Development and clinical application of bioelectrical impedance analysis method for body composition assessment.
body composition
fat
impedance
muscle
obesity
sarcopenia
Journal
Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity
ISSN: 1467-789X
Titre abrégé: Obes Rev
Pays: England
ID NLM: 100897395
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
30 Sep 2024
30 Sep 2024
Historique:
revised:
20
07
2024
received:
24
10
2023
accepted:
11
09
2024
medline:
1
10
2024
pubmed:
1
10
2024
entrez:
1
10
2024
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
Obesity, which is characterized by excessive body fat, increases the risk of chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and certain cancers. Sarcopenia, a decline in muscle mass, is also associated with many chronic disorders and is therefore a major concern in aging populations. Body composition analysis is important in the evaluation of obesity and sarcopenia because it provides information about the distribution of body fat and muscle mass. It is also useful for monitoring nutritional status, disease severity, and the effectiveness of interventions, such as exercise, diet, and drugs, and thus helps assess overall health and longevity. Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry are commonly used for this purpose. However, they have limitations, such as high cost, long measurement time, and radiation exposure. Instead, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), which was introduced several decades ago and has undergone significant technological advancements, can be used. It is easily accessible, affordable, and importantly, poses no radiation risk, making it suitable for use in hospitals, fitness centers, and even at home. Herein, we review the recent technological developments and clinical applications of BIA to provide an updated understanding of BIA technology and its strengths and limitations.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
e13844Informations de copyright
© 2024 World Obesity Federation.
Références
Lee Y, Shin H, Vassy JL, et al. Comparison of regional body composition and its relation with cardiometabolic risk between BMI‐matched young and old subjects. Atherosclerosis. 2012;224(1):258‐265. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.07.013
Baumgartner RN, Heymsfield SB, Roche AF. Human body composition and the epidemiology of chronic disease. Obes Res. 1995;3(1):73‐95. doi:10.1002/j.1550‐8528.1995.tb00124.x
Stefan N. Causes, consequences, and treatment of metabolically unhealthy fat distribution. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8(7):616‐627. doi:10.1016/S2213‐8587(20)30110‐8
Amati F, Pennant M, Azuma K, et al. Lower thigh subcutaneous and higher visceral abdominal adipose tissue content both contribute to insulin resistance. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2012;20(5):1115‐1117. doi:10.1038/oby.2011.401
Kadowaki T, Isendahl J, Khalid U, et al. Semaglutide once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, with or without type 2 diabetes in an east Asian population (STEP 6): a randomised, double‐blind, double‐dummy, placebo‐controlled, phase 3a trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022;10(3):193‐206. doi:10.1016/S2213‐8587(22)00008‐0
Neeland IJ, Poirier P, Despres JP. Cardiovascular and metabolic heterogeneity of obesity: clinical challenges and implications for management. Circulation. 2018;137(13):1391‐1406. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029617
Mattsson S, Thomas BJ. Development of methods for body composition studies. Phys Med Biol. 2006;51(13):R203‐R228. doi:10.1088/0031‐9155/51/13/R13
Gomez‐Ambrosi J, Silva C, Galofre JC, et al. Body adiposity and type 2 diabetes: increased risk with a high body fat percentage even having a normal BMI. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011;19:1439‐1444.
Freisling H, Arnold M, Soerjomataram I, et al. Comparison of general obesity and measures of body fat distribution in older adults in relation to cancer risk: meta‐analysis of individual participant data of seven prospective cohorts in Europe. Br J Cancer. 2017;116(11):1486‐1497. doi:10.1038/bjc.2017.106
Bigaard J, Frederiksen K, Tjonneland A, et al. Body fat and fat‐free mass and all‐cause mortality. Obes Res. 2004;12(7):1042‐1049. doi:10.1038/oby.2004.131
Finkelstein EA, Trogdon JG, Cohen JW, Dietz W. Annual medical spending attributable to obesity: payer‐and service‐specific estimates. Health Aff (Millwood). 2009;28(Supplement 1):w822‐w831. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.28.5.w822
Bauer J, Morley JE, Schols A, et al. Sarcopenia: a time for action. An SCWD position paper. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2019;10(5):956‐961. doi:10.1002/jcsm.12483
Andreoli A, Garaci F, Cafarelli FP, Guglielmi G. Body composition in clinical practice. Eur J Radiol. 2016;85(8):1461‐1468. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2016.02.005
Kim KM, Jang HC, Lim S. Differences among skeletal muscle mass indices derived from height‐, weight‐, and body mass index‐adjusted models in assessing sarcopenia. Korean J Intern Med. 2016;31(4):643‐650. doi:10.3904/kjim.2016.015
Cruz‐Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, et al. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing. 2019;48(1):16‐31. doi:10.1093/ageing/afy169
Chen LK, Woo J, Assantachai P, et al. Asian working Group for Sarcopenia: 2019 consensus update on sarcopenia diagnosis and treatment. J am Med Dir Assoc. 2020;21(3):300‐307 e2. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2019.12.012
Prado CM, Lieffers JR, McCargar LJ, et al. Prevalence and clinical implications of sarcopenic obesity in patients with solid tumours of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts: a population‐based study. Lancet Oncol. 2008;9(7):629‐635. doi:10.1016/S1470‐2045(08)70153‐0
Hsu KJ, Liao CD, Tsai MW, Chen CN. Effects of exercise and nutritional intervention on body composition, metabolic health, and physical performance in adults with sarcopenic obesity: a meta‐analysis. Nutrients. 2019;11(9):2163. doi:10.3390/nu11092163
Ma RC, Chan JC. Type 2 diabetes in east Asians: similarities and differences with populations in Europe and the United States. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2013;1281(1):64‐91. doi:10.1111/nyas.12098
Kong AP, Xu G, Brown N, So WY, Ma RC, Chan JC. Diabetes and its comorbidities‐‐where east meets west. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2013;9(9):537‐547. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2013.102
Misra A, Jayawardena R, Anoop S. Obesity in South Asia: phenotype, morbidities, and mitigation. Curr Obes Rep. 2019;8(1):43‐52. doi:10.1007/s13679‐019‐0328‐0
Son JW, Lee SS, Kim SR, et al. Low muscle mass and risk of type 2 diabetes in middle‐aged and older adults: findings from the KoGES. Diabetologia. 2017;60(5):865‐872. doi:10.1007/s00125‐016‐4196‐9
Yasuoka M, Muraki I, Imano H, et al. Joint impact of muscle mass and waist circumference on type 2 diabetes in Japanese middle‐aged adults: the circulatory risk in communities study (CIRCS). J Diabetes. 2020;12(9):677‐685. doi:10.1111/1753‐0407.13049
