In vivo assessment of cardiac radiofrequency ablation in a large-animal model using photoacoustic-ultrasound imaging.

One of the fundamental unmet clinical needs within cardiac electrophysiology is intraoperative assessment of catheter ablation, which can lead to recurrent arrhythmias and subsequent complications if ineffective. This work demonstrates photoacoustic imaging (PAI) of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) lesions in an