Research progress on prognostic factors of gallbladder carcinoma.
Adjuvant therapy
Biomarkers
Gallbladder carcinoma
Overall survival
Prognosis
Tumor microenvironment
Journal
Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology
ISSN: 1432-1335
Titre abrégé: J Cancer Res Clin Oncol
Pays: Germany
ID NLM: 7902060
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
06 Oct 2024
06 Oct 2024
Historique:
received:
09
08
2024
accepted:
24
09
2024
medline:
6
10
2024
pubmed:
6
10
2024
entrez:
6
10
2024
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Gallbladder carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of the biliary system, and has a poor overall prognosis. Poor prognosis in patients with gallbladder carcinoma is associated with the aggressive nature of the tumor, subtle clinical symptoms, ineffective adjuvant treatment, and lack of reliable biomarkers. Therefore, evaluating the prognostic factors of patients with gallbladder carcinoma can help improve diagnostic and treatment methods, allowing for tailored therapies that could benefit patient survival. This article systematically reviews the factors affecting the prognosis of gallbladder carcinoma, with the aim of evaluating prognostic risk in patients. A comprehensive and in-depth understanding of prognostic indicators affecting patient survival is helpful for assessing patient survival risk and formulating personalized treatment plans.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
Gallbladder carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of the biliary system, and has a poor overall prognosis. Poor prognosis in patients with gallbladder carcinoma is associated with the aggressive nature of the tumor, subtle clinical symptoms, ineffective adjuvant treatment, and lack of reliable biomarkers.
PURPOSE
OBJECTIVE
Therefore, evaluating the prognostic factors of patients with gallbladder carcinoma can help improve diagnostic and treatment methods, allowing for tailored therapies that could benefit patient survival.
METHODS
METHODS
This article systematically reviews the factors affecting the prognosis of gallbladder carcinoma, with the aim of evaluating prognostic risk in patients.
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSIONS
A comprehensive and in-depth understanding of prognostic indicators affecting patient survival is helpful for assessing patient survival risk and formulating personalized treatment plans.
Identifiants
pubmed: 39369366
doi: 10.1007/s00432-024-05975-0
pii: 10.1007/s00432-024-05975-0
doi:
Substances chimiques
Biomarkers, Tumor
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
447Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
Affolter A, Schmidtmann I, Mann WJ, Brieger J (2013) Cancer-associated fibroblasts do not respond to combined irradiation and kinase inhibitor treatment. Oncol Rep 29:785–790. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2012.2180
doi: 10.3892/or.2012.2180
pubmed: 23232940
Altenhöfer S et al (2012) The NOX toolbox: validating the role of NADPH oxidases in physiology and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 69:2327–2343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-012-1010-9
doi: 10.1007/s00018-012-1010-9
pubmed: 22648375
pmcid: 3383958
Amin MB et al (2017) The eighth edition AJCC cancer staging manual: continuing to build a bridge from a population-based to a more “personalized” approach to cancer staging. CA: Cancer J Clin 67:93–99. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21388
doi: 10.3322/caac.21388
pubmed: 28094848
Aoki Y, Shimura H, Li H, Mizumoto K, Date K, Tanaka M (1999) A model of port-site metastases of gallbladder cancer: the influence of peritoneal injury and its repair on abdominal wall metastases. Surgery 125:553–559
doi: 10.1016/S0039-6060(99)70208-4
pubmed: 10330945
Arkenau H-T et al (2018) ramucirumab plus pembrolizumab in patients with previously treated advanced or metastatic biliary tract cancer: nonrandomized, open-label, phase I trial (JVDF). Oncologist 23:1407-e1136. https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2018-0044
doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2018-0044
pubmed: 29853658
pmcid: 6292555
Bartosz G (2009) Reactive oxygen species: destroyers or messengers? Biochem Pharmacol 77:1303–1315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2008.11.009
doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.11.009
pubmed: 19071092
Bozzetti F (2017) Forcing the vicious circle: sarcopenia increases toxicity, decreases response to chemotherapy and worsens with chemotherapy. Ann Oncol 28:2107–2118. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdx271
doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdx271
pubmed: 28911059
Cao Y et al (2016) Prohibitin overexpression predicts poor prognosis and promotes cell proliferation and invasion through ERK pathway activation in gallbladder cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 35:68. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13046-016-0346-7
doi: 10.1186/s13046-016-0346-7
pubmed: 27084680
pmcid: 4833931
Chen C, Zhang D, Li Q, Lei JJ, Geng ZM (2024) The impact of modified T3 sub-staging on the prognosis of gallbladder cancer patients. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 62:302–308. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112139-20231218-00284
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112139-20231218-00284
pubmed: 38432671
Chng KR et al (2016) Tissue microbiome profiling identifies an enrichment of specific enteric bacteria in opisthorchis viverrini associated cholangiocarcinoma. EBioMedicine 8:195–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.04.034
doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.04.034
pubmed: 27428430
pmcid: 4919562