Lim S, Bae JH, Kwon HS, Nauck MA. COVID‐19 and diabetes mellitus: from pathophysiology to clinical management. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2021;17(1):11‐30. doi:10.1038/s41574‐020‐00435‐4
Lim S, Lim H, Despres JP. Collateral damage of the COVID‐19 pandemic on nutritional quality and physical activity: perspective from South Korea. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2020;28(10):1788‐1790. doi:10.1002/oby.22935
Lim S, Kong AP, Tuomilehto J. Influence of COVID‐19 pandemic and related quarantine procedures on metabolic risk. Prim Care Diabetes. 2021;15(5):745‐750. doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2021.07.008
Heymsfield SB, Lichtman S, Baumgartner RN, et al. Body composition of humans: comparison of two improved four‐compartment models that differ in expense, technical complexity, and radiation exposure. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990;52(1):52‐58. doi:10.1093/ajcn/52.1.52
Hewitt MJ, Going SB, Williams DP, Lohman TG. Hydration of the fat‐free body mass in children and adults: implications for body composition assessment. Am J Physiol‐Endocrinol Metab. 1993;265(1):E88‐E95. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1993.265.1.E88
Mingrone G, Bertuzzi A, Capristo E, et al. Unreliable use of standard muscle hydration value in obesity. Am J Physiol‐Endocrinol Metab. 2001;280(2):E365‐E371. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.2.E365
Prior BM, Modlesky CM, Evans EM, et al. Muscularity and the density of the fat‐free mass in athletes. J Appl Physiol. 2001;90(4):1523‐1531. doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.90.4.1523
Moon JR. Body composition in athletes and sports nutrition: an examination of the bioimpedance analysis technique. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013;67(S1):S54‐S59. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2012.165
Heath EM, Adams TD, Daines MM, Hunt SC. Bioelectric impedance and hydrostatic weighing with and without head submersion in persons who are morbidly obese. J am Diet Assoc. 1998;98(8):869‐875. doi:10.1016/S0002‐8223(98)00201‐6
Bennett JP, Cataldi D, Liu YE, et al. Development and validation of a rapid multicompartment body composition model using 3‐dimensional optical imaging and bioelectrical impedance analysis. Clin Nutr. 2024;43(2):346‐356. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2023.12.009
Brozek J, Grande F, Anderson JT, Keys A. Densitometric analysis of body composition: revision of some quantitative assumptions. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1963;110(1):113‐140. doi:10.1111/j.1749‐6632.1963.tb17079.x
Szulc P, Munoz F, Marchand F, Chapurlat R, Delmas PD. Rapid loss of appendicular skeletal muscle mass is associated with higher all‐cause mortality in older men: the prospective MINOS study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91(5):1227‐1236. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28256
Bennett JP, Liu YE, Quon BK, et al. Three‐dimensional optical body shape and features improve prediction of metabolic disease risk in a diverse sample of adults. Obesity. 2022;30(8):1589‐1598. doi:10.1002/oby.23470
Wilson JP, Kanaya AM, Fan B, Shepherd JA. Ratio of trunk to leg volume as a new body shape metric for diabetes and mortality. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(7):e68716. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068716
Barone M, Losurdo G, Iannone A, Leandro G, Di Leo A, Trerotoli P. Assessment of body composition: intrinsic methodological limitations and statistical pitfalls. Nutrition. 2022;102:111736. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2022.111736
Blue MNM, Tinsley GM, Ryan ED, Smith‐Ryan AE. Validity of body‐composition methods across racial and ethnic populations. Adv Nutr. 2021;12(5):1854‐1862. doi:10.1093/advances/nmab016
Shepherd JA, Ng BK, Sommer MJ, Heymsfield SB. Body composition by DXA. Bone. 2017;104:101‐105. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2017.06.010
Carey JJ, Delaney MF. Utility of DXA for monitoring, technical aspects of DXA BMD measurement and precision testing. Bone. 2017;104:44‐53. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2017.05.021
Kang SM, Yoon JW, Ahn HY, et al. Android fat depot is more closely associated with metabolic syndrome than abdominal visceral fat in elderly people. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(11):e27694. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027694
Blake GM, Fogelman I. The role of DXA bone density scans in the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis. Postgrad Med J. 2007;83(982):509‐517. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2007.057505
Shepherd JA, Fan B, Lu Y, et al. A multinational study to develop universal standardization of whole‐body bone density and composition using GE Healthcare lunar and Hologic DXA systems. J Bone Miner Res. 2012;27(10):2208‐2216. doi:10.1002/jbmr.1654
Bennett JP, Fan B, Liu E, et al. Standardization of dual‐energy x‐ray visceral adipose tissue measures for comparison across clinical imaging systems. Obesity. 2023;31(12):2936‐2946. doi:10.1002/oby.23885
Sbrignadello S, Gobl C, Tura A. Bioelectrical impedance analysis for the assessment of body composition in sarcopenia and type 2 diabetes. Nutrients. 2022;14(9):1864. doi:10.3390/nu14091864
Bohm A, Heitmann BL. The use of bioelectrical impedance analysis for body composition in epidemiological studies. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013;67(Suppl 1):S79‐S85. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2012.168
Lepionka T, Anyzewska A, Maculewicz E, et al. Assessment of the body composition and bone calcification of students of police schools and police training centers in Poland‐a cross‐sectional study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(12):7161. doi:10.3390/ijerph19127161
Bennett JP, Liu YE, Kelly NN, et al. Next generation smartwatches to estimate whole body composition using bioimpedance analysis: accuracy and precision in a diverse multiethnic sample. Am J Clin Nutr. 2022;116(5):1418‐1429. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqac200
Ricciardi R, Talbot LA. Use of bioelectrical impedance analysis in the evaluation, treatment, and prevention of overweight and obesity. J am Acad Nurse Pract. 2007;19(5):235‐241. doi:10.1111/j.1745‐7599.2007.00220.x
Appelboom G, Camacho E, Abraham ME, et al. Smart wearable body sensors for patient self‐assessment and monitoring. Arch Public Health. 2014;72(1):28. doi:10.1186/2049‐3258‐72‐28
Ward LC, Müller M. Bioelectrical impedance analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013;67(S1):S1‐S1. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2012.148
Nyboer J. Percent body fat by four terminal bio‐electrical impedance and body density in college freshmen. In: Proceedings of the V international conference on electrical bio‐impedance; 1981:56‐71.
