Screen time and mental health: a prospective analysis of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.
ADHD
Adolescents
Anxiety
Conduct disorder
Depression
Digital media
Digital technology
Oppositional defiant disorder
Screen time
Social media
Somatic
Television
Video games
Journal
BMC public health
ISSN: 1471-2458
Titre abrégé: BMC Public Health
Pays: England
ID NLM: 100968562
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
07 Oct 2024
07 Oct 2024
Historique:
received:
21
07
2023
accepted:
16
09
2024
medline:
7
10
2024
pubmed:
7
10
2024
entrez:
6
10
2024
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Despite the ubiquity of adolescent screen use, there are limited longitudinal studies that examine the prospective relationships between screen time and child behavioral problems in a large, diverse nationwide sample of adolescents in the United States, which was the objective of the current study. We analyzed cohort data of 9,538 adolescents (9-10 years at baseline in 2016-2018) with two years of follow-up from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. We used mixed-effects models to analyze associations between baseline self-reported screen time and parent-reported mental health symptoms using the Child Behavior Checklist, with random effects adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, household income, parent education, and study site. We tested for effect modification by sex and race/ethnicity. The sample was 48.8% female and racially/ethnically diverse (47.6% racial/ethnic minority). Higher total screen time was associated with all mental health symptoms in adjusted models, and the association was strongest for depressive (B = 0.10, 95% CI 0.06, 0.13, p < 0.001), conduct (B = 0.07, 95% CI 0.03, 0.10, p < 0.001), somatic (B = 0.06, 95% CI 0.01, 0.11, p = 0.026), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms (B = 0.06, 95% CI 0.01, 0.10, p = 0.013). The specific screen types with the greatest associations with depressive symptoms included video chat, texting, videos, and video games. The association between screen time and depressive, attention-deficit/hyperactivity, and oppositional defiant symptoms was stronger among White compared to Black adolescents. The association between screen time and depressive symptoms was stronger among White compared to Asian adolescents. Screen time is prospectively associated with a range of mental health symptoms, especially depressive symptoms, though effect sizes are small. Video chat, texting, videos, and video games were the screen types with the greatest associations with depressive symptoms. Future research should examine potential mechanisms linking screen use with child behavior problems.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
Despite the ubiquity of adolescent screen use, there are limited longitudinal studies that examine the prospective relationships between screen time and child behavioral problems in a large, diverse nationwide sample of adolescents in the United States, which was the objective of the current study.
METHODS
METHODS
We analyzed cohort data of 9,538 adolescents (9-10 years at baseline in 2016-2018) with two years of follow-up from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. We used mixed-effects models to analyze associations between baseline self-reported screen time and parent-reported mental health symptoms using the Child Behavior Checklist, with random effects adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, household income, parent education, and study site. We tested for effect modification by sex and race/ethnicity.
RESULTS
RESULTS
The sample was 48.8% female and racially/ethnically diverse (47.6% racial/ethnic minority). Higher total screen time was associated with all mental health symptoms in adjusted models, and the association was strongest for depressive (B = 0.10, 95% CI 0.06, 0.13, p < 0.001), conduct (B = 0.07, 95% CI 0.03, 0.10, p < 0.001), somatic (B = 0.06, 95% CI 0.01, 0.11, p = 0.026), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms (B = 0.06, 95% CI 0.01, 0.10, p = 0.013). The specific screen types with the greatest associations with depressive symptoms included video chat, texting, videos, and video games. The association between screen time and depressive, attention-deficit/hyperactivity, and oppositional defiant symptoms was stronger among White compared to Black adolescents. The association between screen time and depressive symptoms was stronger among White compared to Asian adolescents.
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS
Screen time is prospectively associated with a range of mental health symptoms, especially depressive symptoms, though effect sizes are small. Video chat, texting, videos, and video games were the screen types with the greatest associations with depressive symptoms. Future research should examine potential mechanisms linking screen use with child behavior problems.
Identifiants
pubmed: 39370520
doi: 10.1186/s12889-024-20102-x
pii: 10.1186/s12889-024-20102-x
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
2686Subventions
Organisme : NIH HHS
ID : K08HL159350
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIH HHS
ID : R01MH135492
Pays : United States
Organisme : Doris Duke Charitable Foundation
ID : 2022056
Pays : United States
Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
Erskine HE, Moffitt TE, Copeland WE, Costello EJ, Ferrari AJ, Patton G, et al. A heavy burden on young minds: the global burden of mental and substance use disorders in children and youth. Psychol Med. 2015;45:1551–63.
pubmed: 25534496
doi: 10.1017/S0033291714002888
Curtin S, Heron M. Death rates due to suicide and homicide among persons aged 10–24: United States, 2000–2017. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2019.