Cho K-M et al (2017) Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, and their dynamic changes during chemotherapy is useful to predict a more accurate prognosis of advanced biliary tract cancer. Oncotarget 8:2329–2341. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.13731
doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.13731
pubmed: 27911876
Choi YH, Lee SH (2020) Editorial on “A new nomogram from the SEER database for predicting the prognosis of gallbladder cancer patients after surgery.” Ann Transl Med. 8:522. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm.2020.03.182
doi: 10.21037/atm.2020.03.182
pubmed: 32411745
pmcid: 7214910
Choi YH et al (2019) A high monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts poor prognosis in patients with advanced gallbladder cancer receiving chemotherapy. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 28:1045–1051. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-18-1066
doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-18-1066
pubmed: 30842131
Cotter G et al (2022) Using machine learning to preoperatively stratify prognosis among patients with gallbladder cancer: a multi-institutional analysis. HPB (Oxford) 24:1980–1988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpb.2022.06.008
doi: 10.1016/j.hpb.2022.06.008
pubmed: 35798655
Davis EJ et al (2022) First-in-human phase I/II, open-label study of the anti-OX40 agonist INCAGN01949 in patients with advanced solid tumors. J Immunother Cancer. https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2021-004235
doi: 10.1136/jitc-2021-004235
pubmed: 36427906
pmcid: 9703354
de Aretxabala XA et al (2004) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: its effect on the prognosis of patients with gallbladder cancer. World J Surg 28:544–547
doi: 10.1007/s00268-004-6886-6
pubmed: 15366742
De Lorenzo S, Garajova I, Stefanini B, Tovoli F (2021) Targeted therapies for gallbladder cancer: an overview of agents in preclinical and clinical development. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 30:759–772. https://doi.org/10.1080/13543784.2021.1928636
doi: 10.1080/13543784.2021.1928636
pubmed: 33966562
Ding Q et al (2015) CLIC1 overexpression is associated with poor prognosis in gallbladder cancer. Tumour Biol 36:193–198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-014-2606-5
doi: 10.1007/s13277-014-2606-5
pubmed: 25227665
Dou CW, Zhang CX, Liu J, Cheng J, Jin LM, Liu JW, Zhang CW (2022) Analysis for the short-term efficacy and long-term prognosis of laparoscopic and laparotomy radical resection for gallbladder cancer. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 60:140–147. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112139-20210226-00099
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112139-20210226-00099
pubmed: 35012273
Fang D, Peng J, Wang G, Zhou D, Geng X (2019) Upregulation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E associates with a poor prognosis in gallbladder cancer and promotes cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Int J Mol Med 44:1325–1332. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2019.4317
doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4317
pubmed: 31432159
pmcid: 6713416
Foo YZ, Nakagawa S, Rhodes G, Simmons LW (2017) The effects of sex hormones on immune function: a meta-analysis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 92:551–571. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12243
doi: 10.1111/brv.12243
pubmed: 26800512
Gao Q, Wang X-Y, Qiu S-J, Zhou J, Shi Y-H, Zhang B-H, Fan J (2011) Tumor stroma reaction-related gene signature predicts clinical outcome in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Sci 102:1522–1531. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.01981.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.01981.x
pubmed: 21564420
García P et al (2020) Hippo-YAP1 is a prognosis marker and potentially targetable pathway in advanced gallbladder cancer. Cancers (Basel). https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12040778
doi: 10.3390/cancers12040778
pubmed: 33348663
pmcid: 7698965
Gera K et al (2023) Prognosis and treatment outcomes of bone metastasis in gallbladder adenocarcinoma: a SEER-based study. Cancers (Basel). https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15205055
doi: 10.3390/cancers15205055
pubmed: 37894422
Gilbert JA, Blaser MJ, Caporaso JG, Jansson JK, Lynch SV, Knight R (2018) Current understanding of the human microbiome. Nat Med 24:392–400. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.4517
doi: 10.1038/nm.4517
pubmed: 29634682
pmcid: 7043356
Goetze TO (2015) Gallbladder carcinoma: prognostic factors and therapeutic options. World J Gastroenterol 21:12211–12217. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v21.i43.12211
doi: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i43.12211
pubmed: 26604631
pmcid: 4649107
Goetze T, Paolucci V (2006) Does laparoscopy worsen the prognosis for incidental gallbladder cancer? Surg Endosc 20:286–293
doi: 10.1007/s00464-005-0121-x
pubmed: 16362480
Goyal L et al (2020) Phase I and biomarker study of the Wnt pathway modulator DKN-01 in combination with gemcitabine/cisplatin in advanced biliary tract cancer. Clin Cancer Res 26:6158–6167. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-20-1310
doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-20-1310
pubmed: 32878766
Grivennikov SI, Greten FR, Karin M (2010) Immunity, inflammation, and cancer. Cell 140:883–899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.025
doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.025
pubmed: 20303878
pmcid: 2866629
Guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of gallbladder carcinoma (2019 edition) (2020) Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 58:243–251 https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112139-20200106-00014
Guo L, Zhang J, Liu X, Liu H, Zhang Y, Liu J (2022) Successful treatment of metastatic gallbladder carcinoma with PD-L1 expression by the combination of PD-1 inhibitor plus bevacizumab with chemotherapy: a case report. Onco Targets Ther 15:629–636. https://doi.org/10.2147/OTT.S346635
