Regional/ethnic differences in ocular axial elongation and refractive error progression in myopic and non-myopic children.
axial length
children
ethnicity
myopia
progression
regional
Journal
Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)
ISSN: 1475-1313
Titre abrégé: Ophthalmic Physiol Opt
Pays: England
ID NLM: 8208839
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
07 Oct 2024
07 Oct 2024
Historique:
revised:
09
09
2024
received:
09
05
2024
accepted:
18
09
2024
medline:
7
10
2024
pubmed:
7
10
2024
entrez:
7
10
2024
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
To determine the regional and ethnic differences in ocular axial elongation and refractive error progression in myopic and non-myopic children. A retrospective analysis of 15 longitudinal clinical and population-based studies was conducted in the UK, Sweden, Australia (classified as European), China, and Vietnam (classified as East Asian) between 2005 and 2021. A total of 14,593 data points from 6208 participants aged 6-16 years with spherical equivalent from +6 to -6 D were analysed. Progression was annualised from longitudinal axial length and cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE) refraction. Generalised estimating equation models including main effects and interactions were used for model building. Age and region-specific estimates for myopes and non-myopes and confidence intervals are reported. Factors affecting axial elongation and SE progression in children included being myopic, followed by age, region/ethnicity and sex. The magnitude of regional/ethnic differences was dependent on myopia and age. Axial elongation and SE progression were lower in European compared with East Asian children, but differences were reduced with increasing age and differences in axial elongation were larger in myopes than non-myopes. Age-specific regional/ethnic differences indicated that axial elongation for a 6-year-old East Asian myopic child was greater than a European child by 0.15 mm/year (0.58 vs. 0.43 mm/year) and by 0.09 mm/year (0.35 vs. 0.26 mm/year) for a 10-year-old myope. SE progression was lower in a 6-year-old European myope by 0.48 D/year and at 10 years of age by 0.34 D/year compared with an East Asian myope. There are regional/ethnic differences in age-specific refractive and axial growth patterns in both myopic and non-myopic eyes, with more marked differences in younger East Asian children who demonstrated a higher axial growth and greater negative SE shift than their non-Asian peers. Regional/ethnic differences in progression reflect environmental and ethnic variations. Age and region/ethnicity-specific estimates could contribute as a reference for future comparisons.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Subventions
Organisme : National Key Research and Development Program of China
ID : 2021YFC2702100
Organisme : National Key Research and Development Program of China
ID : 2021YFC2702104
Organisme : National Key Research and Development Program of China
ID : 2019YFC0840607
Organisme : Science and Technology Innovation Plan of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission
ID : 21S31900800
Organisme : Shanghai Shenkang Hospital Development Center
ID : SHDC2022CRD015
Organisme : Department for the Economy (Northern Ireland)
Informations de copyright
© 2024 The Author(s). Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of College of Optometrists.
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