Curtin S. State suicide rates among adolescents and young adults aged 10–24: United States 2000–2018. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2020.
Colder CR, Frndak S, Lengua LJ, Read JP, Hawk LW, Wieczorek WF. Internalizing and externalizing problem behavior: a test of a latent variable interaction predicting a two-part growth model of adolescent substance use. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2018;46:319–30.
pubmed: 28229368
pmcid: 5568518
doi: 10.1007/s10802-017-0277-6
Otto C, Reiss F, Voss C, Wüstner A, Meyrose A-K, Hölling H, et al. Mental health and well-being from childhood to adulthood: design, methods and results of the 11-year follow-up of the BELLA study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2021;30:1559–77.
pubmed: 32918625
doi: 10.1007/s00787-020-01630-4
Schlack R, Peerenboom N, Neuperdt L, Junker S, Beyer A-K. The effects of mental health problems in childhood and adolescence in young adults: results of the KiGGS cohort. J Health Monit. 2021;6:3–19.
pubmed: 35146318
pmcid: 8734087
Rock PL, Roiser JP, Riedel WJ, Blackwell AD. Cognitive impairment in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2014;44:2029–40.
pubmed: 24168753
doi: 10.1017/S0033291713002535
Solmi M, Radua J, Olivola M, Croce E, Soardo L, Salazar de Pablo G, et al. Age at onset of mental disorders worldwide: large-scale meta-analysis of 192 epidemiological studies. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27:281–95.
pubmed: 34079068
doi: 10.1038/s41380-021-01161-7
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth Risk Behavior Survey Data Summary & Trends Report: 2011–2021. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention Division of Adolescent and School Health; 2023.
Merikangas KR, Nakamura EF, Kessler RC. Epidemiology of mental disorders in children and adolescents. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2009;11:7–20.
pubmed: 19432384
pmcid: 2807642
doi: 10.31887/DCNS.2009.11.1/krmerikangas
Santos RMS, Mendes CG, Sen Bressani GY, de Alcantara Ventura S, de Almeida Nogueira YJ, de Miranda DM, et al. The associations between screen time and mental health in adolescents: a systematic review. BMC Psychol. 2023;11:127.
pubmed: 37081557
pmcid: 10117262
doi: 10.1186/s40359-023-01166-7
Tang S, Werner-Seidler A, Torok M, Mackinnon AJ, Christensen H. The relationship between screen time and mental health in young people: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. Clin Psychol Rev. 2021;86:102021.
pubmed: 33798997
doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102021
Oswald TK, Rumbold AR, Kedzior SGE, Moore VM. Psychological impacts of screen time and green time for children and adolescents: a systematic scoping review. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:e0237725.
pubmed: 32886665
pmcid: 7473739
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237725
Rideout V, Peebles A, Mann S, Robb M. The Common Sense Census: media use by tweens and teens 2021. San Francisco: Common Sense; 2022.
Madigan S, Eirich R, Pador P, McArthur BA, Neville RD. Assessment of changes in child and adolescent screen time during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2022;176:1188.
pubmed: 36342702
pmcid: 9641597
doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.4116
Nagata JM, Cortez CA, Cattle CJ, Ganson KT, Iyer P, Bibbins-Domingo K, et al. Screen time use among U.S. adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. JAMA Pediatr. 2022;176:94–6.
pubmed: 34724543
doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.4334
Herman KM, Hopman WM, Sabiston CM. Physical activity, screen time and self-rated health and mental health in Canadian adolescents. Prev Med. 2015;73:112–6.
pubmed: 25660484
doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.01.030
Maras D, Flament MF, Murray M, Buchholz A, Henderson KA, Obeid N, et al. Screen time is associated with depression and anxiety in Canadian youth. Prev Med. 2015;73:133–8.
pubmed: 25657166
doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.01.029
Twenge JM, Joiner TE, Rogers ML, Martin GN, Corrigendum. Increases in depressive symptoms, suicide-related outcomes, and suicide rates among U.S. adolescents after 2010 and links to increased new media screen time. Clin Psychol Sci. 2019;7:397.
doi: 10.1177/2167702618824060
Odgers CL, Schueller SM, Ito M. Screen time, social media use, and adolescent development. Annu Rev Dev Psychol. 2020;2:485–502.
doi: 10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-084815
Chen Y-Y, Yim H, Lee T-H. Negative impact of daily screen use on inhibitory control network in preadolescence: a two-year follow-up study. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2023;60:101218.
pubmed: 36821878
pmcid: 9933860
doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101218
Lewin KM, Meshi D, Aladé F, Lescht E, Herring C, Devaraju DS et al. Children’s screentime is associated with reduced brain activation during an inhibitory control task: a pilot EEG study. Front Cogn. 2023;2.