doi: 10.2147/OTT.S346635
pubmed: 35698606
pmcid: 9188372
Guven DC, Erul E, Kaygusuz Y, Akagunduz B, Kilickap S, De Luca R, Rizzo A (2023) Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related hearing loss: a systematic review and analysis of individual patient data. Support Care Cancer 31:624. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-08083-w
doi: 10.1007/s00520-023-08083-w
pubmed: 37819422
Gyawali S, Pokhrel B, Sharma D, Bhatta NC, Kandel BP, Lakhey PJ (2023) Adenosquamous carcinoma of gallbladder with unusual prognosis: a case report. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc 61:76–79. https://doi.org/10.31729/jnma.7923
doi: 10.31729/jnma.7923
pubmed: 37203927
pmcid: 10089038
He S, Yu T, Khadaroo PA, Cai L, Chu Y, Wei F, Liang X (2020) A comparison between the prognosis of simultaneous and salvage radical resection in incidental gallbladder. Cancer Cancer Manag Res 12:13469–13478. https://doi.org/10.2147/CMAR.S286292
doi: 10.2147/CMAR.S286292
pubmed: 33408519
He X et al (2024) Correction to: increased co-expression of PD1 and TIM3 is associated with poor prognosis and immune microenvironment heterogeneity in gallbladder cancer. J Transl Med 22:118. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-024-04905-5
doi: 10.1186/s12967-024-04905-5
pubmed: 38291534
pmcid: 10825974
Herrera M et al (2013) Cancer-associated fibroblast and M2 macrophage markers together predict outcome in colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Sci 104:437–444. https://doi.org/10.1111/cas.12096
doi: 10.1111/cas.12096
pubmed: 23298232
pmcid: 7657228
Jacobi CA, Sabat R, Böhm B, Zieren HU, Volk HD, Müller JM (1997) Pneumoperitoneum with carbon dioxide stimulates growth of malignant colonic cells. Surgery 121:72–78
doi: 10.1016/S0039-6060(97)90185-9
pubmed: 9001554
Jiang L, Liu M, Cai X, Xie L, She F, Chen Y (2018) Serum vascular endothelial growth factor-C levels predict lymph node metastasis and prognosis of patients with gallbladder cancer. Oncol Lett 16:6065–6070. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.9358
doi: 10.3892/ol.2018.9358
pubmed: 30344750
pmcid: 6176360
Jin K et al (2014) miR-34 is associated with poor prognosis of patients with gallbladder cancer through regulating telomere length in tumor stem cells. Tumour Biol 35:1503–1510
doi: 10.1007/s13277-013-1207-z
pubmed: 24078448
Johansson A-C et al (2012) Cancer-associated fibroblasts induce matrix metalloproteinase-mediated cetuximab resistance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells. Mol Cancer Res 10:1158–1168
doi: 10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-12-0030
pubmed: 22809838
Jung W, Jang J-Y, Kang MJ, Chang YR, Shin YC, Chang J, Kim S-W (2016) Effects of surgical methods and tumor location on survival and recurrence patterns after curative resection in patients with T2 gallbladder cancer. Gut Liver 10:140–146. https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl15080
doi: 10.5009/gnl15080
pubmed: 26347513
pmcid: 4694746
Kai K et al (2013) Mitotic count reflects prognosis of gallbladder cancer particularly among patients with T3 tumor. Mol Clin Oncol 1:633–638
doi: 10.3892/mco.2013.121
pubmed: 24649220
pmcid: 3915657
Kamada N, Seo S-U, Chen GY, Núñez G (2013) Role of the gut microbiota in immunity and inflammatory disease. Nat Rev Immunol 13:321–335. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3430
doi: 10.1038/nri3430
pubmed: 23618829
Kawahara R et al (2017) Evaluation of surgical procedures for T2 gallbladder cancer in terms of recurrence and prognosis. Kurume Med J 63:15–22. https://doi.org/10.2739/kurumemedj.MS65005
doi: 10.2739/kurumemedj.MS65005
pubmed: 28331137
Kihara Y, Yokomizo H, Murotani K (2023) Impact of acute cholecystitis comorbidity on prognosis after surgery for gallbladder cancer: a propensity score analysis. World J Surg Oncol 21:109. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12957-023-03001-0
doi: 10.1186/s12957-023-03001-0
pubmed: 36973745
pmcid: 10045850
Kim JH et al (2008) Gene expression profiles in gallbladder cancer: the close genetic similarity seen for early and advanced gallbladder cancers may explain the poor prognosis. Tumour Biol 29:41–49. https://doi.org/10.1159/000132570
doi: 10.1159/000132570
pubmed: 18497548
Kim H et al (2010) Strong cytoplasmic expression of COX2 at the invasive fronts of gallbladder cancer is associated with a poor prognosis. J Clin Pathol 63:1048–1053. https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.2010.080713
doi: 10.1136/jcp.2010.080713
pubmed: 20924037
Kim RD et al (2020a) Randomised phase II trial (SWOG S1310) of single agent MEK inhibitor trametinib Versus 5-fluorouracil or capecitabine in refractory advanced biliary cancer. Eur J Cancer 130:219–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2020.01.026
doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.01.026
pubmed: 32234665
pmcid: 7539324
Kim RD et al (2020b) A multi-institutional phase 2 trial of regorafenib in refractory advanced biliary tract cancer. Cancer 126:3464–3470. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.32964
doi: 10.1002/cncr.32964
pubmed: 32453456
Kim JY, Sung Y-N, Hong S-M (2021a) High YAP and TEAD4 immunolabelings are associated with poor prognosis in patients with gallbladder cancer. APMIS 129:729–742. https://doi.org/10.1111/apm.13186
doi: 10.1111/apm.13186
pubmed: 34779030
Kim M, Kim H, Han Y, Sohn H, Kang JS, Kwon W, Jang J-Y (2021b) Prognostic value of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 19–9 (CA 19–9) in gallbladder cancer; 65 IU/mL of CA 19–9 Is the new cut-off value for prognosis. Cancers (Basel). https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13051089
doi: 10.3390/cancers13051089
pubmed: 35008370
pmcid: 8705129