Lukaski HC, Johnson PE, Bolonchuk WW, Lykken GI. Assessment of fat‐free mass using bioelectrical impedance measurements of the human body. Am J Clin Nutr. 1985;41(4):810‐817. doi:10.1093/ajcn/41.4.810
Kyle UG, Bosaeus I, De Lorenzo AD, et al. Bioelectrical impedance analysis‐‐part I: review of principles and methods. Clin Nutr. 2004;23(5):1226‐1243. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2004.06.004
Mulasi U, Kuchnia AJ, Cole AJ, Earthman CP. Bioimpedance at the bedside: current applications, limitations, and opportunities. Nutr Clin Pract. 2015;30(2):180‐193. doi:10.1177/0884533614568155
Brantlov S, Ward LC, Jodal L, Rittig S, Lange A. Critical factors and their impact on bioelectrical impedance analysis in children: a review. J Med Eng Technol. 2017;41(1):22‐35. doi:10.1080/03091902.2016.1209590
Mialich M, Sicchieri JMF, Junior AAJ. Analysis of body composition: a critical review of the use of bioelectrical impedance analysis. Int J Clin Nutr. 2014;2:1‐10.
Gudivaka R, Schoeller D, Kushner R, Bolt M. Single‐and multifrequency models for bioelectrical impedance analysis of body water compartments. J Appl Physiol. 1999;87(3):1087‐1096. doi:10.1152/jappl.1999.87.3.1087
Heymsfield S. Human body composition: human kinetics; 2005. doi:10.5040/9781492596950
Beaudart C, Bruyère O, Geerinck A, et al. Equation models developed with bioelectric impedance analysis tools to assess muscle mass: a systematic review. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2020;35:47‐62. doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2019.09.012
Barrea L, Muscogiuri G, Aprano S, et al. Phase angle as an easy diagnostic tool for the nutritionist in the evaluation of inflammatory changes during the active stage of a very low‐calorie ketogenic diet. Int J Obes (Lond). 2022;46(9):1591‐1597. doi:10.1038/s41366‐022‐01152‐w
Akamatsu Y, Kusakabe T, Arai H, et al. Phase angle from bioelectrical impedance analysis is a useful indicator of muscle quality. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2022;13(1):180‐189. doi:10.1002/jcsm.12860
Foster KR, Lukaski HC. Whole‐body impedance‐‐what does it measure? Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;64(3):388S‐396S. doi:10.1093/ajcn/64.3.388S
Khalil S, Mohktar M, Ibrahim F. The theory and fundamentals of bioimpedance analysis in clinical status monitoring and diagnosis of diseases. Sensors. 2014;14(6):10895‐10928. doi:10.3390/s140610895
Norman K, Stobaus N, Pirlich M, Bosy‐Westphal A. Bioelectrical phase angle and impedance vector analysis‐‐clinical relevance and applicability of impedance parameters. Clin Nutr. 2012;31(6):854‐861. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2012.05.008
Bellido D, García‐García C, Talluri A, Lukaski HC, García‐Almeida JM. Future lines of research on phase angle: strengths and limitations. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2023;24(3):563‐583. doi:10.1007/s11154‐023‐09803‐7
Conde Frio C, Harter J, Santos LP, Orlandi SP, Gonzalez MC. Phase angle, physical quality of life and functionality in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2023;57:331‐336. doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.07.017
Yoshimura Y, Wakabayashi H, Nagano F, et al. Phase angle is associated with sarcopenic obesity in post‐stroke patients. Clin Nutr. 2023;42(10):2051‐2057. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2023.08.018
Ceolin J, de Borba EL, Mundstock E, de Oliveira JR, Mattiello R, Bodanese LC. Phase angle of bioimpedance as a marker of inflammation in cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review. Nutrition. 2023;112:112064. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2023.112064
Campa F, Toselli S, Mazzilli M, Gobbo LA, Coratella G. Assessment of body composition in athletes: a narrative review of available methods with special reference to quantitative and qualitative bioimpedance analysis. Nutrients. 2021;13(5):1620. doi:10.3390/nu13051620
Norman K, Stobäus N, Zocher D, et al. Cutoff percentiles of bioelectrical phase angle predict functionality, quality of life, and mortality in patients with cancer. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;92(3):612‐619. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2010.29215
Bosy‐Westphal A, Danielzik S, Dörhöfer RP, Later W, Wiese S, Müller MJ. Phase angle from bioelectrical impedance analysis: population reference values by age, sex, and body mass index. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2006;30(4):309‐316. doi:10.1177/0148607106030004309
Lukaski HC, Vega Diaz N, Talluri A, Nescolarde L. Classification of hydration in clinical conditions: indirect and direct approaches using bioimpedance. Nutrients. 2019;11(4):809. doi:10.3390/nu11040809
Campa F, Matias C, Gatterer H, et al. Classic bioelectrical impedance vector reference values for assessing body composition in male and female athletes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(24):5066. doi:10.3390/ijerph16245066
Toso S, Piccoli A, Gusella M, et al. Altered tissue electric properties in lung cancer patients as detected by bioelectric impedance vector analysis. Nutrition. 2000;16(2):120‐124. doi:10.1016/S0899‐9007(99)00230‐0
da Rosa Hise AC, Gonzalez MC. Assessment of hydration status using bioelectrical impedance vector analysis in critical patients with acute kidney injury. Clin Nutr. 2018;37(2):695‐700. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2017.02.016
da Silva AT, Hauschild DB, de Almeida Oliveira LD, de Fragas HP, Moreno YMF, Wazlawik E. Association of hyperhydration evaluated by bioelectrical impedance analysis and mortality in patients with different medical conditions: systematic review and meta‐analyses. Clini Nutr ESPEN. 2018;28:12‐20. doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2018.08.022
Neovius M, Hemmingsson E, Freyschuss B, Udden J. Bioelectrical impedance underestimates total and truncal fatness in abdominally obese women. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006;14(10):1731‐1738. doi:10.1038/oby.2006.199