Shannon H, Bush K, Villeneuve PJ, Hellemans KG, Guimond S. Problematic social media use in adolescents and young adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. JMIR Ment Health. 2022;9:e33450.
pubmed: 35436240
pmcid: 9052033
doi: 10.2196/33450
Xu KY, Tedrick T, Gold JA. Screen use and social media addiction in the era of TikTok: what generalists should know. Mo Med. 2023;120:440–5.
pubmed: 38144925
pmcid: 10743327
Browne D, Thompson DA, Madigan S. Digital media use in children: clinical vs scientific responsibilities. JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174:111–2.
pubmed: 31790548
doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.4559
Plackett R, Blyth A, Schartau P. The impact of social media use interventions on mental well-being: systematic review. J Med Internet Res. 2023;25:e44922.
pubmed: 37565693
pmcid: 10457695
doi: 10.2196/44922
Radtke T, Apel T, Schenkel K, Keller J, von Lindern E. Digital detox: an effective solution in the smartphone era? A systematic literature review. Mob Media Commun. 2022;10:190–215.
doi: 10.1177/20501579211028647
Pedersen J, Rasmussen MGB, Sørensen SO, Mortensen SR, Olesen LG, Brage S, et al. Effects of limiting digital screen use on well-being, mood, and biomarkers of stress in adults. Npj Ment Health Res. 2022;1:1–10.
pubmed: 38609539
pmcid: 10938857
doi: 10.1038/s44184-022-00015-6
Thai H, Davis CG, Stewart N, Gunnell KE, Goldfield GS. The effects of reducing social media use on body esteem among transitional-aged youth. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2021;40:481–507.
doi: 10.1521/jscp.2021.40.6.481
Warnick EM, Bracken MB, Kasl S. Screening efficiency of the Child Behavior Checklist and Strengths and Difficulties questionnaire: a systematic review. Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2008;13:140–7.
pubmed: 32847173
doi: 10.1111/j.1475-3588.2007.00461.x
Achenback TM, Rescorla LA. Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles. In: Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Research Centre for Children, Youth and Families. p. 80.
Achenbach TM, Dumenci L, Rescorla LA. DSM-oriented and empirically based approaches to constructing scales from the same item pools. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol off J Soc Clin Child Adolesc Psychol Am Psychol Assoc Div. 2003;53:32:328–40.
Bellina M, Brambilla P, Garzitto M, Negri GAL, Molteni M, Nobile M. The ability of CBCL DSM-oriented scales to predict DSM-IV diagnoses in a referred sample of children and adolescents. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013;22:235–46.
pubmed: 23138539
doi: 10.1007/s00787-012-0343-0
Cianchetti C, Faedda N, Pasculli M, Ledda MG, Diaz G, Peschechera A, et al. Predictive validity for the clinical diagnosis of a new parent questionnaire, the CABI, compared with CBCL. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2020;25:507–19.
pubmed: 31894698
doi: 10.1177/1359104519895056
Dingle K, Alati R, Williams GM, Najman JM, Bor W, Clavarino A. The ability of YSR DSM-oriented depression scales to predict DSM-IV depression in young adults: a longitudinal study. J Affect Disord. 2010;121:45–51.
pubmed: 19505728
doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.05.013
Ebesutani C, Bernstein A, Martinez JI, Chorpita BF, Weisz JR. The youth self report: applicability and validity across younger and older youths. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol off J Soc Clin Child Adolesc Psychol Am Psychol Assoc Div. 2011;53:40:338–46.
Ferdinand RF. Validity of the CBCL/YSR DSM-IV scales anxiety problems and affective problems. J Anxiety Disord. 2008;22:126–34.
pubmed: 17321103
doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.01.008
Krol NPCM, De Bruyn EEJ, Coolen JC, van Aarle EJM. From CBCL to DSM: a comparison of two methods to screen for DSM-IV diagnoses using CBCL data. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol off J Soc Clin Child Adolesc Psychol Am Psychol Assoc Div. 2006;53:35:127–35.