Kim Y, Jee S, Kim H, Paik SS, Choi D, Yoo SH, Shin S-J (2024) EGFR, HER2, and MET gene amplification and protein expression profiles in biliary tract cancer and their prognostic significance. Oncologist 29:e1051–e1060. https://doi.org/10.1093/oncolo/oyae076
doi: 10.1093/oncolo/oyae076
pubmed: 38709907
pmcid: 11299936
Kirishima M et al (2022) Gallbladder microbiota composition is associated with pancreaticobiliary and gallbladder cancer prognosis. BMC Microbiol 22:147. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-022-02557-3
doi: 10.1186/s12866-022-02557-3
pubmed: 35624429
pmcid: 9137208
Kitamoto S et al (2020) The intermucosal connection between the mouth and gut in commensal pathobiont-driven colitis. Cell. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.048
doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.048
pubmed: 32758418
pmcid: 7414097
Klein O et al (2020) Evaluation of combination nivolumab and ipilimumab immunotherapy in patients with advanced biliary tract cancers: subgroup analysis of a phase 2 nonrandomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol 6:1405–1409. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.2814
doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.2814
pubmed: 32729929
pmcid: 7393585
Kong W, Zhang L, An R, Yang M, Wang H (2021) Diagnostic value of serum D-dimer for detection of gallbladder carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 13:2549–2556. https://doi.org/10.2147/CMAR.S272116
doi: 10.2147/CMAR.S272116
pubmed: 33762846
pmcid: 7982561
Lee H et al (2015) Surgical strategy for T2 gallbladder cancer according to tumor location. Ann Surg Oncol 22:2779–2786. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-014-4300-7
doi: 10.1245/s10434-014-4300-7
pubmed: 25519930
Lee W et al (2017) Do hepatic-sided tumors require more extensive resection than peritoneal-sided tumors in patients with T2 gallbladder cancer? Results of a retrospective multicenter study. Surgery 162:515–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2017.05.004
doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2017.05.004
pubmed: 28629653
Lee EC, Park S-J, Lee SD, Han S-S, Kim SH (2020) Effects of sarcopenia on prognosis after resection of gallbladder cancer. J Gastrointest Surg 24:1082–1091. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-019-04198-w
doi: 10.1007/s11605-019-04198-w
pubmed: 31228082
Lee S et al (2022) Phase II study of ramucirumab in advanced biliary tract cancer previously treated by gemcitabine-based chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 28:2229–2236. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-21-3548
doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-21-3548
pubmed: 35312753
Lee C-K et al (2023) Trastuzumab plus FOLFOX for HER2-positive biliary tract cancer refractory to gemcitabine and cisplatin: a multi-institutional phase 2 trial of the Korean cancer study group (KCSG-HB19-14). Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 8:56–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00335-1
doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00335-1
pubmed: 36328033
Li J et al (2014) PKM2 and ACVR 1C are prognostic markers for poor prognosis of gallbladder cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 16:200–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12094-013-1063-8
doi: 10.1007/s12094-013-1063-8
pubmed: 23793810
Li JM, Shao JL, Zeng WJ, Liang RB (2015) General/epidural anesthesia in combination preserves NK cell activity and affects cytokine response in cervical carcinoma patients undergoing radical resection: a cohort prospective study. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 36:703–707
pubmed: 26775356
Li J, Miao Y, Wang Y, Chen P, Lan J, Wu H (2020) Advanced primary squamous cell carcinoma of gallbladder and potential predictive biomarkers for prognosis. J Int Med Res 48:300060520946558. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060520946558
doi: 10.1177/0300060520946558
pubmed: 32790516
Lian SX et al (2015) Lysine-specific demethylase 1 promotes tumorigenesis and predicts prognosis in gallbladder cancer. Oncotarget 6:33065–33076. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.5279
doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.5279
pubmed: 26460616
pmcid: 4741749
Liu F, Li F-Y (2020) Role of tumour location and surgical extent on prognosis in T2 gallbladder cancer: an international multicentre study. Br J Surg 107:e632. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.11938
doi: 10.1002/bjs.11938
pubmed: 32955123
Liu G-J, Li X-H, Chen Y-X, Sun H-D, Zhao G-M, Hu S-Y (2013) Radical lymph node dissection and assessment: impact on gallbladder cancer prognosis. World J Gastroenterol 19:5150–5158. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v19.i31.5150
doi: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i31.5150
pubmed: 23964151
pmcid: 3746389
Liu Q-Q, Lin H-M, Han H-W, Yang C-N, Liu C, Zhang R (2022) Complete response to combined chemotherapy and anti-PD-1 therapy for recurrent gallbladder carcinosarcoma: a case report and literature review. Front Oncol 12:803454. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2022.803454
doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.803454
pubmed: 35372010
pmcid: 8967174
Liu F, Huang Q, Lin Y-X, Li F-Y (2024a) Re-operation for incidental gallbladder carcinoma: when is the optimal time interval? Asian J Surg 47:1246–1247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asjsur.2023.11.051
doi: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2023.11.051
pubmed: 38036353
Liu F, Miao W, Nan J, Shi Z, Zhang A, Bo Y, Xu J (2024b) Clinical diagnosis and treatment of 37 cases of gallbladder neuroendocrine carcinoma. World J Surg Oncol 22:157. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12957-024-03436-z
doi: 10.1186/s12957-024-03436-z
pubmed: 38877554
pmcid: 11177431