Gaba A, Kapus O, Cuberek R, Botek M. Comparison of multi‐ and single‐frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis with dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry for assessment of body composition in post‐menopausal women: effects of body mass index and accelerometer‐determined physical activity. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2015;28(4):390‐400. doi:10.1111/jhn.12257
Chen KT, Chen YY, Wang CW, et al. Comparison of standing posture bioelectrical impedance analysis with DXA for body composition in a large, healthy Chinese population. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(7):e0160105. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0160105
Lukaski HC, Siders WA. Validity and accuracy of regional bioelectrical impedance devices to determine whole‐body fatness. Nutrition. 2003;19(10):851‐857. doi:10.1016/S0899‐9007(03)00166‐7
Jaffrin MY, Morel H. Body fluid volumes measurements by impedance: a review of bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) and bioimpedance analysis (BIA) methods. Med Eng Phys. 2008;30(10):1257‐1269. doi:10.1016/j.medengphy.2008.06.009
Ward LC. Bioelectrical impedance analysis for body composition assessment: reflections on accuracy, clinical utility, and standardisation. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2019;73(2):194‐199. doi:10.1038/s41430‐018‐0335‐3
Heymsfield SB, Wang Z, Visser M, Gallagher D, Pierson RN Jr. Techniques used in the measurement of body composition: an overview with emphasis on bioelectrical impedance analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;64(3):478S‐484S. doi:10.1093/ajcn/64.3.478S
Pietrobelli A, Morini P, Battistini N, Chiumello G, Nunez C, Heymsfield SB. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass: prediction from multiple frequency segmental bioimpedance analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1998;52(7):507‐511. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600592
Kaysen GA, Zhu F, Sarkar S, et al. Estimation of total‐body and limb muscle mass in hemodialysis patients by using multifrequency bioimpedance spectroscopy. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82(5):988‐995. doi:10.1093/ajcn/82.5.988
Yamada Y, Watanabe Y, Ikenaga M, et al. Comparison of single‐or multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis and spectroscopy for assessment of appendicular skeletal muscle in the elderly. J Appl Physiol. 2013;115(6):812‐818. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00010.2013
Sylivris A, Mesinovic J, Scott D, Jansons P. Body composition changes at 12 months following different surgical weight loss interventions in adults with obesity: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized control trials. Obes Rev. 2022;23(7):e13442. doi:10.1111/obr.13442
Patel KV, Segar MW, Lavie CJ, et al. Diabetes status modifies the association between different measures of obesity and heart failure risk among older adults: a pooled analysis of community‐based NHLBI cohorts. Circulation. 2022;145(4):268‐278. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.055830
Wang N, Sun Y, Zhang H, et al. Total and regional fat‐to‐muscle mass ratio measured by bioelectrical impedance and risk of incident type 2 diabetes. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2021;12(6):2154‐2162. doi:10.1002/jcsm.12822
Blue MNM, Tinsley GM, Hirsch KR, Ryan ED, Ng BK, Smith‐Ryan AE. Validity of total body water measured by multi‐frequency bioelectrical impedance devices in a multi‐ethnic sample. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2023;54:187‐193. doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.01.026
Bera TK. Bioelectrical impedance methods for noninvasive health monitoring: a review. J Med Eng. 2014;2014:381251. doi:10.1155/2014/381251
Anderson LJ, Erceg DN, Schroeder ET. Utility of multifrequency bioelectrical impedance compared with dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry for assessment of total and regional body composition varies between men and women. Nutr Res. 2012;32(7):479‐485. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2012.05.009
Moon JR, Stout JR, Smith‐Ryan AE, et al. Tracking fat‐free mass changes in elderly men and women using single‐frequency bioimpedance and dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry: a four‐compartment model comparison. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013;67(Suppl 1):S40‐S46. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2012.163
Buch A, Ben‐Yehuda A, Rouach V, et al. Validation of a multi‐frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis device for the assessment of body composition in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Nutr Diabetes. 2022;12(1):45. doi:10.1038/s41387‐022‐00223‐1
Anusitviwat C, Vanitcharoenkul E, Chotiyarnwong P, Unnanuntana A. Dual‐frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis is accurate and reliable to determine lean muscle mass in the elderly. J Clin Densitom. 2023;26(1):90‐96. doi:10.1016/j.jocd.2022.12.006
Ballesteros‐Pomar MD, Gonzalez‐Arnaiz E, Pintor‐de‐la Maza B, et al. Bioelectrical impedance analysis as an alternative to dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry in the assessment of fat mass and appendicular lean mass in patients with obesity. Nutrition. 2022;93:111442. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2021.111442
Kim M, Shinkai S, Murayama H, Mori S. Comparison of segmental multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis with dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry for the assessment of body composition in a community‐dwelling older population. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2015;15(8):1013‐1022. doi:10.1111/ggi.12384