Lacalle M, Ezpeleta L, Doménech JM. DSM-oriented scales of the Child Behavior Checklist and Youth Self-Report in clinically referred Spanish children. Span J Psychol. 2012;15:377–87.
pubmed: 22379727
doi: 10.5209/rev_SJOP.2012.v15.n1.37344
Skarphedinsson G, Jarbin H, Andersson M, Ivarsson T. Diagnostic efficiency and validity of the DSM-oriented Child Behavior Checklist and Youth Self-Report scales in a clinical sample of Swedish youth. PLoS ONE. 2021;16:e0254953.
pubmed: 34293000
pmcid: 8297893
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254953
Rishel CW, Greeno C, Marcus SC, Shear MK, Anderson C. Use of the Child Behavior Checklist as a diagnostic screening tool in community mental health. Res Soc Work Pract. 2005;15:195–203.
doi: 10.1177/1049731504270382
Bordin IA, Rocha MM, Paula CS, Teixeira MCTV, Achenbach TM, Rescorla LA, et al. Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL),Youth Self-Report (YSR) and Teacher’s Report Form (TRF): an overview of the development of the original and Brazilian versions. Cad Saude Publica. 2013;29:13–28.
pubmed: 23370021
Cai Z, Mao P, Wang Z, Wang D, He J, Fan X. Associations between problematic internet use and mental health outcomes of students: a meta-analytic review. Adolesc Res Rev. 2023;8:45–62.
pubmed: 36744121
pmcid: 9883821
Costigan SA, Barnett L, Plotnikoff RC, Lubans DR. The health indicators associated with screen-based sedentary behavior among adolescent girls: a systematic review. J Adolesc Health off Publ Soc Adolesc Med. 2013;52:382–92.
doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.07.018
Hoare E, Milton K, Foster C, Allender S. The associations between sedentary behaviour and mental health among adolescents: a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2016;13:108.
pubmed: 27717387
pmcid: 5055671
doi: 10.1186/s12966-016-0432-4
Keles B, McCrae N, Grealish A. A systematic review: the influence of social media on depression, anxiety and psychological distress in adolescents. Int J Adolesc Youth. 2020;25:79–93.
doi: 10.1080/02673843.2019.1590851
McCrae N, Gettings S, Purssell E. Social media and depressive symptoms in childhood and adolescence: a systematic review. Adolesc Res Rev. 2017;2:315–30.
Stiglic N, Viner RM. Effects of screentime on the health and well-being of children and adolescents: a systematic review of reviews. BMJ Open. 2019;9.
Wang X, Li Y, Fan H. The associations between screen time-based sedentary behavior and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2019;19:1524.
pubmed: 31727052
pmcid: 6857327
doi: 10.1186/s12889-019-7904-9
Liu M, Wu L, Yao S. Dose–response association of screen time-based sedentary behaviour in children and adolescents and depression: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50:1252–8.
pubmed: 26552416
doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-095084
Zink J, Belcher BR, Imm K, Leventhal AM. The relationship between screen-based sedentary behaviors and symptoms of depression and anxiety in youth: a systematic review of moderating variables. BMC Public Health. 2020;20:472.
pubmed: 32272906
pmcid: 7147040
doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-08572-1
Zink J, Belcher BR, Kechter A, Stone MD, Leventhal AM. Reciprocal associations between screen time and emotional disorder symptoms during adolescence. Prev Med Rep. 2019;13:281–8.
pubmed: 30733913
pmcid: 6354617
doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.01.014
Khouja JN, Munafò MR, Tilling K, Wiles NJ, Joinson C, Etchells PJ, et al. Is screen time associated with anxiety or depression in young people? Results from a UK birth cohort. BMC Public Health. 2019;19:82.
pubmed: 30654771
pmcid: 6337855
doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-6321-9
Gunnell KE, Flament MF, Buchholz A, Henderson KA, Obeid N, Schubert N, et al. Examining the bidirectional relationship between physical activity, screen time, and symptoms of anxiety and depression over time during adolescence. Prev Med. 2016;88:147–52.
pubmed: 27090920
doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.04.002
Boers E, Afzali MH, Conrod P. Temporal associations of screen time and anxiety symptoms among adolescents. Can J Psychiatry. 2020;65:206–8.
pubmed: 31684757
Suchert V, Hanewinkel R, Isensee B. Sedentary behavior and indicators of mental health in school-aged children and adolescents: a systematic review. Prev Med. 2015;76:48–57.
pubmed: 25895839
doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.03.026
Thorell LB, Burén J, Ström Wiman J, Sandberg D, Nutley SB. Longitudinal associations between digital media use and ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents: a systematic literature review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2024;33:2503–26.
doi: 10.1007/s00787-022-02130-3
pubmed: 36562860
pmcid: 11272698
Henningsen P. Management of somatic symptom disorder. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2018;20:23–31.
pubmed: 29946208
pmcid: 6016049
doi: 10.31887/DCNS.2018.20.1/phenningsen
D’Souza RS, Hooten WM. In: StatPearls, editor. Somatic syndrome disorders. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023.