Liu F, Wang J-K, Ma W-J, Hu H-J, Jin Y-W, Li F-Y (2024c) Prognostic value of combined preoperative inflammatory marker neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and platelet distribution width in patients with gallbladder carcinoma Langenbecks. Arch Surg 409:51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00423-024-03247-6
doi: 10.1007/s00423-024-03247-6
Lu W et al (2015) Down-regulated phosphoglycerate kinase 1 expression is associated with poor prognosis in patients with gallbladder cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 94:e2244. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000002244
doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000002244
pubmed: 26656369
Lv T-R, Liu F, Jin Y-W, Li F-Y (2023) Comparative analyses between radically re-resected incidental gallbladder carcinoma and primary radically resected gallbladder carcinoma: a single-center experience in China. Langenbecks Arch Surg 409:2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00423-023-03199-3
doi: 10.1007/s00423-023-03199-3
pubmed: 38087066
Ma F, Wang S-H, Cai Q, Zhang M-D, Yang Y, Ding J (2016) Overexpression of LncRNA AFAP1-AS1 predicts poor prognosis and promotes cells proliferation and invasion in gallbladder cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 84:1249–1255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.064
doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.064
pubmed: 27810781
Ma Q et al (2023) EMP3 as a key downstream target of miR-663a regulation interferes with MAPK/ERK signaling pathway to inhibit gallbladder cancer progression. Cancer Lett 575:216398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216398
doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216398
pubmed: 37730106
Meng F-X, Zhang J-X, Guo Y-R, Wang L-J, Zhang H-Z, Shao W-H, Xu J (2023) Contrast-enhanced CT-based deep learning radiomics nomogram for the survival prediction in gallbladder cancer postoperative. Acad Radiol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2023.11.027
doi: 10.1016/j.acra.2023.11.027
pubmed: 38061942
Micke P, Ostman A (2004) Tumour-stroma interaction: cancer-associated fibroblasts as novel targets in anti-cancer therapy? Lung Cancer 45(Suppl 2):S163–S175
doi: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2004.07.977
pubmed: 15552797
Moehler M et al (2014) Gemcitabine plus sorafenib versus gemcitabine alone in advanced biliary tract cancer: a double-blind placebo-controlled multicentre phase II AIO study with biomarker and serum programme. Eur J Cancer 50:3125–3135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2014.09.013
doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2014.09.013
pubmed: 25446376
Molinero N et al (2019) The human gallbladder microbiome is related to the physiological state and the biliary metabolic profile. Microbiome 7:100. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-019-0712-8
doi: 10.1186/s40168-019-0712-8
pubmed: 31272480
pmcid: 6610825
Nag HH, Nekarakanti PK, Sachan A, Nabi P, Tyagi S (2021) Bi-segmentectomy versus wedge hepatic resection in extended cholecystectomy for T2 and T3 gallbladder cancer: a matched case-control study. Ann Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 25:485–491. https://doi.org/10.14701/ahbps.2021.25.4.485
doi: 10.14701/ahbps.2021.25.4.485
pubmed: 34845120
pmcid: 8639314
Nasu Y et al (2012) The prognosis after curative resection of gallbladder cancer with hilar invasion is similar to that of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 19:274–280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00534-011-0439-9
doi: 10.1007/s00534-011-0439-9
pubmed: 21879321
Nigam J, Chandra A, Kazmi HR, Singh A, Gupta V, Parmar D, Srivastava MK (2014) Expression of serum survivin protein in diagnosis and prognosis of gallbladder cancer: a comparative study. Med Oncol 31:167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12032-014-0167-5
doi: 10.1007/s12032-014-0167-5
pubmed: 25129311
Nooijen LE, Gustafsson-Liljefors M, Erdmann JI, D’Souza MA, Gilg S, Villard C, Jansson H (2023) Gallbladder cancer mimicking perihilar cholangiocarcinoma-considerable rate of postoperative reclassification with implications for prognosis. World J Surg Oncol 21:286. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12957-023-03171-x
doi: 10.1186/s12957-023-03171-x
pubmed: 37697321
pmcid: 10494342
Pan M-S, Wang H, Ansari KH, Li X-P, Sun W, Fan Y-Z (2020) Gallbladder cancer-associated fibroblasts promote vasculogenic mimicry formation and tumor growth in gallbladder cancer via upregulating the expression of NOX4, a poor prognosis factor, through IL-6-JAK-STAT3 signal pathway. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 39:234. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13046-020-01742-4
doi: 10.1186/s13046-020-01742-4
pubmed: 33153467
pmcid: 7643415
Pandit N, Neupane D, Nalbo D, Bhattarai S, Deo KB, Jaiswal LS, Adhikary S (2023) Resectability and prognosis of gallbladder cancer: a cross-sectional study of 100 cases from a tertiary care centre of Eastern Nepal. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 85:1755–1760. https://doi.org/10.1097/MS9.0000000000000699
doi: 10.1097/MS9.0000000000000699
pubmed: 37229089
Pazaitou-Panayiotou K et al (2013) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuropeptides and receptor in human breast cancer: correlation to poor prognosis parameters. Peptides 42:15–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2012.12.016
doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.12.016
pubmed: 23287110
Pedersen BK, Febbraio MA (2012) Muscles, exercise and obesity: skeletal muscle as a secretory organ. Nat Rev Endocrinol 8:457–465. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2012.49
doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2012.49
pubmed: 22473333
