-19 condition in children 6 and 12 months after infection. JAMA Network Open 6, (2023).
Jimeno-Almazán, A. et al. Relationship between the severity of persistent symptoms, physical fitness, and cardiopulmonary function in post-COVID-19 condition. A population-based analysis. Intern. Emerg. Med. 17, 2199–2208 (2022).
pubmed: 35904700 doi: 10.1007/s11739-022-03039-0
Bahmer, T. et al. Severity, predictors and clinical correlates of post-COVID syndrome (PCS) in Germany: a prospective, multi-centre, population-based cohort study. eClinicalMedicine 51, 101549 (2022).
Soriano, J. B., Murthy, S., Marshall, J. C., Relan, P. & Diaz, J. V. A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus. Lancet Infect. Dis. 22, e102–e107 (2022).
Government of Canada & Canada, S. Impacts of COVID-19 on Canadians—testing and vaccination, February 21 to March 13, 2022. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/220407/dq220407a-eng.htm (2022).
Hohl, C. M. et al. Development of the Canadian COVID-19 emergency department rapid response network population-based registry: a methodology study. CMAJ Open 9, E261–E270 (2021).
pubmed: 33731427 doi: 10.9778/cmajo.20200290
Hohl, C. M. et al. The CCEDRRN COVID-19 Mortality Score to predict death among nonpalliative patients with COVID-19 presenting to emergency departments: a derivation and validation study. Can. Med. Assoc. Open Access J. 10, E90–E99 (2022).
McRae, A. D. et al. CCEDRRN COVID-19 Infection Score (CCIS): development and validation in a Canadian cohort of a clinical risk score to predict SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients presenting to the emergency department with suspected COVID-19. BMJ Open 11, e055832 (2021).
pubmed: 34857584 doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055832
Hohl, C. M. et al. Sensitivity and diagnostic yield of the first SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid amplification test performed for patients presenting to the hospital. JAMA Netw. Open 5, e2236288–e2236288 (2022).
pubmed: 36223119 doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.36288
Hohl, C. M. et al. Treatments, resource utilization, and outcomes of COVID-19 patients presenting to emergency departments across pandemic waves: an observational study by the Canadian COVID-19 Emergency Department Rapid Response Network (CCEDRRN). CJEM 24, 397–407 (2022).
pubmed: 35362857 doi: 10.1007/s43678-022-00275-3
Bola, R. et al. Patient-reported health outcomes of SARS-CoV-2–tested patients presenting to emergency departments: a propensity score–matched prospective cohort study. Public Health 215, 1 (2023).
pubmed: 36587446 doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2022.11.016
von Elm, E. et al. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Lancet 370, 806–808(2007).
Archambault, P. M. et al. Recommendations for patient engagement in patient-oriented emergency medicine research. CJEM 20, 435–442 (2018).
pubmed: 29690943 doi: 10.1017/cem.2018.370
Staniszewska, S. et al. GRIPP2 reporting checklists: tools to improve reporting of patient and public involvement in research. BMJ 358, j3453 (2017).
Taylor, J. M. Choosing the number of controls in a matched case-control study, some sample size, power and efficiency considerations. Stat. Med. 5, 29–36 (1986).
pubmed: 3961313 doi: 10.1002/sim.4780050106
Archambault, P. M. et al. Accuracy of self-reported COVID-19 vaccination status compared with a public health vaccination registry in Québec: observational diagnostic study. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 9, e44465 (2023).
pubmed: 37327046 doi: 10.2196/44465
Jones, R. et al. Risk predictors and symptom features of long COVID within a broad primary care patient population including both tested and untested patients. Pathol. Oncol. Res. 12, 93–104 (2021).
Canadian COVID-19 Emergency Department Rapid Response Network. https://www.ccedrrn.com/ (2024).
Roger Stoddard (he/him)1958-2022. Canadian Medical Association https://www.cma.ca/get-involved/patient-voice/roger-stoddard-hehim1958-2022 .

Auteurs

Patrick M Archambault (PM)

Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada. patrick.archambault@fmed.ulaval.ca.
Centre de recherche intégrée pour un système de santé apprenant en santé et services sociaux, Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de Chaudière-Appalaches, Lévis, QC, Canada. patrick.archambault@fmed.ulaval.ca.
VITAM - Centre de recherche en santé durable, Québec, QC, Canada. patrick.archambault@fmed.ulaval.ca.

Rhonda J Rosychuk (RJ)

Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.

Martyne Audet (M)

Centre de recherche intégrée pour un système de santé apprenant en santé et services sociaux, Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de Chaudière-Appalaches, Lévis, QC, Canada.

Jeffrey P Hau (JP)

Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

Lorraine Graves (L)

Patient Engagement Committee, Canadian COVID-19 Emergency Department Rapid Response Network, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

Simon Décary (S)

École de réadaptation, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.

Jeffrey J Perry (JJ)

Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.

Steven C Brooks (SC)

Department of Emergency Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.

Laurie J Morrison (LJ)

Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Raoul Daoust (R)

Département de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
Département de médecine d'urgence, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur-de-Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.

David Seonguk Yeom (DS)

Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

Hana Wiemer (H)

Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.

Patrick T Fok (PT)

Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.

Andrew D McRae (AD)

Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.

Kavish Chandra (K)

Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, Canada.

Michelle E Kho (ME)

School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada.

Dawn Stacey (D)

Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
School of Nursing, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.

Bilkis Vissandjée (B)

Faculty of Nursing, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.

Matthew Menear (M)

Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
VITAM - Centre de recherche en santé durable, Québec, QC, Canada.

Eric Mercier (E)

Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
VITAM - Centre de recherche en santé durable, Québec, QC, Canada.
Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
Département de médecine d'urgence, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC, Canada.

Samuel Vaillancourt (S)

Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Department of Emergency Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Samina Aziz (S)

Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.

Dianne Zakaria (D)

Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.

Phil Davis (P)

Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.

Katie N Dainty (KN)

North York General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Jean-Sébastien Paquette (JS)

Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
VITAM - Centre de recherche en santé durable, Québec, QC, Canada.

Murdoch Leeies (M)

Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.

Susie Goulding (S)

Patient Engagement Committee, Canadian COVID-19 Emergency Department Rapid Response Network, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
COVID Long-Haulers Support Group Canada, Oakville, ON, Canada.

Elyse Berger Pelletier (E)

Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.

Corinne M Hohl (CM)

Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

Articles similaires

[Redispensing of expensive oral anticancer medicines: a practical application].

Lisanne N van Merendonk, Kübra Akgöl, Bastiaan Nuijen
1.00
Humans Antineoplastic Agents Administration, Oral Drug Costs Counterfeit Drugs

Smoking Cessation and Incident Cardiovascular Disease.

Jun Hwan Cho, Seung Yong Shin, Hoseob Kim et al.
1.00
Humans Male Smoking Cessation Cardiovascular Diseases Female
Humans United States Aged Cross-Sectional Studies Medicare Part C
1.00
Humans Yoga Low Back Pain Female Male

Classifications MeSH