Cerutti R, Presaghi F, Spensieri V, Valastro C, Guidetti V. The potential impact of internet and mobile wse on Headache and other somatic symptoms in adolescence. A Population-based cross-sectional study. Headache J Head Face Pain. 2016;56:1161–70.
doi: 10.1111/head.12840
Cerutti R, Spensieri V, Amendola S, Presaghi F, Fontana A, Faedda N, et al. Sleep disturbances partially mediate the association between problematic internet use and somatic symptomatology in adolescence. Curr Psychol. 2021;40:4581–9.
doi: 10.1007/s12144-019-00414-7
Guerrero MD, Barnes JD, Chaput J-P, Tremblay MS. Screen time and problem behaviors in children: exploring the mediating role of sleep duration. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2019;16:105.
pubmed: 31727084
pmcid: 6854622
doi: 10.1186/s12966-019-0862-x
Iannotti RJ, Kogan MD, Janssen I, Boyce WF. Patterns of adolescent physical activity, screen-based media use, and positive and negative health indicators in the U.S. and Canada. J Adolesc Health. 2009;44:493–9.
pubmed: 19380098
pmcid: 2705990
doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.10.142
Lee DS, Jiang T, Crocker J, Way BM. Social media use and its link to physical health indicators. Cyberpsychology Behav Soc Netw. 2022;25:87–93.
doi: 10.1089/cyber.2021.0188
Taehtinen RE, Sigfusdottir ID, Helgason AR, Kristjansson AL. Electronic screen use and selected somatic symptoms in 10–12 year old children. Prev Med. 2014;67:128–33.
pubmed: 25045838
doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.07.017
Torsheim T, Eriksson L, Schnohr CW, Hansen F, Bjarnason T, Välimaa R. Screen-based activities and physical complaints among adolescents from the Nordic countries. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:324.
pubmed: 20534116
pmcid: 2904715
doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-324
Kronenberger WG, Mathews VP, Dunn DW, Wang Y, Wood EA, Larsen JJ, et al. Media violence exposure in aggressive and control adolescents: differences in self- and parent-reported exposure to violence on television and in video games. Aggress Behav. 2005;31:201–16.
doi: 10.1002/ab.20021
Liu M, Ming Q, Yi J, Wang X, Yao S. Screen time on school days and risks for psychiatric symptoms and self-harm in mainland Chinese adolescents. Front Psychol. 2016;7(APR):574.
pubmed: 27199811
pmcid: 4842926
Möller-Nehring E, Moach A, Castell R, Weigel A, Meyer M. Conditions facilitating social behavior disorder in children and adolescents in a clinic referred sample. Prax Kinderpsychol Kinderpsychiatr. 1998;47:36–47.
pubmed: 9522594
Mundy LK, Canterford L, Olds T, Allen NB, Patton GC. The association between electronic media and emotional and behavioral problems in late childhood. Acad Pediatr. 2017;17:620–4.
pubmed: 28043935
doi: 10.1016/j.acap.2016.12.014
Paulich KN, Ross JM, Lessem JM, Hewitt JK. Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development
Shenoi RP, Linakis JG, Bromberg JR, Casper TC, Richards R, Chun TH, et al. Association of physical activity, sports, and screen time with adolescent behaviors in youth who visit the pediatric emergency department. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2022;61:335–46.
pubmed: 35152770
doi: 10.1177/00099228221075094
George MJ, Russell MA, Piontak JR, Odgers CL. Concurrent and subsequent associations between daily digital technology use and high-risk adolescents’ mental health symptoms. Child Dev. 2018;89:78–88.
pubmed: 28466466
doi: 10.1111/cdev.12819
Nagata JM, Chu J, Ganson KT, Murray SB, Iyer P, Gabriel KP, Garber AK, Bibbins-Domingo K, Baker FC. Contemporary screen time modalities and disruptive behavior disorders in children: a prospective cohort study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2023;64:125–35.
doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13673
pubmed: 35881083
pmcid: 9771898
Orben A. Teenagers, screens and social media: a narrative review of reviews and key studies. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2020;55:407–14.
pubmed: 31925481
doi: 10.1007/s00127-019-01825-4
Vuorre M, Orben A, Przybylski AK. There is no evidence that associations between adolescents’ digital technology engagement and mental health problems have increased. Clin Psychol Sci. 2021;9:823–35.