Pehlivanoglu B et al (2023) Reappraisal of T1b gallbladder cancer (GBC): clinicopathologic analysis of 473 in situ and invasive GBCs and critical review of the literature highlights its rarity, and that it has a very good prognosis. Virchows Arch 482:311–323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-022-03482-6
doi: 10.1007/s00428-022-03482-6
pubmed: 36580138
Pilgrim CHC, Groeschl RT, Turaga KK, Gamblin TC (2013) Key factors influencing prognosis in relation to gallbladder cancer. Dig Dis Sci 58:2455–2462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-013-2713-y
doi: 10.1007/s10620-013-2713-y
pubmed: 23695876
Qu K et al (2012) Prognosis and management for gallbladder cancer with hepatic invasion: long-term results of 139 patients from a single center in China. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 13:1015–1018
doi: 10.7314/APJCP.2012.13.3.1015
pubmed: 22631630
Quail DF, Joyce JA (2013) Microenvironmental regulation of tumor progression and metastasis. Nat Med 19:1423–1437. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.3394
doi: 10.1038/nm.3394
pubmed: 24202395
pmcid: 3954707
Reisinger KW et al (2015) Functional compromise reflected by sarcopenia, frailty, and nutritional depletion predicts adverse postoperative outcome after colorectal cancer surgery. Ann Surg 261:345–352. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000000628
doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000000628
pubmed: 24651133
Ricci AD, Rizzo A, Brandi G (2020) Immunotherapy in biliary tract cancer: worthy of a second look. Cancer Control 27:1073274820948047. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073274820948047
doi: 10.1177/1073274820948047
pubmed: 32806956
pmcid: 7791443
Rizzo A et al (2021) Peripheral neuropathy and headache in cancer patients treated with immunotherapy and immuno-oncology combinations: the MOUSEION-02 study. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 17:1455–1466. https://doi.org/10.1080/17425255.2021.2029405
doi: 10.1080/17425255.2021.2029405
pubmed: 35029519
Rizzo A et al (2023) Hypertransaminasemia in cancer patients receiving immunotherapy and immune-based combinations: the MOUSEION-05 study. Cancer Immunol Immunother 72:1381–1394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-023-03366-x
doi: 10.1007/s00262-023-03366-x
pubmed: 36695827
pmcid: 10991194
Sahin TK, Rizzo A, Aksoy S, Guven DC (2024) Prognostic significance of the royal marsden hospital (RMH) score in patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancers (Basel). https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16101835
doi: 10.3390/cancers16101835
pubmed: 38791914
Sarli L, Contini S, Sansebastiano G, Gobbi S, Costi R, Roncoroni L (2000) Does laparoscopic cholecystectomy worsen the prognosis of unsuspected gallbladder cancer? Arch Surg 135:1340–1344
doi: 10.1001/archsurg.135.11.1340
pubmed: 11074893
Schröder K (2010) Isoform specific functions of Nox protein-derived reactive oxygen species in the vasculature. Curr Opin Pharmacol 10:122–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2010.01.002
doi: 10.1016/j.coph.2010.01.002
pubmed: 20149739
Serra N et al (2021) Human bile microbiota: a retrospective study focusing on age and gender. J Infect Public Health 14:206–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2020.11.005
doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.11.005
pubmed: 33486377
Sheth H, Limaye S, Kumar P, Shreenivas A (2023) Sustained response on sequential anti-FGFR therapy in metastatic gall bladder cancer: a case report and literature review. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 149:4915–4923. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-022-04428-w
doi: 10.1007/s00432-022-04428-w
pubmed: 36307559
Shi Z et al (2015) Correlation of HMGB1 expression to progression and poor prognosis of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell/adenosquamous carcinoma of gallbladder. Am J Transl Res 7:2015–2025
pubmed: 26692945
pmcid: 4656778
Sierzega M, Chrzan R, Wiktorowicz M, Kolodziejczyk P, Richter P (2019) Prognostic and predictive implications of sarcopenia in Western patients undergoing gastric resections for carcinoma of the stomach. J Surg Oncol 120:473–482. https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.25509
doi: 10.1002/jso.25509
pubmed: 31124178
Sinha SR, Prakash P, Singh RK, Sinha DK (2022) Assessment of tumor markers CA 19–9, CEA, CA 125, and CA 242 for the early diagnosis and prognosis prediction of gallbladder cancer. World J Gastrointest Surg 14:1272–1284. https://doi.org/10.4240/wjgs.v14.i11.1272
doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v14.i11.1272
pubmed: 36504513
pmcid: 9727569
Sun J et al (2015) ATP5b and β2-microglobulin are predictive markers for the prognosis of patients with gallbladder cancer. J Mol Histol 46:57–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10735-014-9597-9
doi: 10.1007/s10735-014-9597-9
pubmed: 25311765
Sun Y, Gong J, Li Z, Han L, Sun D (2024) Gallbladder cancer: surgical treatment, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy. Postgrad Med 136:278–291. https://doi.org/10.1080/00325481.2024.2345585
doi: 10.1080/00325481.2024.2345585
pubmed: 38635593
Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F (2021) Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: A Cancer J Clin 71:209–249. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660
doi: 10.3322/caac.21660
Suzuki K, Kimura T, Ogawa H (2000) Long-term prognosis of gallbladder cancer diagnosed after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc 14:712–716
doi: 10.1007/s004640000145
pubmed: 10954815
Tang X et al (2023) Effect of different lymph node dissection methods on the number of lymph nodes detected and prognosis in gallbladder cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 102:e34163. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000034163
doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000034163
pubmed: 37390255