Bennouar S, Bachir Cherif A, Hani HM, Kerrouche A, Abdi S. Prediction of body fat percentage: development and validation of new anthropometric equations. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2023;57:510‐518. doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.08.002
Bosy‐Westphal A, Schautz B, Later W, Kehayias JJ, Gallagher D, Muller MJ. What makes a BIA equation unique? Validity of eight‐electrode multifrequency BIA to estimate body composition in a healthy adult population. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013;67(Suppl 1):S14‐S21. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2012.160
Müller MJ, Braun W, Pourhassan M, Geisler C, Bosy‐Westphal A. Application of standards and models in body composition analysis. Proc Nutr Soc. 2016;75(2):181‐187. doi:10.1017/S0029665115004206
Ellis KJ, Bell SJ, Chertow GM, et al. Bioelectrical impedance methods in clinical research: a follow‐up to the NIH technology assessment conference. Nutrition. 1999;15(11‐12):874‐880. doi:10.1016/S0899‐9007(99)00147‐1
Naranjo‐Hernández D, Reina‐Tosina J, Min M. Fundamentals, recent advances, and future challenges in bioimpedance devices for healthcare applications. J Sens. 2019;2019:1‐42. doi:10.1155/2019/9210258
Lukaski H. Evolution of bioimpedance: a circuitous journey from estimation of physiological function to assessment of body composition and a return to clinical research. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013;67(S1):S2‐S9. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2012.149
De Lorenzo A, Andreoli A, Matthie J, Withers P. Predicting body cell mass with bioimpedance by using theoretical methods: a technological review. J Appl Physiol. 1997;82(5):1542‐1558. doi:10.1152/jappl.1997.82.5.1542
Ward L, Isenring E, Dyer J, Kagawa M, Essex T. Resistivity coefficients for body composition analysis using bioimpedance spectroscopy: effects of body dominance and mixture theory algorithm. Physiol Meas. 2015;36(7):1529‐1549. doi:10.1088/0967‐3334/36/7/1529
Jensen B, Braun W, Both M, et al. Configuration of bioelectrical impedance measurements affects results for phase angle. Med Eng Phys. 2020;84:10‐15. doi:10.1016/j.medengphy.2020.07.021
Ward LC, Brantlov S. Bioimpedance basics and phase angle fundamentals. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2023;24(3):381‐391. doi:10.1007/s11154‐022‐09780‐3
Nescolarde L, Yanguas J, Lukaski H, Alomar X, Rosell‐Ferrer J, Rodas G. Localized bioimpedance to assess muscle injury. Physiol Meas. 2013;34(2):237‐245. doi:10.1088/0967‐3334/34/2/237
Nescolarde L, Yanguas J, Lukaski H, Alomar X, Rosell‐Ferrer J, Rodas G. Effects of muscle injury severity on localized bioimpedance measurements. Physiol Meas. 2014;36(1):27‐42. doi:10.1088/0967‐3334/36/1/27
Ward LC. Segmental bioelectrical impedance analysis: an update. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2012;15(5):424‐429. doi:10.1097/MCO.0b013e328356b944
Bosy‐Westphal A, Jensen B, Braun W, Pourhassan M, Gallagher D, Muller MJ. Quantification of whole‐body and segmental skeletal muscle mass using phase‐sensitive 8‐electrode medical bioelectrical impedance devices. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2017;71(9):1061‐1067. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2017.27
Jaffrin MY, Morel H. Measurements of body composition in limbs and trunk using a eight contact electrodes impedancemeter. Med Eng Phys. 2009;31(9):1079‐1086. doi:10.1016/j.medengphy.2009.07.005
Pietrobelli A, Rubiano F, St‐Onge M, Heymsfield S. New bioimpedance analysis system: improved phenotyping with whole‐body analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004;58(11):1479‐1484. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601993
Dupertuis YM, Pereira AG, Karsegard VL, et al. Influence of the type of electrodes in the assessment of body composition by bioelectrical impedance analysis in the supine position. Clin Nutr. 2022;41(11):2455‐2463. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2022.09.008
Health NIo. Bioelectrical impedance analysis in body composition measurement: National Institutes of Health technology assessment conference statement, December 12‐14, 1994. NIH Office of Medical Applications of Research; 1994.
Nescolarde L, Lukaski H, De Lorenzo A, De‐Mateo‐Silleras B, Redondo‐Del‐Río MP, Camina‐Martín MA. Different displacement of bioimpedance vector due to Ag/AgCl electrode effect. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2016;70(12):1401‐1407. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2016.121
Caicedo‐Eraso JC, González‐Correa CH, González‐Correa CA. Use of electrocardiogram (ECG) electrodes for bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). J Phys: Conf Ser. 2012;407:012008. doi:10.1088/1742‐6596/407/1/012008
Cataldi D, Bennett JP, Quon BK, et al. Agreement and precision of deuterium dilution for Total body water and multicompartment body composition assessment in collegiate athletes. J Nutr. 2022;152(9):2048‐2059. doi:10.1093/jn/nxac116
Dixon CB, Masteller B, Andreacci JL. The effect of a meal on measures of impedance and percent body fat estimated using contact‐electrode bioelectrical impedance technology. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013;67(9):950‐955. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2013.118
Thomasset M. Bioelectric properties of tissue. Impedance measurement in clinical medicine. Significance of curves obtained. Lyon Med. 1962;94:107‐118.
Boulier A, Fricker J, Thomasset A‐L, Apfelbaum M. Fat‐free mass estimation by the two‐electrode impedance method. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990;52(4):581‐585. doi:10.1093/ajcn/52.4.581
Kyle UG, Bosaeus I, De Lorenzo AD, et al. Bioelectrical impedance analysis‐part II: utilization in clinical practice. Clin Nutr. 2004;23(6):1430‐1453. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2004.09.012
Deurenberg P, Weststrate J, Paymans I, Van der Kooy K. Factors affecting bioelectrical impedance measurements in humans. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1988;42(12):1017‐1022.