pubmed: 37082461
pmcid: 7614449
doi: 10.1177/2167702621994549
Nagata JM, Ganson KT, Iyer P, Chu J, Baker FC, Pettee Gabriel K, et al. Sociodemographic correlates of contemporary screen time use among 9- and 10-year-old children. J Pediatr. 2022;240:213–e2202.
pubmed: 34481807
doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.08.077
Fakhouri THI, Hughes JP, Brody DJ, Kit BK, Ogden CL. Physical activity and screen-time viewing among elementary school–aged children in the United States from 2009 to 2010. JAMA Pediatr. 2013;167:223–9.
pubmed: 23303439
doi: 10.1001/2013.jamapediatrics.122
Anderson SE, Economos CD, Must A. Active play and screen time in US children aged 4 to 11 years in relation to sociodemographic and weight status characteristics: a nationally representative cross-sectional analysis. BMC Public Health. 2008;8:366.
pubmed: 18945351
pmcid: 2605460
doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-366
Martin R, Banaag A, Riggs DS, Koehlmoos TP. Minority adolescent mental health diagnosis differences in a national sample. Mil Med. 2022;187:e969–77.
pubmed: 34387672
doi: 10.1093/milmed/usab326
Alegria M, Vallas M, Pumariega AJ. Racial and ethnic disparities in pediatric mental health. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin. 2010;19:759–74.
doi: 10.1016/j.chc.2010.07.001
Nguyen L, Huang LN, Arganza GF, Liao Q. The influence of race and ethnicity on psychiatric diagnoses and clinical characteristics of children and adolescents in children’s services. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol. 2007;13:18–25.
pubmed: 17227173
doi: 10.1037/1099-9809.13.1.18
Fan Q, DuPont-Reyes MJ, Hossain MM, Chen L-S, Lueck J, Ma P. Racial and ethnic differences in major depressive episode, severe role impairment, and mental health service utilization in U.S. adolescents. J Affect Disord. 2022;306:190–9.
pubmed: 35301042
doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.03.015
Eirich R, McArthur BA, Anhorn C, McGuinness C, Christakis DA, Madigan S. Association of screen time with internalizing and externalizing behavior problems in children 12 years or younger: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2022;79:393–405.
pubmed: 35293954
pmcid: 8928099
doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.0155
Lin S-Y, Eaton NR, Schleider JL. Unpacking associations between mood symptoms and screen time in preadolescents: a network analysis. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2020;48:1635–47.
pubmed: 32926284
doi: 10.1007/s10802-020-00703-x
Zhu X, Haegele JA, Healy S. Movement and mental health: behavioral correlates of anxiety and depression among children of 6–17 years old in the U.S. Ment Health Phys Act. 2019;16:60–5.
doi: 10.1016/j.mhpa.2019.04.002
Perlmutter E, Dwyer B, Torous J. Social media and youth mental health: assessing the impact through current and novel digital phenotyping methods. Curr Treat Options Psychiatry. 2024;11:34–51.
doi: 10.1007/s40501-024-00312-1
Sanders T, Parker PD, del Pozo-Cruz B, Noetel M, Lonsdale C. Type of screen time moderates effects on outcomes in 4013 children: evidence from the longitudinal study of Australian children. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2019;16:117.
pubmed: 31783878
pmcid: 6884886
doi: 10.1186/s12966-019-0881-7
Sanders T, Noetel M, Parker P, Del Pozo Cruz B, Biddle S, Ronto R, et al. An umbrella review of the benefits and risks associated with youths’ interactions with electronic screens. Nat Hum Behav. 2024;8:82–99.
pubmed: 37957284
doi: 10.1038/s41562-023-01712-8
Twenge JM, Farley E. Not all screen time is created equal: associations with mental health vary by activity and gender. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2021;56:207–17.
pubmed: 32743778
doi: 10.1007/s00127-020-01906-9
Barch DM, Albaugh MD, Avenevoli S, Chang L, Clark DB, Glantz MD, et al. Demographic, physical and mental health assessments in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study: rationale and description. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2018;32:55–66.
pubmed: 29113758
doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2017.10.010
Bagot KS, Tomko RL, Marshall AT, Hermann J, Cummins K, Ksinan A, et al. Youth screen use in the ABCD
pubmed: 36084446
pmcid: 9465320
doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101150
Bagot KS, Matthews SA, Mason M, Squeglia LM, Fowler J, Gray K, et al. Current, future and potential use of mobile and wearable technologies and social media data in the ABCD study to increase understanding of contributors to child health. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2018;32:121–9.