Tharmalingam S, Flemming J, Richardson H, Hurlbut D, Cleary S, Nanji S (2022) Surgical practice patterns and outcomes in T2 and T3 gallbladder cancer: a population-based study. Can J Surg 65:E16–E24. https://doi.org/10.1503/cjs.019719
doi: 10.1503/cjs.019719
pubmed: 35017185
pmcid: 8759294
Voron T et al (2015) Sarcopenia impacts on short- and long-term results of hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg 261:1173–1183. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000000743
doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000000743
pubmed: 24950264
Walter S et al (2012) Multipeptide immune response to cancer vaccine IMA901 after single-dose cyclophosphamide associates with longer patient survival. Nat Med 18:1254–1261. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2883
doi: 10.1038/nm.2883
pubmed: 22842478
Wang Y-F et al (2014) Combined detection tumor markers for diagnosis and prognosis of gallbladder cancer. World J Gastroenterol 20:4085–4092. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i14.4085
doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i14.4085
pubmed: 24744600
pmcid: 3983467
Wang Q et al (2016) SHP2 and UGP2 are biomarkers for progression and poor prognosis of gallbladder cancer. Cancer Invest 34:255–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/07357907.2016.1193745
doi: 10.1080/07357907.2016.1193745
pubmed: 27389087
Wang J, Liu J, Chang Q, Yang B, Li S, Gu C (2018) The association between preoperative serum interleukin-6 levels and postoperative prognosis in patients with T2 gallbladder cancer. J Surg Oncol 117:1672–1678. https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.25085
doi: 10.1002/jso.25085
pubmed: 29723410
Wang F-T, Hassan M, Ansari KH, Xu G-L, Li X-P, Fan Y-Z (2019) Upregulated NOX1 expression in gallbladder cancer-associated fibroblasts predicts a poor prognosis. Oncol Rep 42:1475–1486. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2019.7249
doi: 10.3892/or.2019.7249
pubmed: 31364740
Wang J et al (2020a) Modified staging classification of gallbladder carcinoma on the basis of the 8th edition of the American Joint commission on cancer (AJCC) staging system. Eur J Surg Oncol 46:527–533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2019.10.015
doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2019.10.015
pubmed: 31630931
Wang J et al (2020b) Low immune index correlates with favorable prognosis but with reduced benefit from chemotherapy in gallbladder cancer. Cancer Sci 111:219–228. https://doi.org/10.1111/cas.14239
doi: 10.1111/cas.14239
pubmed: 31729088
Wang W, Huang C, Zhang L, Yu L, Liu Y, Wang P, Xia R (2024a) MST1R-targeted therapy in the battle against gallbladder cancer. Cell Biosci 14:109. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13578-024-01290-w
doi: 10.1186/s13578-024-01290-w
pubmed: 39210450
pmcid: 11363441
Wang Y, Kong Y, Yang Q, Zhong C, Zhou D, Wang W (2024b) Survival benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with resected gallbladder adenocarcinoma: an updated retrospective cohort analysis. Eur J Surg Oncol 50:108047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2024.108047
doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2024.108047
pubmed: 38401352
Wheatley RC, Kilgour E, Jacobs T, Lamarca A, Hubner RA, Valle JW, McNamara MG (2022) Potential influence of the microbiome environment in patients with biliary tract cancer and implications for therapy. Br J Cancer 126:693–705. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-021-01583-8
doi: 10.1038/s41416-021-01583-8
pubmed: 34663949
Wu X, Li B, Zheng C, Liu W, Hong T, He X (2020) Incidental gallbladder cancer after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: incidence, management, and prognosis. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 16:158–164. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajco.13308
doi: 10.1111/ajco.13308
pubmed: 32030891
pmcid: 7317500
Wu J-X, Hua R, Luo X-J, Xie F, Yao L (2023a) Effects of cytoreductive surgery combined with hyperthermic perfusion chemotherapy on prognosis of patients with advanced gallbladder cancer. World J Gastrointest Surg 15:2413–2422. https://doi.org/10.4240/wjgs.v15.i11.2413
doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v15.i11.2413
pubmed: 38111760
pmcid: 10725543
Wu Z et al (2023b) APEX1 predicts poor prognosis of gallbladder cancer and affects biological properties of CD133+ GBC-SD cells via upregulating Jagged1. J Cancer 14:1443–1457. https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.83356
doi: 10.7150/jca.83356
pubmed: 37283798
pmcid: 10240672
Wullstein C, Woeste G, Barkhausen S, Gross E, Hopt UT (2002) Do complications related to laparoscopic cholecystectomy influence the prognosis of gallbladder cancer? Surg Endosc 16:828–832
doi: 10.1007/s00464-001-9085-7
pubmed: 11997831
Xiao Z et al (2019) A new nomogram from the SEER database for predicting the prognosis of gallbladder cancer patients after surgery. Ann Transl Med 7:738. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm.2019.11.112
doi: 10.21037/atm.2019.11.112
pubmed: 32042754
pmcid: 6989982
Xu X-S, Miao R-C, Zhang L-Q, Wang R-T, Qu K, Pang Q, Liu C (2015) Model based on alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyltransferase for gallbladder cancer prognosis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 16:6255–6259
doi: 10.7314/APJCP.2015.16.15.6255
pubmed: 26434825
Yadav A, Gupta A, Rastogi N, Agrawal S, Kumar A, Kumar V, Mittal B (2016) Association of cancer stem cell markers genetic variants with gallbladder cancer susceptibility, prognosis, and survival. Tumour Biol 37:1835–1844. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-015-3929-6
doi: 10.1007/s13277-015-3929-6
pubmed: 26318430
Yadav S, Chandra A, Kumar A, Mittal B (2018) Association of TERT-CLPTM1L and 8q24 Common genetic variants with gallbladder cancer susceptibility and prognosis in north Indian population. Biochem Genet 56:267–282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10528-018-9843-z