Stahn A, Terblanche E, Gunga H‐C. Use of bioelectrical impedance: general principles and overview. In: Handbook of anthropometry: physical measures of human form in health and disease. Springer; 2012:49‐90. doi:10.1007/978‐1‐4419‐1788‐1_3
Gibson A, Heyward V, Mermier C. Predictive accuracy of Omron body logic analyzer in estimating relative body fat of adults. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2000;10(2):216‐227. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.10.2.216
Chumlea WC, Baumgartner R, Roche AF. Specific resistivity used to estimate fat‐free mass from segmental body measures of bioelectric impedance. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988;48(1):7‐15. doi:10.1093/ajcn/48.1.7
Organ LW, Bradham GB, Gore DT, Lozier SL. Segmental bioelectrical impedance analysis: theory and application of a new technique. J Appl Physiol. 1994;77(1):98‐112. doi:10.1152/jappl.1994.77.1.98
Mally K, Dittmar M. Comparison of three segmental multifrequency bioelectrical impedance techniques in healthy adults. Ann Hum Biol. 2012;39(6):468‐478. doi:10.3109/03014460.2012.711858
De Lorenzo A, Andreoli A. Segmental bioelectrical impedance analysis. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2003;6(5):551‐555. doi:10.1097/00075197‐200309000‐00008
Barbosa‐Silva MCG, Barros AJ, Wang J, Heymsfield SB, Pierson RN Jr. Bioelectrical impedance analysis: population reference values for phase angle by age and sex. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82(1):49‐52. doi:10.1093/ajcn/82.1.49
Kuchnia AJ, Teigen LM, Cole AJ, et al. Phase angle and impedance ratio: reference cut‐points from the United States National Health and nutrition examination survey 1999–2004 from bioimpedance spectroscopy data. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2017;41(8):1310‐1315. doi:10.1177/0148607116670378
Slinde F, Bark A, Jansson J, Rossander‐Hulthén L. Bioelectrical impedance variation in healthy subjects during 12 h in the supine position. Clin Nutr. 2003;22(2):153‐157. doi:10.1054/clnu.2002.0616
Rush EC, Crowley J, Freitas IF, Luke A. Validity of hand‐to‐foot measurement of bioimpedance: standing compared with lying position*. Obesity. 2006;14(2):252‐257. doi:10.1038/oby.2006.32
Ellison KM, Ehrlicher SE, El Zein A, Sayer RD. Fat and fat‐free mass measurement agreement by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry versus bioelectrical impedance analysis: effects of posture and waist circumference. Obes Sci Pract. 2024;10(2):10. doi:10.1002/osp4.744
Orsso CE, Gonzalez MC, Maisch MJ, Haqq AM, Prado CM. Using bioelectrical impedance analysis in children and adolescents: pressing issues. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2022;76(5):659‐665. doi:10.1038/s41430‐021‐01018‐w
Więch P, Wołoszyn F, Trojnar P, Skórka M, Bazaliński D. Does body position influence bioelectrical impedance? An observational pilot study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(16):9908. doi:10.3390/ijerph19169908
Ryan E, MacLaughlin H, Hay R, et al. Improving multidisciplinary management of patients living with obesity: the evaluation of seated bioimpedance measures and relationship to functional performance following targeted intervention. Clin Obes. 2024;e12655.
Mondal H, Mondal S, Baidya C. Competency in home body fat monitoring by portable devices based on bioelectrical impedance analysis: a pilot study. J Educ Health Promot. 2019;8(1):223. doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_358_18
Jebb SA, Cole TJ, Doman D, Murgatroyd PR, Prentice AM. Evaluation of the novel Tanita body‐fat analyser to measure body composition by comparison with a four‐compartment model. Br J Nutr. 2000;83(2):115‐122. doi:10.1017/S0007114500000155
Villa F, Magnani A, Maggioni M, et al. Wearable multi‐frequency and multi‐segment bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy for unobtrusively tracking body fluid shifts during physical activity in real‐field applications: a preliminary study. Sensors. 2016;16(5):673. doi:10.3390/s16050673
Kusche R, Kaufmann S, Ryschka M. Dry electrodes for bioimpedance measurements—design, characterization and comparison. Biomed Phys Eng Express. 2018;5(1):015001. doi:10.1088/2057‐1976/aaea59
Heymsfield SB, Kim JY, Bhagat YA, et al. Mobile evaluation of human energy balance and weight control: Potential for future developments. In: 2015 37th annual international conference of the IEEE engineering in medicine and biology society (EMBC). IEEE; 2015:8201‐8204.
Scharfetter H, Schlager T, Stollberger R, Felsberger R, Hutten H, Hinghofer‐Szalkay H. Assessing abdominal fatness with local bioimpedance analysis: basics and experimental findings. Int J Obes (Lond). 2001;25(4):502‐511. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801556
Ida M, Hirata M, Odori S, et al. Early changes of abdominal adiposity detected with weekly dual bioelectrical impedance analysis during calorie restriction. Obesity. 2013;21:n/a‐n/a.