pubmed: 29636283
pmcid: 6447367
doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2018.03.008
Gray JC, Schvey NA, Tanofsky-Kraff M. Demographic, psychological, behavioral, and cognitive correlates of BMI in youth: findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Psychol Med. 2020;50:1539–47.
pubmed: 31288867
doi: 10.1017/S0033291719001545
Paulus MP, Squeglia LM, Bagot K, Jacobus J, Kuplicki R, Breslin FJ, et al. Screen media activity and brain structure in youth: evidence for diverse structural correlation networks from the ABCD study. NeuroImage. 2019;185:140–53.
pubmed: 30339913
doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.10.040
Achenbach TM, Ruffle TM. The Child Behavior Checklist and related forms for assessing behavioral/emotional problems and competencies. Pediatr Rev. 2000;21:265–71.
pubmed: 10922023
doi: 10.1542/pir.21.8.265
Barch DM, Albaugh MD, Baskin-Sommers A, Bryant BE, Clark DB, Dick AS, et al. Demographic and mental health assessments in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study: updates and age-related trajectories. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2021;52:101031.
pubmed: 34742018
pmcid: 8579129
doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.101031
Achenbach TM, Rescorla LA. Manual for the ASEBA Preschool forms and profiles. Burlington, VT: Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families; 2000.
Taber KS. The use of Cronbach’s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Res Sci Educ. 2018;48:1273–96.
doi: 10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2
Hu LT, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Model. 1999;6:1–55.
doi: 10.1080/10705519909540118
Price M, Higa-McMillan C, Ebesutani C, Okamura K, Nakamura BJ, Chorpita BF, et al. Symptom differentiation of anxiety and depression across youth development and clinic-referred/nonreferred samples: an examination of competing factor structures of the Child Behavior Checklist DSM-oriented scales. Dev Psychopathol. 2013;25:1005–15.
pubmed: 24229545
doi: 10.1017/S0954579413000333
Bruni O, Ottaviano S, Guidetti V, Romoli M, Innocenzi M, Cortesi F, et al. The Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC). Construction and validation of an instrument to evaluate sleep disturbances in childhood and adolescence. J Sleep Res. 1996;5:251–61.
pubmed: 9065877
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2869.1996.00251.x
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Physical activity guidelines for Americans, 2nd Edition. Department of Health and Human Services; 2018.
Heeringa S, Berglund P. A guide for population-based analysis of the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study baseline data. bioRxiv. 2020. 2020.02.10.942011.
Dickson K, Richardson M, Kwan I, MacDowall W, Burchett H, Stansfield C, et al. Screen-based activities and children and young people’s mental health and psychosocial wellbeing: a systematic map of reviews. London: EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, UCL Institute of Education, University College London; 2018.
Odgers CL, Jensen MR. Annual Research Review: adolescent mental health in the digital age: facts, fears, and future directions. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2020;61:336–48.
pubmed: 31951670
pmcid: 8221420
doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13190
Ophir Y, Lipshits-Braziler Y, Rosenberg H. New-media screen time is not (necessarily) linked to depression: comments on Twenge, Joiner, Rogers, and Martin (2018). Clin Psychol Sci. 2020;8:374–8.
Hawkes N. CMO report is unable to shed light on impact of screen time and social media on children’s health. BMJ. 2019;364:l643.
pubmed: 30737240
doi: 10.1136/bmj.l643
Viner RM, Davie M, Firth A. The health impacts of screen time: a guide for clinicians and parents. Edinburgh, Scotland: Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health; 2019.
Orben A, Przybylski AK. The association between adolescent well-being and digital technology use. Nat Hum Behav. 2019;3:173–82.
pubmed: 30944443
doi: 10.1038/s41562-018-0506-1
Przybylski AK, Orben A, Weinstein N. How much is too much? Examining the relationship between digital screen engagement and psychosocial functioning in a confirmatory cohort study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020;59:1080–8.
pubmed: 31400437
doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2019.06.017
Mougharbel F, Chaput J-P, Sampasa-Kanyinga H, Colman I, Leatherdale ST, Patte KA et al. Longitudinal associations between different types of screen use and depression and anxiety symptoms in adolescents. Front Public Health. 2023;11.
Adachi P, Willoughby T. Interpreting effect sizes when controlling for stability effects in longitudinal autoregressive models: implications for psychological science. Eur J Dev Psychol. 2015;12:116–28.
doi: 10.1080/17405629.2014.963549
Nagata JM, Weinstein S, Bashir A, Lee S, Al-Shoaibi AAA, Shao IY et al. Associations of contemporary screen time modalities with early adolescent nutrition. Acad Pediatr. 2024;24:748–54.