doi: 10.1007/s10528-018-9843-z
pubmed: 29450669
Yang Z-l et al (2013) Positive ALDH1A3 and negative GPX3 expressions are biomarkers for poor prognosis of gallbladder cancer. Dis Markers 35:163–172. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/187043
doi: 10.1155/2013/187043
pubmed: 24167362
pmcid: 3774968
Yang G, Lu Z, Meng F, Wan Y, Zhang L, Xu Q, Wang Z (2022) Circulating miR-141 as a potential biomarker for diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic targets in gallbladder cancer. Sci Rep 12:10072
doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-13430-8
pubmed: 35710767
pmcid: 9203542
Yang J, Lv L, Zhao F, Mei X, Zhou H, Yu F (2023) The value of the preoperative Naples prognostic score in predicting prognosis in gallbladder cancer surgery patients. World J Surg Oncol 21:303. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12957-023-03198-0
doi: 10.1186/s12957-023-03198-0
pubmed: 37743468
pmcid: 10519127
Yu L-H, Yuan B, Fu X-H, Yu W-L, Liu J, Zhang Y-J (2019) Does anatomic resection get more benefits than wedge hepatectomy on the prognosis for pT3 unsuspected gallbladder cancer? J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 29:1414–1418. https://doi.org/10.1089/lap.2018.0690
doi: 10.1089/lap.2018.0690
pubmed: 31403381
pmcid: 6856943
Zen M et al (2010) Hormones, immune response, and pregnancy in healthy women and SLE patients. Swiss Med Wkly 140:187–201
pubmed: 20175004
Zeng H et al (2015) Cancer survival in China, 2003–2005: a population-based study. Int J Cancer 136:1921–1930. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29227
doi: 10.1002/ijc.29227
pubmed: 25242378
Zhang Y, Jiang C, Li J, Sun J, Qu X (2015) Prognostic significance of preoperative neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and platelet/lymphocyte ratio in patients with gallbladder carcinoma. Clin Transl Oncol 17:810–818. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12094-015-1310-2
doi: 10.1007/s12094-015-1310-2
pubmed: 26077119
Zhang W, Hong HJ, Chen Y-L (2018) Establishment of a gallbladder cancer-specific survival model to predict prognosis in non-metastatic gallbladder cancer patients after surgical resection. Dig Dis Sci 63:2251–2258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-018-5103-7
doi: 10.1007/s10620-018-5103-7
pubmed: 29736837
Zhang D et al (2019) Pilot study of the relationship between clinical classification of gallbladder cancer and prognosis: a retrospective multicenter clinical study. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 57:258–264. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0529-5815.2019.04.004
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0529-5815.2019.04.004
pubmed: 30929370
Zhang Y et al (2023) Case report: preliminary response to tislelizumab plus S-1 in patients with metastatic gallbladder carcinoma: a report of five cases and a literature review. Front Immunol 14:1144371. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1144371
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1144371
pubmed: 37020545
pmcid: 10067585
Zhang S, Nie J, Tai S, Zheng T (2023) PD-L1 inhibitor plus gemcitabine and cisplatin therapy followed by conversion surgery for initially unresectable advanced gallbladder cancer. BMJ Case Rep. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2023-255403
doi: 10.1136/bcr-2023-255403
pubmed: 38154872
Zhao J, Mo H (2015) The impact of different anesthesia methods on stress reaction and immune function of the patients with gastric cancer during peri-operative period. J Med Assoc Thai 98:568–573
pubmed: 26219161
Zheng C et al (2022) Nomogram based on intramuscular adipose tissue content for predicting the prognosis of patients with gallbladder cancer after radical resection. Transl Cancer Res 11:1898–1908. https://doi.org/10.21037/tcr-22-123
doi: 10.21037/tcr-22-123
pubmed: 35966285
pmcid: 9372254
Zhou N, Cheng W, Peng C, Liu Y, Jiang B (2017) Decreased expression of hsa-miR-372 predicts poor prognosis in patients with gallbladder cancer by affecting chloride intracellular channel 1. Mol Med Rep 16:7848–7854. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.7520
doi: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7520
pubmed: 28944858
Zhou Y, Chen S, Wu Y, Li L, Lou Q, Chen Y, Xu S (2023) Multi-clinical index classifier combined with AI algorithm model to predict the prognosis of gallbladder cancer Front. Oncol 13:1171837. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2023.1171837
doi: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1171837
Zhu J, Zhang X-R, Yang H (2017) Effects of combined epidural and general anesthesia on intraoperative hemodynamic responses, postoperative cellular immunity, and prognosis in patients with gallbladder cancer: a randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 96:e6137. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000006137
doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000006137
pubmed: 28272202
Zhu D, Gu X, Lin Z, Yu D, Wang J (2021) High expression of PSMC2 promotes gallbladder cancer through regulation of GNG4 and predicts poor prognosis. Oncogenesis 10:43. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41389-021-00330-1
doi: 10.1038/s41389-021-00330-1
pubmed: 34016944
pmcid: 8138011
Zhu Y et al (2023) Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy vs chemotherapy for resectable biliary tract cancer: a propensity score matching analysis based on the SEER database. Eur J Med Res 28:310. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-023-01299-w
doi: 10.1186/s40001-023-01299-w
pubmed: 37658421
pmcid: 10472568
Zitvogel L, Ma Y, Raoult D, Kroemer G, Gajewski TF (2018) The microbiome in cancer immunotherapy: diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies. Science 359:1366–1370. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar6918
doi: 10.1126/science.aar6918
pubmed: 29567708