Park KS, Lee D‐H, Lee J, et al. Comparison between two methods of bioelectrical impedance analyses for accuracy in measuring abdominal visceral fat area. J Diabetes Complications. 2016;30(2):343‐349. doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2015.10.014
Gómez‐Ambrosi J, González‐Crespo I, Catalán V, et al. Clinical usefulness of abdominal bioimpedance (ViScan) in the determination of visceral fat and its application in the diagnosis and management of obesity and its comorbidities. Clin Nutr. 2018;37(2):580‐589. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2017.01.010
Buchholz AC, Bartok C, Schoeller DA. The validity of bioelectrical impedance models in clinical populations. Nutr Clin Pract. 2004;19(5):433‐446. doi:10.1177/0115426504019005433
Shafer KJ, Siders WA, Johnson LK, Lukaski HC. Validity of segmental multiple‐frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis to estimate body composition of adults across a range of body mass indexes. Nutrition. 2009;25(1):25‐32. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2008.07.004
Earthman CP. Body composition tools for assessment of adult malnutrition at the bedside. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2015;39(7):787‐822. doi:10.1177/0148607115595227
Kim M, Kim H. Accuracy of segmental multi‐frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis for assessing whole‐body and appendicular fat mass and lean soft tissue mass in frail women aged 75 years and older. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013;67(4):395‐400. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2013.9
Gibson AL, Beam JR, Alencar MK, Zuhl MN, Mermier CM. Time course of supine and standing shifts in total body, intracellular and extracellular water for a sample of healthy adults. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2015;69(1):14‐19. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2013.269
Kushner RF, Schoeller DA. Estimation of total body water by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1986;44(3):417‐424. doi:10.1093/ajcn/44.3.417
Brandner CF, Tinsley GM, Graybeal AJ. Smartwatch‐based bioimpedance analysis for body composition estimation: precision and agreement with a 4‐compartment model. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2023;48(2):172‐182. doi:10.1139/apnm‐2022‐0301
Baarts RB, Jensen MR, Hansen OM, et al. Age‐ and sex‐specific changes in visceral fat mass throughout the life‐span. Obesity. 2023;31(7):1953‐1961. doi:10.1002/oby.23779
Bennett JP, Quon BK, Fan B, et al. Visceral adipose tissue reference data computed for GE HealthCare DXA from the National Health and nutrition examination survey data set. Obesity. 2023;31(12):2947‐2959. doi:10.1002/oby.23888
Pietilainen KH, Kaye S, Karmi A, Suojanen L, Rissanen A, Virtanen KA. Agreement of bioelectrical impedance with dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry and MRI to estimate changes in body fat, skeletal muscle and visceral fat during a 12‐month weight loss intervention. Br J Nutr. 2013;109(10):1910‐1916. doi:10.1017/S0007114512003698
Ryo M, Maeda K, Onda T, et al. A new simple method for the measurement of visceral fat accumulation by bioelectrical impedance. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(2):451‐453. doi:10.2337/diacare.28.2.451
Yoon JW, Sohn M, Moon JH, Lim S. Accuracy of Y‐scope, a newly developed portable abdominal impedance analyzer, for the assessment of abdominal visceral fat area. Front Nutr. 2022;9:950747. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.950747
Bennett JP, Ford KL, Siervo M, et al. Advancing body composition assessment in patients with cancer: first comparisons of traditional versus multicompartment models. Nutrition. 2024; 125:112494. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2024.112494
Deurenberg P, Deurenberg‐Yap M. Differences in body‐composition assumptions across ethnic groups: practical consequences. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2001;4(5):377‐383. doi:10.1097/00075197‐200109000‐00007
Deurenberg P, Deurenberg‐Yap M, Guricci S. Asians are different from Caucasians and from each other in their body mass index/body fat percent relationship. Obes Rev. 2002;3(3):141‐146. doi:10.1046/j.1467‐789X.2002.00065.x
Lee SY, Ahn S, Kim YJ, et al. Comparison between dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry and bioelectrical impedance analyses for accuracy in measuring whole body muscle mass and appendicular skeletal muscle mass. Nutrients. 2018;10(6):738. doi:10.3390/nu10060738
Hurt RT, Ebbert JO, Croghan I, et al. The comparison of segmental multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis and dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry for estimating fat free mass and percentage body fat in an ambulatory population. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2021;45(6):1231‐1238. doi:10.1002/jpen.1994
Looijaard W, Stapel SN, Dekker IM, et al. Identifying critically ill patients with low muscle mass: agreement between bioelectrical impedance analysis and computed tomography. Clin Nutr. 2020;39(6):1809‐1817. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2019.07.020
Kim D, Sun JS, Lee YH, Lee JH, Hong J, Lee JM. Comparative assessment of skeletal muscle mass using computerized tomography and bioelectrical impedance analysis in critically ill patients. Clin Nutr. 2019;38(6):2747‐2755. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2018.12.002
Matias CN, Santos DA, Judice PB, et al. Estimation of total body water and extracellular water with bioimpedance in athletes: a need for athlete‐specific prediction models. Clin Nutr. 2016;35(2):468‐474. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2015.03.013
Buck EA, Saunders MJ, Edwards ES, Womack CJ. Body composition measured by multi‐frequency bioelectrical impedance following creatine supplementation. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2023;63(11):1188‐1193. doi:10.23736/S0022‐4707.23.15058‐4
Zhang J, Zhang N, Du S, Liu S, Ma G. Effects of water restriction and water replenishment on the content of body water with bioelectrical impedance among young adults in Baoding, China: a randomized controlled trial (RCT). Nutrients. 2021;13(10):3645. doi:10.3390/nu13103645
Andreoli A, Scalzo G, Masala S, Tarantino U, Guglielmi G. Body composition assessment by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA). Radiol Med. 2009;114(2):286‐300. doi:10.1007/s11547‐009‐0369‐7
Lee SY, Gallagher D. Assessment methods in human body composition. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2008;11(5):566‐572. doi:10.1097/MCO.0b013e32830b5f23
Park JH, Kim JY, Choi JH, et al. Effectiveness of liraglutide 3 mg for the treatment of obesity in a real‐world setting without intensive lifestyle intervention. Int J Obes (Lond). 2021;45(4):776‐786. doi:10.1038/s41366‐021‐00739‐z
Dylke ES, Ward LC. Three decades of bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy in lymphedema assessment: an historical perspective. Lymphat Res Biol. 2021;19(3):206‐214. doi:10.1089/lrb.2020.0085
Eyre S, Stenberg J, Wallengren O, et al. Bioimpedance analysis in patients with chronic kidney disease. J Ren Care. 2023;49(3):147‐157. doi:10.1111/jorc.12474
Falcon LJ, Harris‐Love MO. Sarcopenia and the new ICD‐10‐CM code: screening, staging, and diagnosis considerations. Federal Practitioner. 2017;34(7):24‐32.