Boers E, Afzali MH, Newton N, Conrod P. Association of screen time and depression in adolescence. JAMA Pediatr. 2019;173:853–9.
pubmed: 31305878
pmcid: 6632122
doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.1759
Kraut R, Patterson M, Lundmark V, Kiesler S, Mukophadhyay T, Scherlis W. Internet paradox: a social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being? Am Psychol. 1998;53:1017–31.
pubmed: 9841579
doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.53.9.1017
Nie NH. Sociability, interpersonal relations, and the internet: reconciling conflicting findings. Am Behav Sci. 2001;45:420–35.
doi: 10.1177/00027640121957277
Philippot A, Dubois V, Lambrechts K, Grogna D, Robert A, Jonckheer U, et al. Impact of physical exercise on depression and anxiety in adolescent inpatients: a randomized controlled trial. J Affect Disord. 2022;301:145–53.
pubmed: 35007642
doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.01.011
Rodriguez-Ayllon M, Cadenas-Sánchez C, Estévez-López F, Muñoz NE, Mora-Gonzalez J, Migueles JH et al. Role of physical activity and sedentary behavior in the mental health of preschoolers, children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med 2019 499. 2019;49:1383–410.
Wang X, Cai Z, Jiang W, Fang Y, Sun W, Wang X. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of exercise on depression in adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2022;16:16.
pubmed: 35227300
pmcid: 8886903
doi: 10.1186/s13034-022-00453-2
Parent J, Sanders W, Forehand R. Youth screen time and behavioral health problems: the role of sleep duration and disturbances. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2016;37:277–84.
pubmed: 26890562
pmcid: 4851593
doi: 10.1097/DBP.0000000000000272
Barr-Anderson DJ, Fulkerson JA, Smyth M, Himes JH, Hannan PJ, Holy Rock B, et al. Associations of American Indian children’s screen-time behavior with parental television behavior, parental perceptions of children’s screen time, and media-related resources in the home. Prev Chronic Dis. 2011;8:A105.
pubmed: 21843408
pmcid: 3181178
Foulds HJA, Rodgers CD, Duncan V, Ferguson LJ. A systematic review and meta-analysis of screen time behaviour among North American indigenous populations. Obes Rev off J Int Assoc Study Obes. 2016;17:455–66.
doi: 10.1111/obr.12389
Grant VM, Tomayko EJ, Kingfisher RD. Sleep and physical activity patterns in urban American Indian children. Am J Health Behav. 2020;44:67–75.
pubmed: 31783933
pmcid: 7373171
doi: 10.5993/AJHB.44.1.7
Kowalski RM, Dillon E, Macbeth J, Franchi M, Bush M. Racial differences in cyberbullying from the perspective of victims and perpetrators. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2020;90:644–52.
pubmed: 32567883
doi: 10.1037/ort0000492
Mennies RJ, Birk SL, Norris LA, Olino TM. The main and interactive associations between demographic factors and psychopathology and treatment utilization in youth: a test of intersectionality in the ABCD Study. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol. 2021;49:5–17.
pubmed: 32737734
pmcid: 8111704
doi: 10.1007/s10802-020-00687-8
Lansford JE, Godwin J, Bornstein MH, Chang L, Deater-Deckard K, Di Giunta L, et al. Parenting, culture, and the development of externalizing behaviors from age 7 to 14 in nine countries. Dev Psychopathol. 2018;30:1937–58.
pubmed: 30132425
pmcid: 6361516
doi: 10.1017/S0954579418000925
Kaye LK, Orben A, Ellis DA, Hunter SC, Houghton S. The conceptual and methodological mayhem of screen time. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:3661.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17103661
Houghton S, Hunter SC, Rosenberg M, Wood L, Zadow C, Martin K, et al. Virtually impossible: limiting Australian children and adolescents daily screen based media use. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:5.
pubmed: 25613954
pmcid: 4324783
doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-15-5
Atkin AJ, Corder K, van Sluijs EMF. Bedroom media, sedentary time and screen-time in children: a longitudinal analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2013;10:137.
pubmed: 24341426
pmcid: 3895703
doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-10-137
Flannery JS, Maza MT, Kilic Z, Telzer EH. Cascading bidirectional influences of digital media use and mental health in adolescence. Adv Child Dev Behav. 2023;64:255–87.
pubmed: 37080671
doi: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2022.10.003
Hartanto A, Quek FYX, Tng GYQ, Yong JC. Does social media use increase depressive symptoms? A reverse causation perspective. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12.
Hill D, Ameenuddin N, Chassiakos YR, Cross C, Radesky J, Hutchinson J et al. Media use in school-aged children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2016;138.