Jayedi A, Khan TA, Aune D, Emadi A, Shab‐Bidar S. Body fat and risk of all‐cause mortality: a systematic review and dose‐response meta‐analysis of prospective cohort studies. Int J Obes (Lond). 2022;46(9):1573‐1581. doi:10.1038/s41366‐022‐01165‐5
Lee JK, Park YS, Kim K, Oh TJ, Chang W. Comparison of bioelectrical impedance analysis and computed tomography on body composition changes including visceral fat after bariatric surgery in Asian patients with obesity. Obes Surg. 2021;31(10):4243‐4250. doi:10.1007/s11695‐021‐05569‐6
Goodpaster BH, Park SW, Harris TB, et al. The loss of skeletal muscle strength, mass, and quality in older adults: the health, aging and body composition study. J Gerontol a Biol Sci Med Sci. 2006;61(10):1059‐1064. doi:10.1093/gerona/61.10.1059
Kim KM, Lim S, Oh TJ, et al. Longitudinal changes in muscle mass and strength, and bone mass in older adults: gender‐specific associations between muscle and bone losses. J Gerontol a Biol Sci Med Sci. 2018;73(8):1062‐1069. doi:10.1093/gerona/glx188
Cruz‐Jentoft AJ, Sayer AA. Sarcopenia. Lancet. 2019;393(10191):2636‐2646. doi:10.1016/S0140‐6736(19)31138‐9
Janssen I, Heymsfield SB, Baumgartner RN, Ross R. Estimation of skeletal muscle mass by bioelectrical impedance analysis. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2000;89:465‐471.
Janssen I, Baumgartner RN, Ross R, Rosenberg IH, Roubenoff R. Skeletal muscle cutpoints associated with elevated physical disability risk in older men and women. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159(4):413‐421. doi:10.1093/aje/kwh058
Tanimoto Y, Watanabe M, Sun W, et al. Association between muscle mass and disability in performing instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) in community‐dwelling elderly in Japan. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2012;54(2):e230‐e233. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2011.06.015
Jung MH, Namkoong K, Lee Y, et al. Wrist‐wearable bioelectrical impedance analyzer with miniature electrodes for daily obesity management. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):1238. doi:10.1038/s41598‐020‐79667‐3
Harder R, Diedrich A, Whitfield JS, Buchowski MS, Pietsch JB, Baudenbacher FJ. Smart multi‐frequency bioelectrical impedance spectrometer for BIA and BIVA applications. IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst. 2016;10(4):912‐919. doi:10.1109/TBCAS.2015.2502538
Blachowicz T, Ehrmann G, Ehrmann A. Textile‐based sensors for biosignal detection and monitoring. Sensors (Basel). 2021;21(18):6042. doi:10.3390/s21186042
Das A, Pradhapan P, Groenendaal W, et al. Unsupervised heart‐rate estimation in wearables with liquid states and a probabilistic readout. Neural Netw. 2018;99:134‐147. doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2017.12.015
Pessoa D, Rocha BM, Cheimariotis GA, et al. Classification of electrical impedance tomography data using machine learning. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2021;2021:349‐353. doi:10.1109/EMBC46164.2021.9629961
Hoof WGSLCv. Wearablebioimpedance monitoring: viewpoint for application in chronic conditions. JMIR Biomed Eng. 2021;6(2):e22911. doi:10.2196/22911
Choi A, Kim JY, Jo S, et al. Smartphone‐based bioelectrical impedance analysis devices for daily obesity management. Sensors (Basel). 2015;15:22151‐22166.
Shin SC, Lee J, Choe S, et al. Dry electrode‐based body fat estimation system with anthropometric data for use in a wearable device. Sensors (Basel). 2019;19(9):2177. doi:10.3390/s19092177
Usman M, Thapa S, Gupta AK, Xue W. Ring based wearable bioelectrical impedance analyzer for body fat estimation. In: 2018 IEEE international symposium on signal processing and information technology (ISSPIT). IEEE; 2018:291‐296.
Logothetis I, Gil I, Wang X, Razal J. Comparison of silver‐plated nylon (Ag/PA66) e‐textile and Ag/AgCl electrodes for bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Biomed Phys Eng Express. 2021;7(3):035011. doi:10.1088/2057‐1976/abf2a0
Kim H, Kim E, Choi C, Yeo WH. Advances in soft and dry electrodes for wearable health monitoring devices. Micromachines (Basel). 2022;13(4):629. doi:10.3390/mi13040629
Zhang L, Kumar KS, He H, et al. Fully organic compliant dry electrodes self‐adhesive to skin for long‐term motion‐robust epidermal biopotential monitoring. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):4683. doi:10.1038/s41467‐020‐18503‐8
Piwek L, Ellis DA, Andrews S, Joinson A. The rise of consumer health wearables: promises and barriers. PLoS Med. 2016;13(2):e1001953. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001953
Mauldin K, Gieng J, Saarony D, Hu C. Performing nutrition assessment remotely via telehealth. Nutr Clin Pract. 2021;36(4):751‐768. doi:10.1002/ncp.10682
Limketkai BN, Mauldin K, Manitius N, Jalilian L, Salonen BR. The age of artificial intelligence: use of digital Technology in Clinical Nutrition. Curr Surg Rep. 2021;9(7):20. doi:10.1007/s40137‐021‐00297‐3
Brantlov S, Jodal L, Lange A, Rittig S, Ward LC. Standardisation of bioelectrical impedance analysis for the estimation of body composition in healthy paediatric populations: a systematic review. J Med Eng Technol. 2017;41(6):460‐479. doi:10.1080/03091902.2017.1333165
Stone TM, Wingo JE, Nickerson BS, Esco MR. Comparison of bioelectrical impedance analysis and dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry for estimating bone mineral content. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2018;28(5):542‐546. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2017‐0185